The Complete History Of Indigenous America Before Colonialism | 1491

These are the origins of ancient Indigenous societies in the Americas before the arrival of Christopher Columbus. This series tells us about indigenous peoples of the Americas before European colonialism. Each episode shows us a particular subject. We learn about their art, food, architecture, archaeology, government, science and technology etc.

What if the Mongols Invaded Western Europe?

In our scenario, Ogedei Khan doesn't die in 1241, which allows the Mongols to retain their unity and continue their incursions into Europe and Middle East. In 1245, the Mongols under the leadership of Batu Khan invade central Europe leading to the intense battles in medieval Bohemia. At the battle of Olomouc in 1246, the allied armies of the Holy Roman Empire attempted to stop the Mongol invasion.

The defeat here didn't stop the Mongols who were now full of wrath. And although the Europeans were now preparing a Crusade, this wrath will bring them to Bohemia and the siege of Prague will make things even worse. At the same time, a group of Mongols led by Batu Khan moved south to attack Italy and sacked Rome. To the north the armies of Subotai and Kadan were invading Germany and moving towards France, leading to the battles of Lubeck and Fulda Gap against the alliance created by Emperor Wenceslaus and King of France Louis IX.

5 Unexplained Artifacts Left by Ancient Giants

Due to a host of incredible archeological discoveries about its former inhabitants, the Italian island of Sardinia has been referred to by many as the Land of the Giants…

In March 1974, a local farmer was plowing his fields on the island's western coast when he stumbled across a large statue fragment that would lead to eight years of archeological excavations and investigations.

In all, archeologists recovered more than 5,000 pieces of carved sandstone. They set about reconstructing the pieces and soon realized that they were assembling an army of stone, as these statues were representing boxers, archers, and warriors.

Up to 44 individual statues have been found. However, most astounding is not their numbers, nor the identity of their creators, but their sheer scale.

These stone giants measure up to 2.5 meters in height, and some weigh up to 400 kilograms in their fully reassembled form.

Equally impressive is their anatomical precision - despite being more than 8 feet tall, the geometric details, particularly of the faces, have been meticulously carved. The eyes, for instance, consist of perfect concentric circles, which has led many to describe them as ‘alien’ in appearance.

It has been determined that the giants are carved from local sandstone and that they likely date back to around 3,000 years ago. Many have claimed that the discovery of these stone giants - known as the Giants of Mont’e Prama - lends weight to theories of ancient astronauts and alien intervention.

5 Huge Ancient Artifacts Found with Google Earth

In 2007, economist and amateur archaeologist Dimitriy Dey was searching Google Earth's satellite images for pyramids or similar configurations in Kazakhstan when he spotted something that continues to baffle archaeologists.

Visible only from above, Dey discovered a set of huge mysterious geoglyphs, colossal earthworks, made up of at least 260 mounds, trenches, and ramparts arranged in five basic shapes.

One of the most prominent structures and the first that Dey found was the Ushtogay Square which measured almost 250,000 meters in area. It was made up of dots and crisscrossed by a dotted X.

At first, Dey thought the earthen formation might be a leftover Soviet installation, perhaps a part of one of Nikita Khrushchev’s experiments to cultivate land for bread production. However, after continuing his investigation the next day, he came across a second gigantic figure, a three-legged form.

Before the year was over, Dey had found eight more squares, circles, and crosses, hinting at mysterious origins.

The earthen constructions were found in the Turgay Trough area of Turgay in northern Kazakhstan, and archaeologists have estimated that they were created about 8,000 years ago. Still, people have yet to learn who built them or why.

The only humans living in this region of Kazakhstan during the time were nomadic Stone Age tribes from the Mahandzhar culture. The tribes flourished in Kazakhstan from 7,000 BC to 5,000 BC; however, they were nomadic by nature. Therefore, scientists don’t believe they would have stayed in place for the time required to build the structures.

The geoglyphs are so large that they cannot be adequately seen from the ground, and their creators would have been considering how they looked from the air. There is no clear indication of whether the structures were created for art, communication, or perhaps some sort of ritual...

Listen to This 2000-Year-Old War Horn Used to Terrify Opposing Armies

The haunting sound of the carnyx echoes through the ages, a window into the world of the ancient Celts. This bronze wind instrument, dating back approximately 2,000 years, was an integral part of Celtic culture, used in both wartime and peaceful settings. The word "carnyx" is derived from the Gaulish language and means "antler" or "horn," an apt name given the instrument's distinctive appearance.

The carnyx is a striking instrument, with its elongated, S-shaped form designed to be held vertically. The opening of the carnyx was typically fashioned in the shape of an animal's roaring mouth, often that of a boar or other fierce creature. The height of the carnyx was impressive, standing as tall as its player, usually around 1.8 meters or nearly 6 feet. This unique shape allowed the carnyx's sound to carry over large crowds, or even armies, making it an ideal instrument for intimidating foes and communicating messages over great distances.

The animal symbolism in the carnyx's design is a fascinating aspect of its history. Historians and archaeologists believe the Iron Age Celts used animal imagery to represent ferocity and aggression. The carnyx's roaring mouth, shaped like that of a wild boar, was a powerful representation of the Celtic warrior spirit. Other examples of animal imagery used in this way include shields adorned with engravings of boars and sword scabbards with dragons etched into them.

Although a limited number of carnyces have been discovered, the question of how they sounded has long intrigued historians and musicologists. While it's impossible to know for certain, scholars have attempted to recreate the carnyx's sound based on the surviving examples.

Scientists Shocking New Discovery Under Antarctica's Ice

The Earth is filled with hidden mysteries that humanity have just touched the surface of, one of which is the frozen country of Antarctica, but what happens after all the ice melts what type of secrets do the Sub-Zero areas of Antarctica possess the Region's freezing and harsh circumstances have keptFrom incredible creatures to never-before-seen phenomena, everything we've discovered so far has been a combination of fascinating and terrifying. Antarctica is a land full of possibilities, and all you need to do is look beneath all the frozen water. Join us today as we take a look beneath all the froze.

The Golden Age of Medieval China: A Complete Overview

In this video we will be going through the Golden Age of medieval China, that begins after the fall of the Han, through the Sui, Tang, Song, touching on the politics, economics, and social structures of the time, and onto the rise of the Mongol Empire, focusing on the Yuan Dynasty, and finally the Early Ming. The video ends going over the new religious developments, like Neo-Confucianism, and the artistic culture during this time.

What JUST Happened With The Jordan River TERRIFIES Scientists!

"HE'S COMING BACK" - A phrase that sends chills down the spine of many. But what if I told you that scientists have made terrifying new discoveries at the Jordan River that defy all logic? Yes, you heard that right! The Jordan River, the sacred site where Jesus was baptized, is once again at the center of a mystery that could change the course of history.

Scientists are on high alert as they scramble to unravel the secrets of this bizarre phenomenon. The signs are clear, and the implications are staggering. So, what does this mean for us? Let's delve into the mystery to find out the answers!

CIA Classified Book about the Pole Shift, Mass Extinctions and The True Adam & Eve Story

In 1966 a well-known engineer released a book with information that could impact everyone on earth. But before anyone could read it, it was classified by the CIA.

We only learned of its existence a few years ago because of a Freedom of Information request.

The CIA only released 57 pages of the original 284-page manuscript. And those pages have been, in the CIA's own words, "sanitized".

Why does the CIA think this book is so dangerous that they had to hide it from the public for 60 years; and continue to hide most of it?

It's because the man who wrote it describes the end of the world.

Megathrust Earthquake Possible: Hole Opens up in the Pacific Ocean!

A megathrust earthquake, magnitude 9.0 or higher, is possible, and a newly discovered hole in the Pacific Ocean holds the clues! The hole is leaking, and that appears to be a sign that conditions are lining up for a powerful earthquake. Of course, if that were to happen, it would cause a potentially catastrophic tsunami. But knowledge is power!

The hole, discovered by a University of Washington research team, could be a vital clue in predicting earthquakes.

Euphrates River Finally Dries Up And This Is Found

The Euphrates River has been changing for a few years now. Every year, it dries up more and more and with it, brings questions and discoveries that no one was expecting. And well, it’s happened again. Join us as we dig deeper into what they just discovered in the dried-up Euphrates River, and how it might just change everything we’ve ever known about the area.

This New Discovery on the Edge of Antarctica Scared Scientists

Antarctica is uninhabitable for people due to the harsh weather, subfreezing temperatures, and desolate terrain. The ice-covered continent, which makes up 90% of the ice on Earth, is nearly 1.5 times the size of the United States and is entirely covered in ice. Enjoy!

Most Mysterious Places On Earth

In the video below we will be exploring the most mysterious places on earth. Watch the video to find out more!