Aristotle’s Philosophy
From ethics to metaphysics, Aristotle not only laid the foundation for Western philosophy but also created a framework for human understanding that continues to spark debate today.
Born in 384 BCE, this master of logic mapped the universe with the precision of a surgeon, offering ideas that continue to challenge and inspire us. However, within the deep wisdom he imparted, there lies an intriguing truth: out of the 150–200 works Aristotle wrote, only 31 have survived the ravages of time, like precious relics of a lost civilization.
Aristotle (384 BCE – 322 BCE) – One of the most important philosophers in Western thought – was born in Stagira, Chalkidiki, in 384 BCE. His father, Nicomachus, was the royal physician to King Amyntas III, and his mother, Phaestis, was a midwife.
Both of Aristotle's parents died when he was around 13 years old. The Proxenus of Atarneus briefly took the young orphan in before sending him to Plato's Academy in Athens, where he would study diligently for 20 years.
From logic to rhetoric, Aristotle wrote on a wide range of topics. Despite the vast scope of his writings, only 31 of his 150 works are still circulating today.
Aristotle's teaching method was certainly unique. Rather than standing before his students and giving lectures, he walked around the grounds of his school, teaching as his students followed him. This is why his school was called the “Peripatetic School.”
One of Aristotle’s most famous ethical principles is known as the Golden Mean. According to this system of thought, one operates best when living between two opposite extremes. Simply put, it’s about achieving perfect balance.
Aristotle devoted much time to examining what makes a person truly good. One of his suggestions was that all good people knew how to converse. The qualities of good conversation, according to his philosophy, were quick-wit and a great sense of humor.
He believed that goodness arises from habit. If someone is morally flawed, we shouldn’t punish them for their deficiencies but instead offer better teaching and guidance.
Aristotle believed there were three categories of friendship: friendships based on mutual benefit, friendships based on pleasure, and true friendship based on mutual love.
Aristotle invented rhetoric, the art of persuasion. His general advice to public speakers and writers was to recognize the emotions of their audience. In doing so, you form a connection with them. After that, make your points and then illustrate them, guiding the audience on how to properly apply what they’ve learned.
In 322 BCE, Aristotle died in Chalkida, suffering from digestive issues. He requested to be buried next to his wife, Pythia. His works would remain nearly forgotten, stored in a cellar for almost two centuries. His philosophy would be revived around 100 BCE and would significantly influence medieval thought.
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