A recent discovery in central Spain has unveiled what may be the oldest complete Neanderthal fingerprint, offering new insights into the cognitive abilities of our ancient relatives. Archaeologists excavating the San Lázaro rock shelter near Segovia uncovered a quartz-rich granite pebble bearing a red ochre mark that resembles a fingerprint. This mark is strategically placed on the stone, which features indentations suggestive of facial features, implying intentionality in its placement.

Forensic analysis confirmed that the red pigment, composed of iron oxide not native to the cave, was applied deliberately using a human fingertip, likely that of an adult male Neanderthal. The pebble, dated to approximately 43,000 years ago, was found in a sediment layer associated with Neanderthal tools, predating the arrival of modern humans in the region.

Researchers suggest that the Neanderthal individual may have perceived a face in the natural contours of the pebble—a phenomenon known as pareidolia—and enhanced this perception by adding the ochre mark. This behavior indicates a capacity for symbolic thought, abstraction, and perhaps even artistic expression among Neanderthals. The find contributes to the growing body of evidence challenging the notion that symbolic behavior and art were exclusive to Homo sapiens.

While interpretations remain subject to debate, the deliberate application of pigment to a naturally face-like object suggests that Neanderthals engaged in meaningful interaction with their environment, attributing significance to objects beyond mere utility. This discovery adds a compelling piece to the puzzle of Neanderthal cognition and their place in the story of human evolution.

Read the research paper here: https://www.iflscience.com/a-neanderthal-left-a-fingerprint-on-this-rock-possibly-while-painting-a-face-on-it-79355