New Discovery in Pompeii: An Enigmatic Blue Shrine

Pompeii, the ancient city preserved under volcanic ash since the eruption of Mount Vesuvius in 79 C.E., continues to reveal its secrets. Recent excavations have uncovered an exquisite shrine adorned with rare blue-painted walls, a color seldom seen in Pompeian frescoes. This 86-square-foot room, likely a sacrarium used for ritual activities, features artworks depicting female figures symbolizing the four seasons, as well as agricultural scenes. Alongside these paintings, archaeologists found household items, amphorae, bronze jugs, and lamps, providing a glimpse into the opulence and daily life of ancient Pompeii.

Significance of the Discovery

The discovery, made in the Regio IX residential area, underscores Pompeii's historical richness and the ongoing potential for new finds. Blue paint in Pompeii was typically reserved for the most elaborately decorated rooms, indicating the shrine's importance. The presence of everyday objects alongside the artistic elements suggests a multifaceted use of the space, blending domestic and ritualistic purposes.

Researchers think the women on the walls represent the seasons. Pompeii Archaeological Park

Cultural Context

Pompeii, once a bustling seaside town, was home to a diverse population and a vibrant culture before its sudden destruction. The city's preservation offers an unparalleled snapshot of Roman life, from grand public buildings to intimate domestic spaces like this newly discovered shrine. Each new find adds depth to our understanding of Roman society, its beliefs, and its artistic expressions.

Historical Impact

This recent discovery not only enhances our knowledge of Pompeian art but also provides insight into the religious practices and domestic life of its inhabitants. The intricate blue frescoes and the variety of artifacts found within the shrine highlight the blend of aesthetic appreciation and everyday functionality in ancient Roman homes.

The unearthing of the blue shrine at Pompeii is a testament to the city's enduring legacy and the continuous efforts of archaeologists to piece together its past. As excavations proceed, we can anticipate further revelations that will enrich our understanding of this iconic ancient city and its people.

Dutch tourist accused of graffitiing ancient Roman villa in Herculaneum

A Dutch tourist has been accused of defacing an ancient Roman villa in the Herculaneum Archaeological Park near Naples, Italy, as reported by Italian police on Monday.

In a photo released on June 3, 2024, a black marker inscription is visible on the wall of a historic house within the archaeological site. The 27-year-old tourist allegedly used an indelible black marker to graffiti a white section of the frescoed wall, leaving his signature tag.

Italian Culture Minister Gennaro Sangiuliano condemned the act, emphasizing, “Any damage hurts our heritage, our beauty, and our identity, and that is why it must be punished with the utmost firmness.”

The accused faces charges of damaging and defacing artistic works.

Herculaneum, a smaller yet remarkably well-preserved city compared to its neighbor Pompeii, was buried under a thick layer of ash from Mount Vesuvius's eruption in 79 AD. This layer protected the site from looting, resulting in exceptionally preserved ruins.

This incident is part of a troubling trend of vandalism at historical sites in Italy. Last year, a British tourist was filmed scratching his and his girlfriend’s names into the Colosseum’s walls, and graffiti artists defaced Milan’s Galleria Vittorio Emanuele II, although they evaded capture.

In response to these repeated acts of vandalism, Italy has implemented stricter penalties, with fines reaching up to €40,000 (around $43,500) for those guilty of defacing monuments and cultural sites.

Archaeologists recently discovered a 3,500-year-old cemetery, including the remains of this mummy within its coffin.

In early 2023, archaeologists made a significant discovery in a newly found Egyptian cemetery dating back to the New Kingdom, specifically the 20th Dynasty (circa 1186-1069 B.C.). Among the various findings, one of the most remarkable was an upper lid of a coffin. This discovery sheds light on the burial practices, artistry, and culture of ancient Egypt during the New Kingdom period.

Historical Context

The New Kingdom: This period, spanning from the 16th century to the 11th century B.C., is often referred to as the "Golden Age" of ancient Egypt. It includes the 18th, 19th, and 20th Dynasties and is known for its wealth, power, and monumental architecture, including the temples of Karnak and Luxor and the tombs in the Valley of the Kings.

The 20th Dynasty: The last dynasty of the New Kingdom, marked by the reign of pharaohs such as Ramses III to Ramses XI. This period was characterized by significant political and social changes, internal strife, and economic challenges, but it also saw continued artistic and architectural achievements.

The Upper Lid Coffin Discovery

Location: The coffin lid was found in a newly discovered cemetery. While the exact location of this cemetery hasn't been specified in the brief, it likely belongs to an area known for its archaeological richness, such as Luxor or the Valley of the Kings, where many New Kingdom tombs have been found.

Condition and Features: The upper lid of the coffin is a significant artifact due to its preservation and the intricate artistry typical of the period. Such lids often feature detailed carvings and paintings depicting the deceased, deities, and scenes from the "Book of the Dead," a collection of spells intended to assist the dead in navigating the afterlife.

Artistic Significance: Coffin lids from this era are renowned for their elaborate designs. They often include:

• Hieroglyphics: Inscriptions that provide the name of the deceased, titles, and religious texts.

• Imagery: Depictions of the deceased in a serene state, often with protective deities such as Osiris, Anubis, and Isis.

• Symbolism: Common symbols include the Ankh (symbol of life), the Eye of Horus (protection), and scarabs (rebirth).

Cultural and Archaeological Importance

This coffin is opened at a press conference, revealing a mummy. Credit: Egyptian Ministry of Tourism & Antiquities

Insight into Burial Practices: This discovery offers valuable insights into the burial customs of the New Kingdom. Coffins from the 20th Dynasty often reflect the socio-political conditions of the time, including the increased emphasis on personal piety and the democratization of the afterlife, where commoners could also aspire to an eternal life traditionally reserved for royalty and elites.

Art and Craftsmanship: The coffin lid showcases the high level of craftsmanship and artistic achievement during the New Kingdom. The techniques used in carving and painting these coffins provide information about the materials and methods employed by ancient Egyptian artisans.

Historical Research: Such discoveries are crucial for historians and archaeologists in reconstructing the timeline of the 20th Dynasty, understanding the socio-economic conditions, and the cultural and religious practices of the period.

The discovery of the upper lid of a coffin in a newly found Egyptian cemetery dating back to the New Kingdom's 20th Dynasty is a significant archaeological find. It not only enriches our understanding of ancient Egyptian burial practices and artistic achievements but also provides a tangible connection to a pivotal period in Egypt's history. As research and excavations continue, this find will undoubtedly contribute to a deeper comprehension of the complex and fascinating civilization of ancient Egypt.

Dubai Unveils Archaeological Sites Dating Back Over 300,000 Years

Dubai is showcasing its rich history through the unveiling of more than 17 significant archaeological sites, reflecting the emirate’s deep cultural and historical roots. These sites, discovered over many years of archaeological surveys, include Saruq al-Hadid, Al Sufouh, Jumeirah, and Al Ashoush, revealing a continuous human presence in the region for over 300,000 years. From the Lower Palaeolithic (1,500,000-300,000 BC) to the Neolithic period (8000-4000 BC), and extending to the late Islamic eras (19th century AD), these sites offer invaluable insights into Dubai's past and its connections with the broader Near East.

Jumeirah1. The Islamic Era Jumeirah Archaeological Site, which dates back to the Abbasid Caliphate era, includes the remains of an ancient Islamic city reflecting the prosperity of Islamic civilisation during the 10th century.

Managed by the Dubai Culture and Arts Authority (Dubai Culture), these archaeological treasures serve as a testament to the region’s intricate cultural tapestry. They provide vital knowledge for researchers and the public, playing a crucial role in preserving Dubai's archaeological heritage. Dubai Culture is dedicated to protecting these sites and ensuring their accessibility, thereby educating and inspiring future generations about the emirate's historical significance and cultural depth.

Sheikh Mohammed's Discovery

A highlight among these sites is the Saruq al-Hadid Archaeological Site (2600-550 BC), discovered in 2002 by His Highness Sheikh Mohammed Bin Rashid Al Maktoum, Vice President and Prime Minister of the UAE, and Ruler of Dubai. This site, a significant center for Iron Age metal smelting, has yielded numerous rare artifacts, including bronze, pottery, and stone vessels, weapons, and decorative items. The discovery underscores the region's rich history and cultural significance.

The Suhaila Archaeological Sites contain several different villages sharing similar architectural elements.

Islamic Era Jumeirah Archaeological Site

The Jumeirah Archaeological Site (900-1800 AD), discovered in 1969, dates back to the Abbasid Caliphate era. It includes the remnants of an ancient Islamic city, featuring 12 buildings—nine residential, a caravanserai, a mosque, and a market—characterized by Islamic architecture and intricate geometric and floral gypsum decorations. This site illustrates Jumeirah's role as a major commercial hub connecting Oman, the Arabian Peninsula, Mesopotamia, and the Far East.

Al Sufouh and Al Ashoush

Discovered in 1988, the Al Sufouh Archaeological Site (2500-2000 BC) contains remains from the third millennium BC, including earth-cut tombs from the Umm Al-Nar civilization. Excavations revealed a circular tomb with skeletal remains, copper weapons, and various artifacts.

The Al Ashoush Archaeological Site, dating back to the third millennium BC, represents early human settlements in Dubai's inland desert, away from the Arabian Gulf coast.

Wadi Jima Site

Other Significant Sites

The Al Qusais Archaeological Site (2500-550 BC) features a large Bronze and Iron Age settlement with a cemetery containing about 120 individuals and various artifacts. The Margham Archaeological Site (1300-600 BC), discovered recently, includes a semi-circular tomb with a skeleton and several funerary gifts.

In Hatta, the Jabal Al Yamh Tombs (2500-1300 BC) comprise 84 tombs from various historical periods, with numerous artifacts providing significant historical insights. The Wadi Jima Site features an Islamic agricultural village from the late Islamic Era, showcasing residential buildings and complex irrigation systems.

Preservation and Cultural Tourism

Dubai Culture aims to conserve these archaeological sites and highlight their cultural and historical importance. Through restoration projects and initiatives, the authority is enhancing sustainable cultural tourism and fostering scientific research at both local and international levels. The Supreme Committee to Oversee the Development of Hatta is actively involved in preserving the area's archaeological heritage, ensuring these historical assets are prepared to welcome visitors.

By safeguarding these sites, Dubai Culture ensures that the emirate's rich history continues to educate and inspire, reinforcing Dubai's position on the global heritage map.

Study Finds Paleolithic People Settled in Cyprus Thousands of Years Earlier Than Previously Thought

A groundbreaking study published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences has revealed that Paleolithic people settled in Cyprus thousands of years earlier than previously believed. This discovery significantly alters our understanding of early human migration patterns across continents and islands, highlighting the Mediterranean's role in prehistoric human dispersal.

Early Settlement Patterns

Led by Professor Corey Bradshaw of Flinders University, the research team, which included Dr. Theodora Moutsiou and Dr. Christian Reepmeyer, utilized a combination of archaeological data, climate estimates, and demographic modeling. Their findings suggest that the first human occupation of Cyprus occurred between 14,257 and 13,182 years ago, predating earlier estimates by several millennia. This period aligns with favorable climatic conditions that would have supported large hunter-gatherer populations​​.

Methodology and Findings

The researchers examined the ten oldest archaeological sites across Cyprus, analyzing dating evidence and environmental conditions. The study found that the initial settlers arrived during a time of increased temperature and precipitation, which would have made the island more hospitable and capable of supporting substantial human populations. This early settlement was marked by rapid population growth, with estimates suggesting that within 300 years, or roughly 11 generations, the population expanded to a median of 4,000–5,000 individuals​​.

Implications for Understanding Human Migration

This new timeline for human settlement in Cyprus implies that Paleolithic societies possessed advanced planning and maritime capabilities, as evidenced by the organized migration patterns and the use of sophisticated watercraft. The study proposes that large groups, numbering in the hundreds to thousands, arrived in Cyprus in two to three major migration events over less than a century. This suggests a high level of social organization and technological advancement among early human populations​​.

Reevaluating Mediterranean Archaeology

The findings challenge previous assumptions that Mediterranean islands were unreachable and inhospitable for early humans. Dr. Moutsiou and Dr. Reepmeyer emphasize that these results necessitate a reevaluation of early human migration theories in the region. They argue that previous gaps in the archaeological record, due to preservation biases and dating uncertainties, have led to misconceptions about early human settlement patterns. The new evidence underscores the importance of revisiting these questions with advanced technologies and methodologies​​.

Future Research Directions

Professor Bradshaw highlights the need for further research to test the validity of early settlement dates in the Mediterranean in light of new findings. This study opens up new avenues for exploring how climatic changes and environmental factors influenced human migration and settlement patterns during the Pleistocene era. It also calls for more comprehensive archaeological investigations to uncover the full extent of early human activities in the region​​.

For further information, the detailed study can be accessed through the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences: Demographic models predict end-Pleistocene arrival and rapid expansion of pre-agropastoralist humans in Cyprus​​.

This discovery not only reshapes our understanding of early human history in the Mediterranean but also highlights the dynamic and adaptable nature of Paleolithic societies in their quest for new territories and resources.

Assassin's Creed Shadows Faces Backlash Over Black Samurai

Ubisoft's latest installment in the Assassin's Creed series, "Assassin's Creed Shadows," has ignited a fervent debate within the gaming community. The game's narrative centers around Yasuke, a historical Black samurai, set in feudal Japan. Yasuke served under Oda Nobunaga in the 16th century, and his story, though lesser-known, is gaining renewed interest.

The Historical Yasuke

Yasuke was an African warrior who arrived in Japan in the late 16th century and became a retainer of the powerful daimyo Oda Nobunaga. His historical presence has been documented, albeit sparingly, providing Ubisoft with a unique narrative opportunity. The game aims to explore his experiences and the challenges he faced as an outsider in Japanese society.

The Controversy

The controversy began with the release of the game's trailer. Critics argue that Ubisoft's decision to focus on Yasuke over a native Japanese protagonist is a move driven by modern political correctness rather than historical accuracy. Some fans feel that this choice diverts from the series' potential to highlight East Asian protagonists, while others question the authenticity of Yasuke's depiction as a samurai.

Support for Yasuke's Story

On the other side, many applaud Ubisoft for bringing Yasuke's story to the forefront. They highlight the importance of diversity in media and the value of representing historical figures who have been overlooked. Yasuke's inclusion is seen as a way to enrich the narrative and provide a fresh perspective on Japanese history. Supporters also note that Yasuke's story has been previously validated in other games and media, underscoring his legitimacy as a historical figure.

Ubisoft's Response

Ubisoft has defended its creative direction, emphasizing that Yasuke's unique perspective enriches the narrative experience. By portraying Japan through the eyes of an outsider, the game offers a novel exploration of cultural interactions and societal dynamics. Ubisoft aims to strike a balance between historical fidelity and creative storytelling, ensuring that Yasuke's story is told with respect and depth.

Broader Implications

The debate around "Assassin's Creed Shadows" reflects broader discussions on representation and authenticity in the gaming industry. As video games continue to be a powerful medium for storytelling, the choices developers make about their characters and narratives are increasingly scrutinized. Ubisoft's decision to feature Yasuke highlights the challenges and opportunities in balancing historical accuracy with inclusive storytelling.

---

Can Video Games Teach Us Real History?

---

In conclusion, "Assassin's Creed Shadows" has become a flashpoint in the ongoing dialogue about diversity in media. As the release date approaches, it remains to be seen how the game will be received and whether it will succeed in bridging the gap between historical intrigue and modern representation.

The head of a statue of Hygieia, the Greek goddess of health, discovered in Turkey

The head of a statue of Hygieia, the Greek goddess of health, was discovered wedged between two rocks in Laodikeia

During excavations in the ancient city of Laodikeia, located in Pamukkale, Denizli, in southwestern Turkey, archaeologists unearthed a 2,100-year-old statue head of Hygieia, the Greek goddess of health.

Laodikeia, situated on the southern side of the Lycus River, 6 kilometers north of Denizli, was a prominent and influential city in the 1st century B.C. The city's historical significance dates back to its founding by Antiochus II between 263-261 B.C., named after his wife, Laodice. Ancient sources referred to it as "Laodikeia on the edge of the Lycus." The Romans later established it as the center of Kybira's conventus due to its strategic location.

The city boasted impressive structures, including Anatolia's largest stadium, two theaters, four baths, five agoras, five fountains (nymphaeums), long colonnaded streets, grand temples, and numerous churches and basilicas.

Despite its grandeur, Laodikeia was frequently struck by earthquakes, with a devastating quake in 494 AD significantly damaging the city. Another major earthquake between 602 and 610 AD, coupled with increasing Arab raids, led to its eventual abandonment.

The ongoing excavations, led by Prof. Dr. Celal Şimşek from Pamukkale University's Archaeology Department, revealed the statue head. Şimşek announced the discovery on his social media X account, stating, "The meeting of the Sun and Hygieia with us in Laodikeia after 2,100 years."

Hygieia, the goddess of health, inspired the philosophy of hygiene. She was the daughter and chief attendant of Asklepios, the god of medicine, overseeing cleanliness and preventive medicine. Classical sculptures often depicted her holding or feeding a large snake, a symbol of Asklepion medicine. Her statues were prominent in major healing centers, including Epidaurus, Corinth, Cos, and Pergamon.

The Department of Excavations and Research shared photographs of the remarkable statue head discovery.

Use-Wear Evidence for the Use of Threshing Sledges in Neolithic Greece

A new study presents evidence of the early use of threshing sledges in Neolithic Greece through the analysis of macro- and microscopic use-wear traces on archaeological tools. These findings suggest that threshing sledges were employed from the early phases of the Neolithic period, around 6500 cal BCE. The integration of traditional use-wear analysis with quantitative methods, including confocal microscopy, has provided a deeper understanding of the early agricultural practices in the region. This research contributes to a broader understanding of Neolithic farming systems and the diffusion of agricultural technologies from the Near East to Europe.

The development of mechanical innovations such as chariots, ploughs, and threshing sledges played a crucial role in agricultural productivity and societal changes in prehistoric periods. The threshing sledge, or tribulum, facilitated the processing of large amounts of cereals and was integral to increased agricultural output. While traditionally associated with later Neolithic phases, this study explores the potential earlier use of threshing sledges in Neolithic Greece.

The Neolithic Site Of Dispilio: Interactive Learning Of A Neolithic Settlement In Northern Greece

Materials and Methods

Geographical framework and location of studied sites. ACH: Achilleion; PLA: Platia Magoula Zarkou; PL: Paliambella; REV: Revenia Korinos.

Archaeological Sites

The study focuses on four Neolithic sites in Greece: Achilleion, Platia Magoula Zarkou, Revenia Korinos, and Paliambela Kolindros. These sites span different phases of the Neolithic period and provide a comprehensive sample of early agricultural tools.

Archaeological Tools

Flaked stone tools from these sites were analyzed using stereoscopic and reflected-light microscopy to identify macro- and microwear patterns indicative of agricultural activities. The tools were further analyzed using a Sensofar Plu Neox blue light scanning confocal microscope to quantify the wear traces.

Results

Macroscopic and Microscopic Analysis

The analysis identified 250 harvesting inserts and 8 potential threshing sledge inserts. The threshing sledge inserts were characterized by heavily worn, rounded edges and mixed plant polish with abrasions, distinct from the glossy, smooth surfaces of harvesting inserts.

Quantitative Analysis

Confocal microscopy provided a quantitative comparison of the use-wear traces. Parameters such as core height, material ratio, and surface roughness were used to distinguish between different types of wear. The results confirmed that the threshing sledge inserts exhibited wear patterns consistent with those found on ethnographic and experimental threshing sledges.

Colin Renfrew’s Anatolian Hypothesis: Tracing The Roots Of Proto-Indo-European

Discussion

Selection of harvesting inserts used for quantitative analysis through confocal microscopy.

Early Use of Threshing Sledges

The findings suggest that threshing sledges were in use in Greece by 6500 cal BCE, earlier than previously documented. This early adoption indicates a rapid diffusion of agricultural technologies from the Near East to Europe during the Neolithic expansion.

Implications for Neolithic Farming

The use of threshing sledges would have significantly increased agricultural productivity, facilitating the accumulation of surplus crops and possibly contributing to social and economic changes. The evidence aligns with the broader context of early Neolithic innovations in farming practices, including the use of animal traction for various agricultural tasks.

Gobekli Tepe & The Younger Dryas: Why Did We Start Farming?

Conclusions

This study provides new insights into the early use of threshing sledges in Neolithic Greece, challenging the traditional timeline of their introduction. The integration of quantitative methods with traditional use-wear analysis has enhanced the understanding of early agricultural practices and the diffusion of technology in the Neolithic period.

This research was supported by various grants and institutions, including the Italian Ministry for Education, Universities and Research, the Marie Sklodowska-Curie Individual Fellowship, and the University of Pisa. The authors express gratitude to collaborators and institutions that facilitated the study.

Selection of archaeological harvesting implements from the studied sites, on both flakes and blades. Note the presence of glossy, highly reflective, surfaces. At a microscopic level, smooth and flat polishes, with stria, pits, and comet tails like features are visible.