The human-shaped stone 'effigies' discovered at an Aztec temple in Mexico City were probably looted during war and sacrificed to the gods

A variety of stone artefacts fashioned to resemble humans were found by archaeologists in Mexico City at a former Aztec site.

The 15 stone figurines depict 14 men and one woman. (Image credit: Templo Mayor Project)

Stone carvings of persons have been discovered by archaeologists in Mexico City; these carvings were probably used as offerings by the Aztecs.

The 15 artifacts were found concealed inside a stone chest buried on the site of the Templo Mayor, which once housed Tenochtitlan's temple complex and served as the Aztec Empire's capital. According to a translated account, Spanish armies demolished the temple in 1521; now, the location is home to the Mexico City Metropolitan Cathedral.

The smallest of the set of items depicts a lady, and fourteen of them show men.

According to The Metropolitan Museum of Art, every figurine is in the Mezcala style, which was used by an early Mesoamerican society famed for producing human-like artifacts in the state of Guerrero in southern Mexico.

According to the statement, experts believe that the Aztecs treasured Mezcala artifacts and may have looted the statues during combat.

This indicates that the figures were genuine antiques, some of them more than 1,000 years old, when the Mexicas (Aztecs) subdued those peoples, according to archaeologist Leonardo López Luján, director of the Templo Mayor Project, which oversaw the excavation. They were probably used as cult effigies that they took as loot from battle.

The chest contained two rattlesnake-shaped earrings, 186 green metamorphic stone beads, snails, shells, and marine corals in addition to the figurines.

According to López Luján's assertion, “In their homes, the Mexicas used to keep their most precious belongings in palm-frond chests, such as fine feathers, jewelry, or cotton garments. And if we see it from the Templo Mayor … we can imagine the priests storing in these 'stone cases' the quintessential symbols of water and fertility: sculptures of the rain gods, green stone beads, shells and snails.”

Source: https://www.livescience.com/archaeology/st...

Archaeologists have discovered an 8,200-year-old water channel at the Yesilova Mound

One of the earliest water channels in history dating back 8,200 years was found during the excavation work carried out in the Yeşilova mound.

The mound that is being excavated has already uncovered significant Neolithic Age traces as well as a wealth of information about the earliest settlers in the region of Izmir off the coast of the Aegean, their surroundings, and their culture. For instance, unlike Catalhoyuk in central Anatolia, where the houses are next to one another, they lived in separate houses with separate roof systems.

The findings from the joint project between the Culture and Tourism Ministry of Turkey, Ege University, and the local authorities, are significant because they suggest that the historical settlements in the Izmir area go back 8,500 years, to 6500 BCE.

What's Behind the Locked Door in the Great Pyramid?

With our eyes fixated on the incredible ancient architecture, visitors to the Great Pyramid may not notice there is a small, locked metal doorway in the corridor between the Grand Gallery and the Antechamber, on your way towards the King’s Chamber.

In this video, we explain exactly what it is, why it’s there, how old it is and where it leads to. We’ll also take a look inside.

The Weirdest Stories From Greek Mythology

When it comes to Greek mythology, some of the stories you'll find out there are pretty strange. Goddesses being birthed from clam shells, women being kidnapped by Hades, and plenty of stories of cheating god husbands (we're looking at you here, Zeus). But if you go past the more well-known myths, things start to get even weirder. Yes, those wacky gods on Mount Olympus have a serious strange streak that would shock even the most open-minded historian.

What is Old Norse Religion?

Discover the captivating world of ancient Norse beliefs as we delve into the pantheon of gods, epic sagas, and sacred rites. Join us on a fascinating exploration of Odin, Thor, Freyja, and more, as we unravel the threads of a rich and enigmatic faith that shaped the Viking Age.

Why Didn't the Roman Empire Industrialize

The Roman Empire was once the eminent European superpower and by some estimates they were only 300 years away from their own Industrial Revolution. So why didn't the Romans industrialize and could that have saved the empire?

The Secrets of London’s Grisly Execution Sites

London is one of the most historic cities in the world, which means, it’s been home to some of the most famous executions in history. For the most minor crimes - cutting down trees, damaging Westminster Bridge, stealing from a rabbit warren or impersonating a Chelsea Pensioner - to more serious - murder, arson, robbery and treason - all of these could result in a journey to the gallows.

In this video, we will visit some of London’s most famous execution sites, many of which are hidden in plain site, from Newgate Prison to Wapping Execution Dock - famous for hosting executions of some of the most infamous pirates in history.

Excavations in Türkiye’s Inkaya Cave reveal traces of 86 thousand years of human life

In the excavations carried out in the İnkaya Cave in Çanakkale, located in the northwestern part of Türkiye, in addition to the traces of 86 thousand years of human life in the layers of the cave, many tools made of flint for various purposes were also found.

İnkaya Cave, located within the borders of Bahadırlı village in the Çan district, was found during the Muğla and Çanakkale Provinces Survey conducted in 2016 under the direction of İsmail Özer, a lecturer at Ankara University, Department of Paleoanthropology.

Excavations in the cave, which will shed light on Paleolithic period migrations between Anatolia and the Balkans, were carried out by an international team between 2017 and 2020 under the presidency of the Troy Museum Directorate.

During the excavations carried out last year, the Middle Paleolithic period workshop part of the cave was unearthed.

Rainforests of the Maya

"Rainforests of the Maya" explores the monumental, ingenious, and mysterious world of the great Maya civilization, the remnants of which still rise from the landscape of the Yucatan Peninsula and Northern Central America.

But the Maya were not only prolific builders, engineers and astronomers, they were also master gardeners and agricultural pioneers. They relied on the rich bounties of the tropical rainforests they inhabited. These are some of the most biodiverse jungles on Earth. The Maya tended those forest, shaping the landscape for generations to come.

The largest Loch Ness monster hunt in decades begins

In the Scottish Highlands, the largest search for the Loch Ness Monster in fifty years began on Saturday as experts and enthusiasts from all over the world braved torrential weather to look for the elusive Nessie.

Claims of a creature living in Loch Ness have persisted for centuries (ANDY BUCHANAN)

The mission used underwater hydrophones, boats with infrared cameras, and drones with thermal scanners to try to solve a mystery that has intrigued people across the world for decades.

Αccording to Paul Nixon, general manager of the Loch Ness Centre, “there's not a corner of the globe you can go to where people haven't heard of Nessie, but it is still one of our biggest questions -- what is the Loch Ness Monster. I don't know what it is. All I know is that there is a big something in Loch Ness. I have seen sonar scans of objects the size of transit vans underneath the water moving.”

Tatiana Yeboah, a 21-year-old French tourist who arrived during the hunt, said it had been her lifetime desire to travel to Loch Ness.

“It could be myth, it could be real -- I like to believe it is something halfway in between”, Yeboah added.

Yeboah vowed to pay close attention to the loch the entire time she was there to make sure she didn't miss anything.

The searchers think that the thermal scanners may be essential for finding any odd abnormalities in the shadowy depths.

Several hundred sightings

The hydrophone will enable the searchers to hear peculiar underwater cries resembling those of Nessie.

The freshwater loch, which stretches over 23 miles (36 kilometers) and has a maximum depth of 788 feet (240 meters), is the largest lake in the UK in terms of volume.

Ancient stone engravings in the area portray an enigmatic beast with flippers, adding credence to reports of an aquatic monster hiding in Loch Ness.

The monster first appears in writing in AD 565, in a biography of the Irish monk Saint Columba.

The narrative claims that after attacking a swimmer, the monster was going to attack again until Columba ordered it to flee.

A couple was said to have noticed "a tremendous upheaval" in the water while travelling down a newly built lochside road in May 1933, according to the Inverness Courier local newspaper.

The Loch Ness Centre in Drumnadrochit, a town close to Inverness, claims that there have been more than 1,100 officially documented Nessie sightings to date.

The monster boosts Scotland's economy by millions of pounds (dollars) year through tourism.

An ancient reptile

Over time, experts and amateur enthusiasts have looked for signs of a giant fish, like a sturgeon, dwelling in the loch's depths.

Some have hypothesized that the monster might be a plesiosaur-like sea reptile from the prehistoric era.

The Loch Ness Investigation Bureau conducted the largest search to date in 1972, but it ended in failure.

Operation Deepscan claimed to have discovered a "unidentified object of unusual size and strength" in 1987 after deploying sonar equipment throughout the breadth of the loch.

To find out what kinds of species inhabit the waters of Loch Ness, scientists conducted a DNA study there in 2018.

No evidence of a plesiosaur or other similarly sized species was discovered, but the findings did show that there were a lot of eels.

Nixon continued, “the weekend gives an opportunity to search the waters in a way that has never been done before, and we can't wait to see what we find.”

Source: https://uk.news.yahoo.com/biggest-loch-nes...

Lost Mayan City discovered by experts in the forest after being buried for millennia

Lidar technology, commonly referred to as "lasers from the sky," has just been used by scientists to find an ancient Mayan city hidden deep within the jungle. On the western side of the Yucatan Peninsula, in the Balmaco Ecological Reserve, is where this city is located. Following a ground study, a number of intricate structures were found in a region that had previously eluded experts. The discovery of these structures supports the idea that the city was an important player in the area.

How was it found?

This city has been around for more than a thousand years, yet the contemporary world has yet to find it. Airborne laser scanning (lidar) made it possible to rediscover it. This device for measuring distance illuminates targets with laser beams and clocks the amount of time it takes for the light to return to the receiver. With the use of this equipment, researchers were able to see through the forest canopy and locate the city, which was 60 kilometers away and was concealed deep within the jungle. The village was established by a study group under the direction of Ivan Špraić, a Slovenian professor of archaeology who has been working on the Yucatán Peninsula since 1996. The team was able to find the elaborate buildings, plazas, and even ball courts of the old Mayan metropolis using data from the aerial scan.

This city stands out for its collection of shaped structures, each of which is over 15 meters tall and is situated on a high-ground peninsula surrounded by significant wetlands. The site, which covers 500 dunams, consists of three squares that are surrounded by grand structures and patio balconies. This heavily forested reserve in the state of Campeche is being studied by the National Institute of Anthropology and History (INAH) in Mexico, which notes that "between the two central squares, there is a complex comprised of various low and elongated buildings arranged almost in concentric circles."

Špraić continues, "There is also a ball game court." In addition, a route links the northwest, where the majority of the structures are located, to the southeast complex.

It’s name is Ocomtún

The region is distinguished by a pyramid that rises 25 meters above the surrounding terrain. This recently found city has been given the Mayan name "Ocomtún," which translates to "Pillar of Stone" in English. The cylindrical columns that were discovered in the settlement are thought to have served as entrances to higher rooms in the structures. This discovery is similar to earlier ones of extinct civilizations, like those made in Bolivia's Amazonian forests where laser technology unveiled enigmatic pyramids and ball courts.

The research team discovered further buildings while examining the area that led to the La Rigonia River. These structures consist of central altars, monolithic columns, and staircases. The crew also found an area that was utilized as a court for ball games and other areas that might have been markets or locations for local rituals. According to Špraić, "the site served as an important regional center, probably during the Classic period (250-1000 AD)." The majority of the ceramics discovered on the surface and in test pits are from the Late Classic era (600–800 AD). More thorough analysis of these samples will, however, yield more accurate information about the occupation sequences.

The temples in the middle of the patios and plazas are thought to be proof that the Oakhamton site changed around 1000 AD. "We see a reflection of ideological changes and population dynamics during times of crisis," argues Špraić. Ultimately, this resulted in the dissolution of the intricate socio-political structure and a considerable fall in the population in the central Maya lowlands.

It will need more time and money to properly uncover Ocomtn's mysteries. The researchers are confident in one thing, though: they will return to the Yucatan when the dry season starts in March to look for additional hints regarding a vanished civilization that is still present despite being hidden. "Many people may argue that with laser technology, the romance of archaeological discovery is lost, but I disagree," says Prof. Špraić. "There is still a sense of romance. It's hot, and we're hacking through the jungle with machetes, encountering water problems. Then, suddenly, a massive pyramid or an inscribed stele appears right before your eyes. At that moment, all those difficulties fade away."

Source: https://www.jpost.com/omg/article-756396

A nose decoration made of human bone was found by INAH archaeologists in the Mexican

In the historic Mayan city of Palenque in Mexico, archaeologists from the National Institute of Anthropology and History (INAH) have uncovered a nose ornament made of human bone.

According to a statement from the National Institute of Anthropology and History (INAH), the find was made during excavations at House C, a building that was part of a complex of palaces constructed by Pakal the Great.

A scene depicting contact with the gods and ancestors is carved on the nose ornament, which was created from a portion of a human distal tibia.

An attire made of human bone worn by rulers and priests of this ancient city, during ceremonies in which they embodied K'awiil, the Mayan god of maize and fertility, was discovered for the first time in the history of explorations in the Archaeological Zone of Palenque, in Chiapas. This attire featured an elegantly carved scene on the nose ornament.

The Maya frequently portrayed Kawiil as having the promise of "Innumerable Generations" and as a part of the ritual Maya throne ascension and inauguration.

The ceremonial deposit that included the nose jewelry that archaeologists discovered dates to the Late Classic period of Mesoamerican history (between 600 and 850 A.D.).

The antique artifact was unearthed in a pit filled with clay soil and charcoal remnants that the researchers found beneath a stucco floor. While sorting the filling's contents, the crew also found animal carcasses, obsidian blades, fragments of a bone awl, and a human bone nose ring.

For the first time, in Palenque they find a nose ring: it must have been used to personify the Mayan god of corn. İmage credit: Carlos Varela Scherrer

INAH released the following statement in a news release: "The earth matrix was very dark with a high amount of charcoal and intermingled with seeds, fish bones, turtles, small mammals, obsidian blades, some large pieces of charcoal and, among them, a bone nasal ornament."

Due to its composition and the hardness, accuracy, and combination of the carving lines, which were produced in just 6.4 centimeters by 5.2 centimeters with a thickness of 5 centimeters at the bottom and decreasing to 3 centimeters at the top, the artifact has noteworthy artistic significance.

The nose ring, which has an intricately carved scene, is fashioned from a portion of a human distal tibia, which makes up the skeletal framework of the ankle joint. The profile of a guy wearing headgear with a bird head shape may be observed in one area of the artifact. A picture of a human skull missing a lower jaw can be seen in another section. The Mayan symbol for "darkness" or "night," ak'ab, can be seen on the left arm.

According to Arnoldo González Cruz, the director of the Palenque Archaeological Project (PAP), “one of the characteristic features of the divinity is the shape of the extremely elongated head and profile that ended in a point. Therefore, researchers believe the nasal ornament was worn by rulers and priests of the ancient city during ceremonies in which they embodied K’awiil, the Maya god of corn and fertility.”

Source: https://arkeonews.net/inah-archaeologists-...

How knowledge of Neanderthals was improved by studying ancient bee burrows

The Shanidar cave is located in southeast Turkey, near the Iranian border, in the Zagros Mountains of the Kurdish autonomous area of Iraq. One of the most contentious collections of Neanderthal remains can be found inside the cave.

Wild flowers at Shanidar Cave, photographed May 5, 2023. Credit: C.O. Hunt

University of Cambridge, University of London, and Liverpool John Moores University researchers worked together to reexamine one of the site's most contentious discoveries, the "Flower Burial." Previous theories have suggested that pollen discovered in a Neanderthal burial is proof of a floral grave gift.

The team presents evidence that the pollen discovered in the grave sites was placed by non-humans, most likely by bees, in an article titled "Shanidar et ses fleurs Reflections on the palynology of the Neanderthal Flower Burial hypothesis," which was published in the Journal of Archaeological Science.

In the 1950s and 1960s, Ralph Solecki conducted excavations in Shanidar Cave and proposed the "Flower Burial" theory. This theory holds that the Shanidar 4 Neanderthal was laid on a bed of flowers, possibly for therapeutic purposes, as a symbol of affection, or as a sign of respect.

The prior portrayals of Neanderthals as wholly brutish were called into question by this hypothesis, which also suggested that they were capable of empathy and concern.

Pollen found in the burial pits raised the notion that Solecki may have received funeral tributes. He mentions that several of the local laborers enjoyed wearing flowers on their belts and that the excavation team may have been a possible source of the pollen, however this was subsequently ruled out.

The researchers rule out the possibility that Solecki and his associates inserted the pollen based on earlier depictions by French archaeologist Arlette Leroi-Gourhan of the pollen surrounding the Shanidar 4 Neanderthal displaying flattening and corrosion, consistent with it being ancient. Instead, they come to the conclusion that the pollen was most likely present when the related Neanderthal was alive.

Mystery cleared up

According to the investigation, pollen clumps from the deposition of complete flowers are incongruous with the occurrence of taxonomically mixed clumps. The researchers contend that bees are much more likely to have collected and deposited the taxonomically mixed pollen.

The cave floor's solitary bee burrows can still be seen today in less-trafficked regions. Individual bees are a prime suspect for the pollen clumps since they are able to gather many floral pollen species while foraging, and because the cave is home to many of their burrows.

The majority of burrows are classified as sub-vertical to vertical and shallow (5 cm), while some can reach depths of more than 0.5 m and have diameters of 6–8 mm. The bullet-shaped linings are extremely resilient, and modern researchers found remains of ancient tunnel linings during their digs, providing further evidence that ancient bees were present.

Older burrows frequently contain a sand-and-ashy fill that makes them harder to spot. Textural variations from the host sediment can be noticed as they cut through stratification with close inspection (and artificial lighting).

The likelihood that the pollen aggregates were introduced by bees soon before Solecki's excavation is raised by the authors' observation that the region in which Shanidar 4 and related skeleton remains were discovered had been left open for more than a year prior to excavation.

It is possible that bees were nesting in the sediments nearby Shanidar 4 not long after it was buried because they would have been more obvious to the original excavation than the old bee burrows at the dig site.

The excavation crew and flowers could not have been gathered instantly at the moment of death under modern circumstances since none of the flowers depicted in the Shanidar 4 pollen could be simultaneously collected in any season. The pollen might have easily been spread during a growing season by bees.

Solitary bee excavating a burrow on the section wall of our trench in Shanidar Cave photographed September 4, 2022. The bee has broken through a whitish efflorescent crust into slightly-consolidated sediment behind. The insect is head-down in the burrow, spraying loose sediment out of the hole with her legs. Her abdomen is arrowed. Credit: E. Pomeroy

Solved?

However, Leroi-Gourhan's hypothesis that certain clusters included immature pollen could point to more intricate explanations. There are several issues that need to be clarified.

Out of the 21 samples containing pollen studied from the cave by Leroi-Gourhan, only three samples connected with Neanderthal remains included clumps of pollen, which has to be explained or established. According to the researchers, it is impossible to totally rule out the potential of alternative processes, such as small mammals or Neanderthal activity.

There may yet be more funerary mystery in the cave, as evidenced by the unexplained wood bits recovered in the grave dirt of Shanidar Z, a more recent Neanderthal skeleton that greatly overlaps the Shanidar 4 site.

Going back to the start

In contrast to earlier ideas of Neanderthals as primitive, less developed, or even savage beings, Solecki's original conclusions, as outlined in his hypothesis, proposed a scenario where Neanderthals displayed complex behavior related to the care of their dead, such as burial and funerary offerings.

Subsequent academics have contested and investigated his initial findings, frequently asking if the bodies were intentionally placed and buried. The burial theory continues to hold up in the face of numerous competing theories and criticisms over the years as more proof of intentional burial is uncovered.

In Shanidar Cave, notably Shanidar 1, Neanderthal bones have also been discovered. These remains show signs of having presumably received lifetime care. Male Neanderthal Shanidar 1 suffered a serious head wound that may have rendered him blind in his left eye and partially paralyzed his right arm and leg.

Previous studies have hypothesized that Shanidar 1's prolonged survival while suffering from these wounds was due to the support and care he received from other Neanderthal group members. This can be seen as proof of kindness and cooperation among Neanderthal groups.

Accepting the prospect of an intellectually advanced Neanderthal was the right move, even if the pollen found in the Shanidar cave turns out to be from bee activity.

Since the first discovery, Neanderthals have been found in various places, where they have left behind a variety of artifacts, including carved wooden throwing spears, jewelry made from eagle talons, and beads made of bone, shell, and ivory.

Furthermore, Neanderthals made fire-making kits, arranged enormous animal skulls around fire hearths, gathered decorative conches from remote beaches, distilled birch tar into a synthetic adhesive, and were endearing enough to interbreed with the progenitors of the majority of modern humans.

It is no longer considered outside the realm of Neanderthal behavioral sophistication to place a few flowers on a grave. It's possible that Solecki's open-minded "Flower Burial" idea is to blame for the paradigm shift that made it possible to evaluate several additional sites objectively and gain a deeper knowledge of our inner Neanderthal relatives.

Source: https://phys.org/news/2023-08-ancient-bee-...

Uncovering a 200-Year-Old Mysteries: New Research on Animal Evolution

The answer to the age-old topic of when the first creatures appeared on Earth has been eluding naturalists since Charles Darwin's time thanks to a study led by the University of Oxford. In the journal Trends in Ecology & Evolution, the findings were just recently published.

Reconstruction of the Ediacaran seafloor from the Nama Group, Namibia, showing early animal diversity. Credit: Oxford University Museum of Natural History / Mighty Fossils

Around 574 million years ago, the earliest fossilized animal remains were discovered. They appear as a sudden 'explosion' in Cambrian-era rocks (539 million to 485 million years ago), which seems to go against the generally slow rate of evolution. However, they are unable to explain why the earliest animals are absent from the fossil record. Many scientists, including Darwin himself, think that the earliest animals actually originated far before the Cambrian period.

In the early Neoproterozoic era (1,000 million years ago to 539 million years ago), according to the "molecular clock" technique, animals likely first appeared 800 million years ago. The time period when two or more living species last had a common ancestor can be ascertained using this method, which uses the rates at which genes accumulate mutations. Animal fossils have not been discovered, despite the fact that early Neoproterozoic rocks contain fossilized microbes like bacteria and protists.

Reconstruction of Charnia, a candidate for the first animal fossil from the Ediacaran Period as old as 574 million years ago. Credit: Oxford University Museum of Natural History / Mighty Fossils

Paleontologists were left with a conundrum: Does the molecular clock method overstate the time of animal origin? Or did animals exist in the early Neoproterozoic but were too soft and delicate to survive?

For this investigation, a group of scientists under the direction of Dr. Ross Anderson from the Department of Earth Sciences at the University of Oxford performed the most extensive evaluation to date of the preservation conditions that would be anticipated to catch the earliest animal fossils.

Lead author Dr. Ross Anderson said: “The first animals presumably lacked mineral-based shells or skeletons, and would have required exceptional conditions to be fossilized. But certain Cambrian mudstone deposits demonstrate exceptional preservation, even of soft and fragile animal tissues. We reasoned that if these conditions, known as Burgess Shale-Type (BST) preservation, also occurred in Neoproterozoic rocks, then a lack of fossils would suggest a real absence of animals at that time.”

The research team compared the Cambrian mudstone deposits from almost 20 locations that preserved just mineral-based remnants (such as trilobites) with those that preserved BST fossils in order to better understand this. These techniques included infrared spectroscopy performed at Diamond Light Source, the UK's national synchrotron, as well as energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction at the Departments of Earth Sciences and Materials at the University of Oxford.

According to the research, berthierine, an antibacterial clay, was notably concentrated in fossils with outstanding BST-type preservation. Around 90% of samples that contained at least 20% berthierine produced BST fossils.

Dickinsonia, one of the oldest animal fossils from the Ediacara Biota, Ediacaran Rawnsley Quartzite Formation, Australia. 560–550 million years old. Credit: Lidya Tarhan

An further antibacterial clay known as kaolinite appears to actively bond to decomposing tissues at an early stage, producing a protective halo during fossilization, according to microscale mineral mapping of BST fossils.

“The presence of these clays was the main predictor of whether rocks would harbor BST fossils” added Dr. Anderson. “This suggests that the clay particles act as an antibacterial barrier that prevents bacteria and other microorganisms from breaking down organic materials.”

The materials were then analyzed using these methods using a variety of fossil-rich Neoproterozoic mudstone layers. According to the research, the majority lacked the components required for BST preservation. However, three deposits in Canada's Nunavut, Russia's Siberia, and Norway's Svalbard exhibited compositions that were nearly identical to BST-rocks from the Cambrian era. The conditions were probably suitable for the preservation of animal fossils, however none of the samples from these three strata included any.

“Similarities in the distribution of clays with fossils in these exceptional Cambrian deposits and rare early Neoproterozoic samples suggest that, in both cases, clays were attached to decaying tissues and that conditions favorable to BST preservation were available in both time periods,” Dr. Anderson continued. Contrary to certain molecular clock estimations, this is the first “evidence for absence” and supports the idea that animals had not developed by the early Neoproterozoic epoch.

Image of one of the Tonian sites with BST preservation but no animal fossils from fieldwork. Svanbergfjellet Formation, De Geerbukta, Svalbard, Norway. Credit: Ross Anderson / University of Oxford

The study, in the opinion of the experts, points to the Svalbard formation's youngest estimated age of 789 million years as the earliest feasible age for the beginning of animals. The team will now look for deposits in the Neoproterozoic that are increasingly younger and have the right circumstances for BST preservation. By doing so, it will be possible to determine the age of rocks where creatures are missing from the fossil record for reasons other than the fact that they couldn't have been preserved as fossils. Additionally, they plan to conduct laboratory tests to look at the processes behind clay-organic interactions in BST preservation.

Dr. Anderson continued, “We are now able to understand the nature of the remarkable fossil record in a way that we have never been able to accomplish before by mapping the compositions of these rocks at the microscale. In the end, this might help us understand how the fossil record may be skewed towards retaining particular species and tissues, changing how we perceive biodiversity throughout various geological eras.”

Source: https://scitechdaily.com/decoding-a-200-ye...