UK to Return 17th-Century Painting Looted by Nazis to Jewish Collector’s Descendants

A powerful act of restitution is unfolding in the UK, as a rare 17th-century painting looted by the Nazis during World War II is being returned to the rightful heirs of Samuel Hartveld, a Jewish art collector.

The artwork, titled “Aeneas and His Family Fleeing Burning Troy,” was painted in 1654 by Henry Gibbs, an English artist. The painting depicts a dramatic scene from The Aeneid, Virgil’s epic poem chronicling the escape of the Trojan hero Aeneas from the burning city of Troy.

A Story of Loss and Survival

In 1940, the painting was seized by Nazi forces from a gallery in Antwerp, as Hartveld and his wife Clara Meijboom were forced to flee Belgium and seek refuge in the United States. The piece was one of 66 artworks in Hartveld’s gallery collection that were stolen.

After remaining missing for decades, the painting resurfaced in the collection of Tate Britain, where it had been held since 1994 after being acquired from a gallery in Brussels.

The decision to return the painting was made by the UK's Spoliation Advisory Panel, an independent government body established in 2000 to handle claims related to artworks looted by the Nazis. Since its creation, the panel has reviewed 23 claims and recommended the restitution of 14 works to their rightful heirs.

A Tragic Legacy

The story behind the collector adds a deeply human dimension to the case. The Hartvelds’ son, Adelin Hartveld, stayed behind in Belgium and joined the resistance movement. He was captured by the Nazis and executed. While Samuel and Clara survived the war, they were never able to recover the stolen pieces from their gallery—many of which are still believed to reside in European museums today.

A Symbolic Return

In May 2024, two of Hartveld’s great-grandchildren filed a formal request for the painting’s return through the Sonia Klein Foundation, named after their mother. Tate did not contest the claim. In fact, the museum’s handling of the case has been praised.

According to the panel, Tate “responded with honor and transparency.” Tate Director Maria Balshaw stated:

“It is a privilege to help reunite this work of art with the family to whom it rightfully belongs. While extensive provenance research was conducted in 1994, crucial details had not yet come to light.”

UK Culture Minister Chris Bryant described the restitution as “a model example of the panel’s important work,” stressing the importance of addressing the injustices of the Nazi era.

In a statement, the Sonia Klein Foundation said:

“This decision clearly acknowledges the Nazi persecution of Samuel Hartveld and the fact that the painting undeniably belonged to him—a Jewish Belgian collector and art dealer.”

The return of this artwork is more than a transfer of ownership. It is a recognition of historical truth, a tribute to those who suffered, and a step toward healing wounds left by one of history’s darkest chapters.

Ukrainian Soldiers Uncover 6th–5th Century BC Burial Site During Fortification Work in Southern Ukraine

While building defensive fortifications in southern Ukraine, servicemen from the 123rd Territorial Defence Brigade stumbled upon a remarkable piece of ancient history—a burial site dating back to the 6th–5th centuries BC.

An Accidental Discovery Turns into an Archaeological Treasure
The discovery began when an excavator operator named Mykola noticed a small amphora buried in the soil. Recognizing its potential significance, he immediately alerted his comrade Yevhen, a fellow soldier with a passion for history. Together, they carefully handed the artefact over to the Staroflotski Barracks Museum for further examination.

Museum experts later confirmed that the amphora was of Ionian origin, crafted in ancient Greece for ritual use during burial ceremonies. This type of amphora was not a common household item—it had ceremonial value, indicating the grave’s importance.

Further exploration of the site revealed that it was in fact a burial ground from the 6th–5th centuries BC. Among the other objects unearthed was an oinochoe—a traditional Greek wine jug with a single handle and three spouts. These vessels were typically used during symposia, social gatherings where men would drink wine, share stories, and enjoy entertainment.

Clues to Ancient Life and Status
“These are ritual objects specifically made for burials and brought here from Greece. The fact that they were found fully intact suggests the deceased were of high social status,” explained Oleksandr, a former archaeologist and lecturer at Vasyl Sukhomlynskyi Mykolaiv National University, who now serves in the military.

In addition to the vessels, human skeletal remains were recovered and passed on to specialists for further study. These remains could offer invaluable insights into the people who lived in the region over 2,500 years ago—their customs, beliefs, and way of life.

This extraordinary find not only sheds light on Ukraine’s deep-rooted historical ties with ancient Greece but also stands as a powerful reminder that even in times of war, the past continues to speak—sometimes from beneath our very feet.

Daredevil Monks: 9 Greek Monasteries That Seem to Hang from the Cliffs

Some monasteries in Greece defy logic, clinging to sheer cliffs and appearing to hang from the sky itself. These awe-inspiring sanctuaries not only challenge the imagination with their architectural feats, but also offer breathtaking views and deep spiritual resonance. Let’s explore nine of the most spectacular monasteries in Greece—spiritual havens carved into rock faces, balanced above gorges, and rooted in centuries of history.

1. Varlaam Monastery (Monastery of All Saints) – Meteora

Depositphotos

Perched atop a towering cliff in the Meteora region, Varlaam Monastery sits directly across from the Great Meteoron and stands at a height of 373 meters. It's one of the six active monasteries of Meteora, designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site since 1988.

The monastery takes its name from the ascetic monk Varlaam, who first scaled the rock in the 14th century. Its real history began in the early 1500s when two noble brothers from Ioannina, Nektarios and Theophanes Apsarades, established the monastery.

In the 18th century, monk Christophoros played a crucial role by organizing and copying the monastery’s valuable archive. Thanks to its economic strength, the monastery flourished spiritually and even played a part in Greece's national struggles in the years that followed.

2. Monastery of Timios Prodromos (St. John the Baptist) – Lousios Gorge, Arcadia

Hidden within a vertical cliff in Arcadia’s Lousios Gorge—often dubbed the "Mount Athos of the Peloponnese"—this monastery commands reverence. Built over 500 years ago, it once served as a base for revolutionary leader Theodoros Kolokotronis and even functioned as a field hospital during the War of Independence in 1821.

Set in a dramatic natural landscape where the river Lousios flows—a river said to be named after the infant Zeus who was bathed there by nymphs—the monastery remains a center of spirituality. With hundreds of books in its library, stunning canyon views, and seemingly floating balconies, it attracts pilgrims and visitors alike year after year.

Depositphotos

3. Holy Trinity Monastery – Meteora

Depositphotos

This is arguably the most iconic of Meteora’s monasteries—and also the most challenging to reach. Perched atop the highest rock of the complex, northwest of the Monastery of St. Stephen, Holy Trinity was once accessible only via rope ladders or supply nets.

Depositphotos

Today, a staircase of 140 steps (built in 1925) and a cable car provide access. Though it houses only four monks today, it has appeared on the big screen—most notably in the 1981 James Bond film For Your Eyes Only, and in the 2018 Greek TV series To Tatouaz.

4. Monastery of the Presentation of Christ (Ypapanti) – Meteora

Clinging like an eagle’s nest to a remote cliff edge, this lesser-known Meteora monastery offers a unique blend of isolation and history. Once reachable only by a hanging wooden ladder, its access improved significantly in 1930 thanks to a carved staircase—still in use today.

Depositphotos

In May 1948, part of the cliff collapsed, making the cave-like monastery more accessible. Today, visitors can climb 100 carved steps to discover a quiet space that once housed just a handful of monks and expanded through cliffside extensions.

5. Philosophou Monastery – Lousios Gorge, Arcadia

Depositphotos

The oldest monastery in Arcadia, dating back to the 10th century, Philosophou Monastery is tucked into the west side of the Lousios Gorge, about 11 km southwest of Dimitsana. Founded in 963 by Ioannis Lambardopoulos, a Byzantine imperial secretary nicknamed “the philosopher,” it’s one of Greece’s most important Byzantine monuments.

Built into the side of a wild ravine 200 meters above the riverbed, the monastery blends into the rock. It played a key role in preserving Greek education during Ottoman rule, even earning the nickname “Krifo Scholio” (Secret School). Although a new monastery was later built nearby, the original still stands, silent yet majestic.

Depositphotos

6. Elona Monastery – Mount Parnon, Arcadia

Depositphotos

Driving from Leonidio to Kosmas, the turnoff at the 10th kilometer always surprises—no matter how many times you’ve seen it. Nestled at 650 meters above sea level on the red cliffs of Mount Parnon, the brilliant white Elona Monastery leaves visitors in awe.

shutterstock

According to tradition, in the 14th century, shepherds saw a mysterious light on the cliff. Upon investigation, they discovered an icon of the Virgin Mary lit by an oil lamp. Miraculously, the icon later descended to a more accessible spot. Two hermits, Kalinikos and Dositheos, built the original wooden chapel and laid the foundation of what would become the monastery. Tragically, both were martyred during the Ottoman era—but the site became a place of deep devotion and legend.

7. Monastery of Proussos (Panagia Prousiotissa) – Evrytania

shutterstock

Known as the “Lady of Roumeli,” this monastery in Central Greece appears to hang from a cliff in the shadow of Mount Kaliakouda. It is revered for housing a miraculous icon of the Virgin Mary, said to have healed General Georgios Karaiskakis, who later adorned the icon with gold in gratitude.

The icon is believed to have originated in ancient Prusa (now Bursa, Turkey), painted by the Apostle Luke. During the iconoclasm period, it was smuggled into Greece and eventually lost—only to be found again in a cave where the monastery now stands. Legend says the icon “chose” to remain there, prompting the construction of the monastery.

shutterstock

The site later became a center of Greek education during Ottoman times and a base of operations for Karaiskakis. Visitors today can see the “towers of Karaiskakis” just outside the monastery, once used to guard the region.

8. Monastery of Kipina – Tzoumerka, Epirus

shutterstock

Perhaps one of the most breathtaking monastic structures in Greece, Kipina Monastery is carved directly into a vertical cliff above the Kalarrytikos River near the village of Kalarrytes in the Tzoumerka mountains.

Dating back to the 13th century and dedicated to the Dormition of the Virgin, its name may derive from the gardens the monks once cultivated despite the harsh terrain. The monastery is reminiscent of the famous Sumela Monastery in Pontus, both in structure and spiritual magnetism.

shutterstock

Inside, visitors can admire 17th-century frescoes and explore a cave that once served as a refuge during Ottoman rule. The combination of spiritual serenity and stunning alpine scenery makes this monastery an unforgettable experience.

9. Mega Spilaio (Great Cave Monastery) – Kalavryta

shutterstock

Located about 10 km northeast of Kalavryta in a natural cave in the Chelmos mountains, Mega Spilaio is one of Greece’s most historic and revered Orthodox pilgrimage sites.

Built into the mouth of a cavern 899 meters above sea level, this eight-story complex merges seamlessly with its dramatic surroundings. It’s believed to have been founded in the 4th century and holds one of the oldest icons attributed to the Apostle Luke.

Over the centuries, the monastery has withstood fires, earthquakes, and wars, yet it remains a powerful symbol of faith, resilience, and Greek heritage.

These awe-inspiring monasteries are more than just feats of architecture—they are living monuments to faith, endurance, and the indomitable spirit of those who chose to build closer to the heavens. Whether you’re a spiritual seeker, history enthusiast, or just a traveler looking to be amazed, these cliff-hugging sanctuaries promise a journey unlike any other.

Lost for Centuries! 300-Year-Old Shipwreck Uncovered Beneath Sand Dunes—Scientists Stunned by Mysterious Superfood Found in Its Cargo

A centuries-old maritime mystery has resurfaced—quite literally—near a coastal village where fierce winds recently shifted the landscape, unveiling the remains of a 300-year-old shipwreck long buried beneath sand dunes. While the ship’s sudden reappearance was astonishing in itself, what truly captivated scientists was what lay within its cargo: massive quantities of a nutrient-rich food that’s now hailed as a global superfood.

Uncovering the Ship's Origins

Initial research into the vessel’s structure points to an 18th-century origin. Experts believe the ship may have hailed from Russia—possibly from the Volga Basin or the Caucasus region—based on its distinctive design and shipbuilding methods.

A Closer Look at the Wreckage

Archaeologists have unearthed a large, remarkably intact section of the ship, measuring approximately 28 meters in length. Among the preserved components are the keel, hull planking, wooden frames, bulkheads, and parts of two masts.

Inside the wreck, researchers also found seafaring tools and remnants of everyday life aboard the ship: ropes, mats, pieces of rope ladders, and most intriguingly, three baskets filled with botanical material—offering rare insight into the ship’s original cargo.

The Superfood Surprise

An archaeobotanical analysis revealed that the baskets contained a mix of fruits and seeds from six plant families and five unique species. The overwhelming majority of the remains were buckwheat—a grain-like seed now considered a superfood thanks to its high nutritional value and versatility. Today, Russia stands as the world’s top producer of buckwheat, which adds an intriguing layer to the find.

Additionally, wood analysis showed that the ship was primarily constructed from Scots pine and spruce, while one tool recovered from the wreck was made of poplar—each material shedding light on the shipbuilders’ resource choices and craftsmanship.

A Window into 18th-Century Trade

According to a study published in the Journal of Maritime Archaeology, the shipwreck offers invaluable insight into historical trade routes and agricultural commerce in the Caspian region.

“The findings suggest that this vessel played a significant role in transporting agricultural goods along key trade routes in the region,” researchers concluded.

This extraordinary discovery not only deepens our understanding of 18th-century maritime networks but also highlights how essential crops—like buckwheat—have traveled, transformed, and endured through time. As archaeologists continue to investigate, the shipwreck may yet yield more secrets from the sands of history.

The Miracle of Ancient Greece: The World’s First "Metro" Lies Hidden on a Greek Island

Revealing the source of the Eupalinian Tunnel—still flowing after 2,500 years into an ancient reservoir beneath a small chapel in the village of Agiades, Samos. A timeless feat of engineering brilliance.

Zach Marshall / CC BY-SA (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0)

If ancient civilizations had their version of the subway, it would undoubtedly be on the island of Samos.

Back in the second half of the 6th century BCE, the ancient Greeks, guided by the brilliant Megarian engineer Eupalinos, carved a 2.5-kilometer-long tunnel through a mountain—starting from two opposite sides. Incredibly, the two teams met in the middle with nearly perfect precision. Not a single significant deviation. It remains one of the most astonishing technical achievements of antiquity.

The Eupalinian Aqueduct: A Timeless Engineering Masterpiece

Moumouza at English Wikipedia / Public domain

To this day, the spring water still flows, collecting in an ancient aqueduct system that feeds into a reservoir located beneath a small chapel in the village of Agiades, Samos. This aqueduct was constructed to supply fresh water to the ancient city of Samos, situated on the southern slope of Mount "Kastro," from the powerful spring on the northern side.

GrigorisKoulouriotis, CC BY-SA 4.0 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0, via Wikimedia Commons

What Eupalinos built was more than just a tunnel—it was a complete water supply system stretching 2,385 meters in total, with 1,035 meters running through solid rock via the tunnel. And it worked flawlessly.

Mathematics Quench the Thirst of a City

A fascinating detail: the system includes two parallel tunnels. Initially, the spring's elevation was higher than the main tunnel, allowing gravity-fed flow. But as construction progressed, the spring's water level dropped. Engineers had to adapt by carving a second, smaller tunnel at a lower elevation—connected via vertical shafts from the main tunnel above.

This adaptation highlights the flexibility and foresight of ancient Greek engineers, who weren’t just master builders—they were problem-solvers.

Precision and Geometry Meet Human Grit

Tomisti / CC BY-SA (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0)

What makes the Eupalinian Tunnel extraordinary is that it was excavated from both ends simultaneously. Meeting in the middle required exceptional mathematical understanding and surveying accuracy. It’s a geometric challenge that many wouldn't attempt even today without modern tools. Herodotus credits the project to the tyrant Polycrates of Samos, who entrusted the work to Eupalinos—whom he considered one of the greatest architects of his era.

The tunnel features a corridor and a trench, with depth varying from 3.80 meters to 8.90 meters, sloped at 0.6% to ensure the natural flow of water through clay pipes embedded in the floor. From there, water continued via an underground urban pipeline to supply the fountains and cisterns of ancient Samos—today’s Pythagoreio. Traces of this pipe system have been found along the modern road connecting the Eupalinian Tunnel to Pythagoreio.

A Tunnel Dug by Hand… from Both Ends

The tunnel was carved entirely by hand—hammer and chisel—by two teams working from opposite sides of the mountain. It’s estimated that the entire project took between 8 to 10 years to complete. Inside the pitch-black interior, workers relied on oil lamps for light, which not only dimly illuminated their path but filled the narrow space with smoke and fumes.

Eupalinos directed the digging with only basic tools—yet his calculations were so precise that the two teams met nearly seamlessly. Today, inscriptions, letters, and red markings on the walls—along with the names of some of the workers—still survive, silent witnesses to their incredible achievement.

Historical Context and Legacy

Herodotus writes:

“I’ve spoken much of the Samians, for they have accomplished three of the greatest feats of all the Greeks. On a mountain 150 orguia high, they built a tunnel, begun from two ends. Its length is seven stadia; its height and width are eight feet each. Through the entire length, another channel was cut, twenty cubits deep and three feet wide, through which water from a great spring is brought to the city. The architect of this tunnel was Eupalinos, son of Naustrophus, from Megara.”

Modern archaeological excavations, carried out by the German Archaeological Institute in the 1970s, confirmed these accounts. Today, after full restoration, the tunnel is open to visitors with three different routes available for exploration.

Watch the video: Walking through the Eupalinian Tunnel—an underground journey through one of the greatest engineering marvels of the ancient world.

The Kouros of Apollo: An Ancient Giant Watching Over Naxos for Centuries

For centuries, a colossal ancient statue has rested on a hillside on the Greek island of Naxos — a silent testament to the island’s rich history and artistic legacy.

By RAndrei shutterstock

A Marble Giant from the Past

By Nataliia Budianska shutterstock

Known as the Kouros of Apollo—and sometimes referred to as the Colossus of Dionysus—this unfinished statue stands at an impressive 10.7 meters (around 35 feet) tall and weighs approximately 80 tons. Carved from the island’s signature light gray Naxian marble, the statue has never stood upright. It remains exactly where ancient sculptors left it, lying unfinished on the slope where it was originally carved.

By Nataliia Budianska shutterstock

A Glimpse into the 5th Century BCE

By Paolo Trovo shutterstock

Dating back to between the 5th and 4th centuries BCE, the statue is located in the northern part of Naxos, near the charming fishing village of Apollonas. The Kouros features a frontal stance, with arms close to the torso and bent at the elbows. Notably, the left leg is slightly longer than the right, a detail that hints at its intended pose.

By Heracles Kritikos shutterstock

Not Your Typical Kouros

By Heracles Kritikos shutterstock

Traditionally, kouroi (plural of kouros) were statues representing youthful, nude male figures, usually standing straight with arms at their sides. However, the Kouros of Apollo breaks from this norm. It was designed to portray an older, bearded man—a rarity for the genre. Art historians believe the figure’s right arm was originally meant to extend forward, further distinguishing it from typical kouroi.

By RAndrei shutterstock

Because of the beard and mature features, scholars now suggest that this statue may not depict Apollo at all. Instead, many believe it represents Dionysus, the Greek god of wine, revelry, and fertility.

A Mystery of Abandonment

By Aphotog shutterstock

Why was such an ambitious statue never completed or moved? The answer may lie in its sheer scale. Experts believe that the statue’s immense weight made transportation nearly impossible using the methods available at the time.

Others speculate that during the carving process, structural flaws—such as cracks in the marble—were discovered too late, making it too risky to extract. Another theory suggests that the project was simply abandoned due to lack of payment or a change in political or financial priorities.

Today, the Kouros of Apollo remains an awe-inspiring sight — a massive remnant of ancient artistry lying peacefully in nature. It draws visitors from around the world, curious to stand beside a giant that never quite stood.

Watch the full video from Greek Sun for a closer look.

New York: African American Father Challenges School’s Spartan Mascot – “It’s a Symbol of White Supremacy”

A controversy is brewing on Long Island over a school mascot depicting a Spartan warrior—an image that has sparked strong reactions and led to legal action.

William King Moss III, an African American father of two daughters attending school in the area, has filed a lawsuit against the use of the Spartan mascot. He argues that the image represents a “slaveholding society” and is ultimately a symbol of white supremacy.

Moss’s criticism goes beyond personal opinion. It touches on broader cultural and historical questions—how we interpret ancient symbols, and what they mean in today’s multicultural society. According to Moss, the Spartan figure cannot be seen as neutral or innocent. He points out that the ancient Spartans were notorious for exploiting and oppressing indigenous populations, and for upholding a militaristic culture rooted in violence and subjugation.

Last year, the Brentwood School District was required to retire its previous mascot—the “Indians”—following a statewide directive banning public schools from using Native American names, logos, or imagery. In response, the district selected the Spartan as a replacement, representing a school community that serves approximately 18,000 students.

Now, however, a new debate has emerged: Does the Spartan truly offer a positive or even neutral symbol for a diverse school community with students from many different ethnic and cultural backgrounds?

Adding to his concerns, Moss has also voiced frustration over the fact that Spartan society excluded women from military service, viewing this as another outdated and discriminatory value embedded in the symbol.

The case raises important questions about which icons are appropriate in educational settings and how schools can better reflect the diversity and values of their communities.

The Painted Wooden Plaques of Pitsa: A Rare Testimony of Archaic Greek Art and Script

---

By Dimosthenis Vasiloudis

---

In 1934, in a cave above the modern village of Pitsa, near ancient Sicyon in Corinthia, an exceptionally important discovery for the history of Greek art and writing was made: four painted wooden plaques, the best preserved of which is now displayed at the National Archaeological Museum of Athens (No. 16464). [1] These plaques are the only surviving examples of large-scale Corinthian painting and are rich in linguistic and cultural data.

Religious Function and Iconography

The main plaque depicts a religious procession to an altar where a lamb is about to be sacrificed. The scene includes musical instruments: aulos and lyre, both integral elements of ritual experience. The presence of female figures leading the procession and a characteristic libation at the altar link the scene to dedications to the Charites (Graces), and the text mentions dedicator names such as Euthydika, Eukolis, and Etheloncha. [2]

These plaques were votive offerings to the Nymphs, local fertility deities worshiped within the cave. Although modest in size (31 cm long, 14.5 cm max height), the works are valuable for understanding Corinthian worship, folk religious art, and the techniques of the time.

Xerographic Technique and Colors

The plaques were painted using the xerographic method: mineral pigments applied to wood without the use of shading or gradation. The outlines of the figures are done in black or red, while the colors (white, red, blue, yellow, violet, brown, green, and black) are applied in pure tones, unmixed and unshaded. [3] Though simple, this technique allows for clear imagery and legible inscriptions.

Inscriptions and Names: Placement and Reading

The inscriptions are written in the upper section of the plaque, above the heads of the figures. They are arranged in zones and sometimes extend to the side of the plaque. Notably mentioned are:

• Euthydika (ΕΥΘΥΔΙΚΑ Μ’)

• Eukolis (ΕΥΚΟΛΙΣ)

• Etheloncha (ΕΘΕΛΟΝΧΑ or variation)

The phrase "m' anetheken" (has dedicated me) is implied in the dedication. On the side of the plaque, the word KORINTHIOS (Corinthian) is preserved, likely indicating the origin of either the painter or the dedicator.

In another plaque, analysis through infrared reflection revealed inscriptions with the names of seven of the nine female figures: Telesoi, Leukippa, Kalyopsoi, and fragments of Hag[..], Thae[..], Kali[..], and [- - -]okratia. The name Teleso is the earliest known epigraphic instance, and Leukippa and Kalypso are identified with Oceanid nymphs, which supports the hypothesis that these figures represent nymphs performing a ritual dance before an enthroned goddess. [4] [5]

Local Variants of the Greek Alphabet and the Challenge of Reading

In Archaic Greece, a unified Greek alphabet did not exist. Instead, each region had its own local system. Corinth belonged to the "eastern" group of alphabets but had many unique characteristics:

• Use of the letter Qoppa (Ϙ) instead of Kappa (Κ) when the syllable involved back vowels like "O." [6]

• Use of the letter San (Ϻ) instead of Sigma (Σ) for the /s/ sound. [7]

• Theta (Θ) is graphically rendered as ⊕, possibly to distinguish it from similar symbols.

• A unique marking system for the vowel sounds /e/ and /ɛː/, using a B-shaped letter for both and E exclusively for the closed /eː/. Sicyon used its own variations of this system, while neighboring Tiryns had an even more complex one. [8]

Additionally, the letter Eta (Η) did not denote /ɛː/ as in the Ionic system but retained the meaning of /h/ or /eː/, depending on the region.

The Letter Koppa/Qoppa and Its Evolution

The letter Ϙ (Qoppa or Koppa) is among the most ancient in the Greek alphabet. In Corinth, it was extensively used to represent /k/ before back vowels. Although it was gradually abandoned by other regions in the 6th century BC, Corinth retained it for orthographic clarity. [9]

Later, the western Euboean variant of the Greek alphabet transmitted Qoppa to the Etruscans and from them to the Latin script. This gave rise to the letter Q in the Latin alphabet, which persists in English today.

Corinthian Script: A Unique Tradition

The Corinthian script was marked by a distinctive aesthetic and linguistic autonomy:

• The letter I was written is similar to Sigma (e.g., Σ, Ϲ, Ξ).

• The letter B had a unique form, distinct from the classical style.

• The writing was often boustrophedon or right-to-left, as writing direction was not yet standardized.

The inscriptions on the Pitsa plaques exemplify this uniqueness and pose challenges to modern scholars, as reading them requires familiarity with regional variations.

Conclusions

The Pitsa plaques are not only rare examples of painted art but also invaluable resources for the study of Archaic Greek writing, dialectical variation, and religious practices. The dedication to local deities, the musical accompaniment, the sacrificial scene, and the local script together depict a society where religion, language, and art coexisted harmoniously.

Furthermore, the discovery provides material for tracing the development of Greek scripts toward the standardized alphabet adopted in Athens in 403 BC and ultimately the transmission of characters such as Qoppa to Latin and modern European languages.

The plaques of Pitsa are not mere relics of antiquity—they are vivid documents of a world that was colorful, diverse, and richly expressive in word, image, and worship.

---

References

[1] National Archaeological Museum of Athens, Catalogue No. 16464.
[2] Jeffery, L.H., The Local Scripts of Archaic Greece. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1961.
[3] Boardman, John. Greek Art. London: Thames & Hudson, 1996.
[4] Infrared analysis in recent epigraphic editions; cf. Masson, BCH 99 (1975), and SEG IX.
[5] Delattre, Marie-Christine. The Painted Wooden Tablets from Pitsa: Religious Painting in Archaic Greece. Technè 33 (2011).
[6] Woodard, Roger D. Greek Writing from Knossos to Homer. Oxford University Press, 1997.
[7] Guarducci, Margherita. Epigrafia Greca. Vol. 1–4. Rome: Istituto Poligrafico dello Stato, 1967–1978.
[8] Powell, Barry B. Homer and the Origin of the Greek Alphabet. Cambridge University Press, 1991.
[9] Jeffery, op. cit., pp. 120–123.

30 English Words You Didn’t Know Come from Ancient Greek

The English language, like a tapestry woven from countless cultural threads, owes much of its vocabulary to the ancient Greeks. From the philosophical musings of Plato to the bustling democratic assemblies of Athens, Greek civilization has left its indelible mark not only on politics, science, and art—but also on the very words we use today. Below is a journey through time, exploring thirty English words that, though modern in sound, are rooted in the language of Homer, Aristotle, and Socrates.

---

1. Philosophy – φιλοσοφία (philosophía)

Literally, “love of wisdom” (φίλος = love, σοφία = wisdom). This word encapsulates the core of intellectual pursuit.

2. Democracy – δημοκρατία (dēmokratía)

From δῆμος (people) and κράτος (power), democracy is the quintessential Greek invention that has shaped political systems worldwide.

3. Politics – πολιτικά (politiká)

Derived from πόλις (polis = city), politics originally referred to affairs of the city-state, the heart of ancient Greek civic life.

4. Economy – οἰκονομία (oikonomía)

A term composed of οἶκος (house) and νέμω (to manage), economy once referred to household management, later expanding to larger economic systems.

5. History – ἱστορία (historía)

Meaning “inquiry” or “knowledge through investigation,” history was first systematized by Herodotus, often called the “father of history.”

6. Chaos – χάος (cháos)

A primordial void or abyss from which all things emerged—this word hints at the ancient Greeks’ cosmogonic narratives.

7. Cosmos – κόσμος (kósmos)

Originally signifying “order” or “adornment,” κόσμος came to mean the ordered universe—a concept central to Greek philosophical thought.

8. Atmosphere – ἀτμός (atmós) + σφαῖρα (sphaîra)

A poetic image: vapor (ἀτμός) encasing the world in a spherical shell (σφαῖρα).

9. Planet – πλανήτης (planētēs)

From πλανάομαι (to wander), planets were “wandering stars,” their movements distinct from the fixed stars.

10. Telescope – τῆλε (tēle) + σκοπέω (skopeō)

A modern coinage from Greek roots meaning “to see far,” embodying the fusion of ancient language and modern science.

11. Telephone – τῆλε (tēle) + φωνή (phōnē)

Literally “distant voice,” the telephone is another product of applying Greek etymology to new technology.

12. Cinema – κίνημα (kínēma)

Derived from κινέω (to move), cinema captures the Greek fascination with movement, drama, and storytelling.

13. Acrobat – ἄκρος (akros) + βαίνω (bainō)

Meaning “one who walks high,” acrobatics are as daring in origin as they are in execution.

14. Syntax – σύνταξις (syntaxis)

From σύν (together) and τάξις (order), syntax reflects the precise and logical structuring valued in Greek rhetoric.

15. Anatomy – ἀνατομία (anatomía)

Combining ἀνά (up) and τέμνω (to cut), this term evokes the meticulous dissections that furthered Greek medicine.

16. Dialogue – διάλογος (diálogos)

Through διά (through) and λόγος (word), the term implies the flow of ideas—a hallmark of Socratic teaching.

17. Idea – ἰδέα (idéa)

From ἰδεῖν (to see), the word carries Platonic weight: ideas are eternal forms, seen with the mind’s eye.

18. Drama – δρᾶμα (drâma)

Meaning “action” or “deed,” drama was both sacred ritual and artistic expression in the Greek world.

19. Music – μουσική (mousikē)

The art of the Muses, divine patrons of creativity and knowledge. All music, for the Greeks, was divine inspiration.

20. Tragedy – τραγῳδία (tragōidía)

Literally “goat song” (τράγος = goat, ᾠδή = song), this term hints at early Dionysian rituals—perhaps involving goat sacrifices or choral dances.

21. Hyperbole – ὑπερβολή (hyperbolē)

From ὑπέρ (beyond) and βάλλω (to throw), hyperbole literally means “to overshoot”—perfect for exaggeration.

22. Metaphor – μεταφορά (metaphorá)

μετά (beyond) + φέρω (to carry): metaphor is the carrying of meaning beyond the literal.

23. Epidemic – ἐπιδημία (epidēmía)

Composed of ἐπί (upon) and δῆμος (people), an epidemic is something that befalls the population—a concept well understood in ancient city-states.

24. Horoscope – ὡροσκόπος (hōroskopos)

Meaning “watcher of the hour,” it stems from Greek astrological practices and divination.

25. Autopsy – αὐτοψία (autopsía)

From αὐτός (self) and ὄψις (sight): “seeing for oneself.” The ancient Greeks valued empirical observation even in death.

26. Apocalypse – ἀποκάλυψις (apokálypsis)

Literally “uncovering” or “revelation,” this word took on profound eschatological meaning in early Christian texts.

27. Ethics – ἦθος (ēthos)

Referring to habit or character, ethics was central to Greek philosophy, especially in the works of Aristotle.

28. Theory – θεωρία (theōría)

From θεωρέω (to observe), theory is more than speculation—it is contemplation grounded in the act of witnessing.

29. Athlete – ἀθλητής (athlētēs)

Born from ἆθλος (contest), the athlete embodies the Greek ideal of competitive excellence.

30. Academy – Ἀκαδημία (Akadēmía)

Named after the grove of Akademos where Plato taught, the Academy became the prototype of educational institutions.

---

A Living Legacy

The richness of the English lexicon owes much to ancient Greek thought, reflecting a civilization that placed immense value on observation, logic, artistic expression, and the pursuit of knowledge. These words are more than just etymological relics—they are living traces of a worldview that continues to influence us.

Whether you’re discussing politics, pondering a theory, or writing a dialogue, you’re channeling the spirit of ancient Greece—one syllable at a time.

The Apollo Kouros: A Giant Ancient Statue on a Hill in Naxos Island for Centuries

A giant ancient statue has stood on a hill on the island of Naxos for centuries.

By RAndrei shutterstock

The Apollo Kouros, also known as the Colossus of Dionysus, is an incomplete statue measuring 10.7 meters tall, made from light gray Naxian marble and weighing around 80 tons.

By Nataliia Budianska shutterstock

It has never stood upright as originally intended, remaining incomplete in its current location to this day.

By Nataliia Budianska shutterstock

Dating back to the 5th or 4th century BC, the statue is located in the northern part of Naxos, in the picturesque fishing village of Apollo. The statue has a frontal pose, with its arms pressed against its sides and elbows bent. Additionally, the left leg is longer than the right.

By Paolo Trovo shutterstock

Typically, kouros statues depict young men standing nude, with their arms resting at their sides. However, it is clear that the Apollo Kouros was meant to represent an elderly man with a beard, and its right arm would have been outstretched in front of him.

By Heracles Kritikos shutterstock

Ancient kouros statues were usually interpreted as depictions of Apollo. However, due to the beard, the Apollo Kouros is often identified as the Greek god Dionysus.

By Heracles Kritikos shutterstock

Experts suggest that the ancient sculptors did not complete their plans for the statue’s final form, leaving part of it unfinished. Most believe that the statue was too heavy to be transported, which hindered its completion.

By RAndrei shutterstock

It has been speculated that during the production process, it was realized that the statue had several cracks. Alternatively, the ancient sculptors might have feared that the statue could break during the cutting process from the ground or that the sculpture was never paid for.

By Aphotog shutterstock

The Sets of "Odyssey" Left by Nolan in Messinia After Filming Wraps

Christopher Nolan has fulfilled the request of the residents of Messinia by leaving behind some of the sets used for the filming of "Odyssey", so they can be utilized for tourism purposes.

However, a significant portion of the filming was moved to Sicily, as the overall filming is not yet complete.

The Acrocorinth, the Castle of Methoni, Nestor's Cave, and the beaches of Voidokilia and Almyrolakka in Messinia were the locations chosen by the Hollywood director to bring the Homeric epic to life.

Below are photos of the sets in Messinia:

"How the Presence of Humans Affected the Earth and How the Earth Itself Influenced Human Civilizations"

Peter Frankopan, The Transformations of the Earth: Climate, Ecology, and History, translated by Nikos Ligris, published by Alexandria Press

Peter Frankopan is rightly regarded as one of the best historians in the world. His works have all contributed significantly to the analysis of global history, but more importantly, they have helped the general public better understand it. Among his works translated into Greek and published by Alexandria Press are The First Crusade: The Call of the East, The Silk Roads: A New History of the World, The New Silk Roads: The Present and Future of the World, and the book we will discuss here, The Transformations of the Earth: Climate, Ecology, and History.

It may seem somewhat cliché, but it’s worth mentioning: when as a reader you hold such a massive volume in your hands—707 pages, excluding references and other notes—it’s impossible not to admire the extensive research and study of so many diverse sources conducted by the author to present such a scientifically grounded work. And the fact that his observations in this book span the entire planet and cover a timeline from the origins of the world—approximately 4.5 billion years ago—up to the 21st century, makes the completion of such a monumental work even more impressive.

The truth is, most things and events in history—at least those we can know—have already been said. Therefore, today’s historians often turn to comparative studies and interdisciplinary approaches to their subjects, such as the one Frankopan uses in this book. The author examines how the climate, land transformations, and ecological changes influenced the development of human history. More specifically, he explores how climate change has dramatically contributed to both the rise and fall of civilizations over time.

The impetus for writing this book was undoubtedly the current climate change, which is driven by human activity and is now widely supported by 99% of scientists, according to the author. The truth is, this is the first time in history that a climate change affects the entire planet and is clearly visible across all continents. Previous climate periods, like the Roman Warm Period or the Medieval Warm Period, did not impact the entire world and did not have the same effects on all civilizations.

Frankopan examines human interventions in the environment, starting from prehistory through to the industrial era and the 20th century, when human interference with the natural world reached unprecedented and irreversible scales.

So, did the "invention" of agriculture result from a warmer climate? How did volcanic eruptions over the centuries affect the global climate? Were there laws in ancient times that prohibited deforestation? Can the rise and fall of Rome be explained by climate factors? How did the Little Ice Age in Europe impact the development of privacy? Did globalization begin in the 15th century? What exactly happened during the so-called "Columbian Exchange"? What is the biggest pollutant on our planet today? Are there sustainable solutions? These are just a few of the many questions the book addresses.

In conclusion, this is a book of knowledge that will make us reflect on how the presence of humans has affected our planet over the centuries—and how the earth itself has shaped human civilizations, as well as the uncertain future of our world.

A "Careful Person" Went for a Walk and Accidentally Discovered a 1,000-Year-Old Viking Bracelet

On a casual stroll through the Kalmar region of Sweden, an ordinary passerby stumbled upon something that turned out to be an extraordinarily rare archaeological find: an iron bracelet from the Viking era.

At first, it appeared to be just a dull, rusted bracelet, but it was revealed to be a rare object dating back to the Viking period—specifically about 1,000 years ago.

The Significance of the Discovery

The announcement from the Kalmar County Administration reports that the object was found by a "careful person," who initially thought they had discovered a common, rusted bracelet. However, after confirmation from experts, it was revealed to be a rare type of iron bracelet characteristic of the Vikings.

Archaeologist Karl-Oskar Erlandsson from Kalmar stated that, of the more than 1,000 Viking bracelets held in the Swedish National Historical Museum, only three are made of iron.

This rarity is due to iron’s susceptibility to corrosion, and it is believed that the marshy area where the bracelet was found helped preserve it much better than other materials. This preservation also allowed the intricate craftsmanship to be revealed after a millennium.

Details of the Bracelet

The newly discovered bracelet is a C-shaped piece, beautifully decorated with rows of dots and animal heads at the ends.

According to the statement, “The new bracelet discovery is exceptionally beautiful, with rows of dots and animals at the ends.” Similar finds have been made in Gotland, but this particular example has not been found in exact replicas until now.

The Öland region, where the bracelet was discovered, was once a major trade center for Sweden, especially during the Viking age. The island, the second-largest in the country, is located in the southeastern part of Sweden, surrounded by the Baltic Sea. It was famous for the Borgholm Castle and is home to the Swedish royal family’s summer residence, Solliden Palace.

Future Research on the Origin of the Bracelet

Authorities plan to investigate the origins of the bracelet further, hoping to discover any markings that might indicate where it was made, such as a signature from a workshop or blacksmith.

There may still be more rare treasures in the area, although the fact that the bracelet was found in a marsh reduces the chances that it originated from a lost settlement or tomb, according to the statement.

As soon as the weather permits further investigation, authorities plan to use metal detectors to uncover more lost Viking-era objects in the region.

Amateur Archaeologist Discovers 1,000-Year-Old Ring – The Details Will Fascinate You

An "astonishing" ring, dating back at least 1,000 years, was recently discovered off the coast of Scotland. However, this remarkable find wasn’t made by an experienced archaeologist, but by an amateur who stumbled upon this ancient piece of jewelry.

John Ralph and the Volunteer Excavation

John Ralph, a 68-year-old retired engineer, began volunteering in excavations to make the most of his free time. "I had recently retired and saw an announcement for volunteers in the Burghead excavation," he told BBC Scotland.

"My sister still lives in Burghead, and it seemed interesting, so I thought, why not? I’ve now participated in three excavations there, each lasting two weeks."

The area being excavated is believed to have been a settlement that served as a “significant seat of power” during the reign of the Picts between 500 and 1000 AD. Initially, Ralph made several fascinating discoveries, but experts explained that they were just shiny pebbles.

"I enjoyed every moment, but my initial excitement about discoveries was somewhat diminished by my ability to get excited about shiny pebbles," Ralph said.

"I had found a few interesting items, like bone pins, and it was great being part of the team."

The Astonishing Discovery

This all changed when Ralph was clearing the floor of a building. First, he found a metal pin, then "suddenly, he found the ring."

"John was digging and came over to me saying ‘look what I found,’" said Professor Gordon Noble, an archaeologist from the University of Aberdeen, who has been leading the excavations for the past three years.

"It was truly amazing. We could see the gleam from what was likely garnet in the ring, despite more than 1,000 years in the ground."

The Significance of the Discovery

What makes this discovery even more impressive, according to Noble, is the fact that “very few Pictish rings have been found, and those we know of usually come from hoards that were placed in the ground for safekeeping.”

The Picts, known as Picti by the Romans due to their tattoos, were northern tribes that made up the largest kingdom in Scotland during the Dark Ages.

Despite their military strength, the Picts "disappeared" from history at the end of the first millennium, as their story was "swallowed up" by the rise of the Gaels.

Implications for History

The ring discovered by Ralph not only connects the present with an important period in Scotland’s history, but it may also provide a greater understanding of the Pictish kingdom, which has been "lost" to history. The ring is currently at the National Museum of Scotland for analysis.

This discovery could shed light on a time and culture that has remained partly enigmatic, offering new perspectives on the history of Scotland and the role of the Picts in ancient British society.

70 Ancient Indigenous Settlements Discovered, Dating Back 4,000 Years - Pit Houses and Sacred Finds

The Chilcotin River. Photo: Williams Lake First Nation.
"The homes built in these trenches are older than the pyramids! It's incredible that we are still uncovering new information about communities that thrived here for thousands of years," explains Whitney Spearing, Director of the Natural Resources Department of the Williams Lake First Nation, who helped coordinate and guide the recent study and excavations.

Urgent Action Leads to Historic Discoveries

The Secwépemc Tribe, known to non-Indigenous people as the “Shuswap,” is a nation of 17 groups that once inhabited the southern-central part of British Columbia, Canada. The ancestors of the Secwépemc lived in the interior for at least 10,000 years.

When they first interacted with Europeans in the late 18th century, the Secwépemc had claimed vast territories. Their nation was a political alliance that regulated the use of land and resources, safeguarding the Shuswap lands.

Although the groups within the nation were distinct and independent, they were united by a common language—Secwepemctsin—and a shared culture and belief system.

Traditionally, the Secwépemc territory covered an expansive area of about 180,000 square miles. It was a diverse environment, though much of the once-thriving ecosystem has been destroyed by logging, mining, mass tourism, and other commercial activities.

In the most recent case, a natural disaster put the Secwépemc lands at risk. Fears of additional landslides, which could destroy historically significant sites, prompted immediate action. Just one day after the first landslide, on August 1st, the Williams Lake First Nation Foundation secured LiDAR scanning of the area, with support from the Province of British Columbia.

Later that month, the Williams Lake First Nation Foundation, Esk’etemc, and the Province of British Columbia signed an intergovernmental agreement to address the impacts of the landslide.

The agreement outlined a collaborative strategy to protect fishing grounds, combat environmental degradation, preserve cultural heritage, and share key information.

Though the landslide did not cause widespread destruction, it impacted several of Secwépemc's village sites that had not been affected by European contact. Among the most damaged were the villages of Tecwilúps, Nexelp, and Kwomesken. Tecwilúps, a once-important settlement at the confluence of the Chilcotin and Fraser rivers, suffered extensive damage.

The leader of the Secwépemc tribe in the 19th century, Lolo, the most popular and recognized chief of the First Nations in British North America, with his wife and two daughters, in 1865. Photo: Archives Canada (C. Gentile).

Nexelp and Kwomesken, located near Farwell Canyon, also sustained significant losses. These villages, recorded in archaeological and ethnographic records for years, were known to be central to Secwépemc life. Although many have since vanished, the first phase of the new research revealed a much broader history than previously recorded.

“We’ve always known there were more than the four major villages that were mentioned in Teit’s work,” explains Spearing, referring to the prominent ethnographer who documented many of the Secwépemc sites.

“We never expected there would be so many, or that some of them would be so large.”

Between August 15 and November 29, scholars conducted on-site studies of the identified areas using Geographic Information Systems (GIS), LiDAR scanning technology, and visual assessments of the areas affected by the landslide.

The findings were impressive: 70 archaeological sites were recorded, both new and previously documented. Among them, 31 were verified to be Secwepemc villages predating European contact, while seven contained sacred elements such as burial grounds, stone art, and caves. Nearly half of the sites explored, besides the landslide damage, had also been affected by the devastating wildfires of 2017 in the Cariboo-Chilcotin region.

Reconstruction of an ancient pit house. Photo: Bonnie Leonard (SNTC)

“It’s remarkable when you think about how much history has remained hidden until today,” Spearing reflects.

“The findings redefine our understanding of the past and confirm the deep, historical connection the Secwépemc people have to this land.”

“Historical and ethnographic records show that the Secwépemc communities in the canyon, known as Ste’tlemc, played an important role in regional trade networks for over 4,000 years.”

However, the smallpox epidemic of 1860 decimated these communities, forcing survivors to seek refuge in other Secwépemc villages like Esk’etemc and Stswecem’c Xget’tem.

Many also maintained smaller settlements to the west of the Fraser River, continuing their deep relationship with the land.

“Esk’etemc had homes at River Camp (Se’tl) until 1963, when they were burned,” says Chief Francis Johnson Jr.

“There were also sites at the Douglas refuge that were lost in the floods of the Chilcotin River.”

Looking Ahead: The Cultural Heritage Restoration Plan

With the completion of the first phase, preparations are already underway for the second phase of the restoration program for the cultural heritage impacted by the Chilcotin River landslide.

The next phase focuses on the protection and documentation of archaeological and cultural sites affected by the landslide, along with gathering detailed research data to assess the damage and design recovery strategies.

“The findings have not only changed what we know about the past but also how we can protect this history in the future,” Spearing concludes.

Secwepemc Tribal Dwelling at Cultural Heritage Park. Photo: Bonnie Leonard (SNTC).

Tribe dwelling, Secwepemc Cultural Heritage Park. Photo: Bonnie Leonard (SNTC).

“Each site we recognize, every piece of history we document, is a step toward reclaiming and preserving our history.”

This sentiment is echoed by Chief Willie Sellars of the Williams Lake First Nation.

“The Chilcotin River landslide was an event that not only affected the land but revealed deeper truths about our history and our connection to this land,” he explains.

“Cultural heritage studies strengthen what our ancestors always knew—that they lived, thrived, and kept their knowledge alive long before recorded history.”

“This project is not just about archaeology,” adds Chief Sellars. “It honors the stories of our ancestors, protects the places where their spirits live, and ensures that future generations will walk this land with the same knowledge and connection.”

“The Williams Lake First Nation Foundation is committed to protecting the unity and respect for these cultural sites and strengthening ties with those who share the need to protect this land.”

The Secwépemc Tribe has lived on the land of present-day British Columbia for thousands of years, with deep cultural and historical ties to the region. Each new discovery deepens the understanding of their long-standing presence and history.

Share this:

A Lion Painting Hung in a Family’s Living Room for Years – It Was an Authentic Delacroix Piece

A "lazy" painting of several lions, which had been hanging in a family's living room for years, was auctioned yesterday (March 28) at a prestigious auction house in Paris.

But in reality, this painting is not what it seemed. As it turned out, the piece titled Study of Reclining Lions was the long-lost artwork of one of France's greatest modern painters, Eugène Delacroix.

The French artist, known for his masterpiece Liberty Leading the People, painted these lions in a brown and ochre savanna. The painting was sold in 1830, and since then, it had vanished.

The artwork was rediscovered in the home of a family in the central Touraine region of France when Malo de Lussac conducted a home appraisal. The family had owned the painting since 1860.

"The owners didn’t know it was a Delacroix," said de Lussac in an interview with Agence France-Presse. "When I entered the living room, my eyes were immediately drawn to the painting because it magnetized me. It was very moving. Delacroix’s works are in many museums, but very few are in private homes."

Sophia Anderson of Smithsonian Magazine notes that Delacroix was particularly fond of observing the tigers and lions kept in the animal enclosures at the Jardin des Plantes zoo in Paris.

"How necessary it is to… stick your head out of the door and try to read from the creation, which has nothing in common with cities and works of man," Delacroix once wrote.

The painting was auctioned by the Hôtel Drouot auction house, with an estimated value between 200,000 and 300,000 euros.

Vergina: The Hunting Mural in Philip II's Tomb – A Groundbreaking Depiction of a Masterpiece

The Ministry of Culture, the General Directorate of Antiquities, and the Ephorate of Antiquities of Imathia collaborated with the National Hellenic Research Foundation on the research project "The Hunting Mural from Tomb II in Vergina: An Innovative Interdisciplinary Approach to the Study and Representation of a Classical Antiquity Painting Masterpiece."

A Masterpiece of Classical Painting

The hunting mural, which adorns the frieze of the façade of Philip II’s royal tomb in Aigai, stands as the most significant and largest painting of the classical world ever discovered.

The interdisciplinary ReVis project, led by Dr. Charikleia Brecoulaki, represents the first comprehensive and scientifically documented study of the Aigai mural, employing pioneering, non-invasive diagnostic and imaging techniques.

Advanced Research Techniques and Digital Restoration

The ultimate goal of this research is to gain a deeper understanding of the technique and iconography of the mural while proposing a new digital restoration at its original scale. This restoration is based on archaeometric data collected during the study and incorporates artificial intelligence tools (by visual artist Christos Simatos) and modern artistic techniques (by painter Emmanouil Bitsakis).

Through this groundbreaking research, new insights have emerged regarding ancient pigments, painting techniques, and the imagery of this iconic Aigai mural, as well as monumental Greek painting of the 4th century BCE in general.

Cutting-Edge Scientific Analysis

During the on-site study at the UNESCO-listed Aigai archaeological site in March 2023, researchers utilized non-destructive diagnostic methods such as X-ray fluorescence (MAXRF) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) to examine the mural’s surface. These analyses were conducted by the XRAYlab team from ISPC/CNR in Catania and the Institute of Nuclear and Particle Physics at the "Demokritos" National Center for Scientific Research.

Presentation of Findings

The findings of this extensive research will be presented at an international conference, where all participating teams will discuss their contributions. The event will showcase the diagnostic techniques used in the in-situ examination of the mural, as well as the new proposal for its restoration. Distinguished scientists will provide commentary on the proposed digital reconstruction of the hunting scene.

Collaboration and Funding

This project, funded by the Hellenic Foundation for Research and Innovation (ELIDEK), is being carried out in collaboration with the "Demokritos" National Center for Scientific Research and the Institute of Nuclear and Particle Physics, under the leadership of Research Director Dr. Andreas Karydas. The Ephorate of Antiquities of Imathia, represented by Dr. Anastasia Georgiadou, Head of the Department of Prehistoric and Classical Antiquities and Museums, is also a key partner.

ReVis has secured access to the advanced technological infrastructure of the European IPERION-HS/MOLAB consortium, further strengthening its research capabilities.

A "Mysterious" Ancestral Population Contributed 20% of Our Genome—And May Have Boosted Brain Function

A new genetic model suggests that the ancestors of all modern humans split from a mysterious population 1.5 million years ago, only to reunite with them about 300,000 years ago. This unknown group contributed 20% of our genome and may have played a crucial role in enhancing brain function.

Unlocking Evolution Through the Genome

"The fact that we can reconstruct events from hundreds of thousands or even millions of years ago just by examining DNA today is astonishing," said Aylwyn Scally, a geneticist at the University of Cambridge and co-author of the study. "It tells us that our history is far richer and more complex than we ever imagined."

The study, published in Nature Genetics on March 18, introduced a new genetic modeling method called "cobraa," which allowed researchers to trace the evolutionary history of modern humans (Homo sapiens).

By applying this method to DNA data from the 1000 Genomes Project and the Human Genome Diversity Project, the team identified two major ancestral groups that split about 1.5 million years ago. They labeled these groups Population A and Population B.

Shortly after this split, Population A underwent a drastic decline, likely losing significant genetic diversity. Over time, however, it rebounded, eventually giving rise to Neanderthals and Denisovans. Then, around 300,000 years ago, Population A reconnected with Population B, contributing to the genetic makeup of modern humans.

Their findings indicate that approximately 80% of the modern human genome comes from Population A, while 20% can be traced back to Population B.

The Influence of Population B on Human Brain Development

Some of the genes inherited from Population B—particularly those linked to brain function and neural processing—may have played a vital role in human evolution, according to study co-author Trevor Cousins, a genetics researcher at the University of Cambridge.

Interestingly, while genetic material from Population B may have slightly reduced reproductive success, Cousins pointed out that "the genome is a complex space, and even non-coding regions can have significant effects."

The study also noted that early human species such as Homo erectus and Homo heidelbergensis, which lived in Africa and beyond during this critical period, are potential candidates for Populations A and B. However, the genetic model alone cannot determine which fossils belong to which group.

"Phantom Populations" in Human Evolution

Some researchers refer to such groups as "phantom populations"—ancestral groups that diverged and later reconnected, leading to gene flow between them.

"What’s fascinating about this study is that the pattern in the model suggests a deep African structure that is common to all modern humans," said John Hawks, a biological anthropologist at the University of Wisconsin-Madison, who was not involved in the study.

"These aren’t just isolated phantom populations contributing to specific groups; rather, they represent a significant portion of genetic material that merged into the African population from which all modern humans emerged."

However, Hawks pointed out a limitation of the model: it relies on the 1000 Genomes Project, which underrepresents African populations. "I see this more as proof of concept rather than a definitive guide to ancient human history," he explained.

Rethinking Human Origins

The origins of modern humans remain one of the most debated topics in paleoanthropology. Advances in DNA and genome analysis over the past two decades have provided new insights—while also raising new questions.

"What’s becoming increasingly clear is that the idea of species evolving in clean, distinct lineages is far too simplistic," said Cousins. "Interbreeding and genetic exchange likely played a major role in the emergence of new species across the animal kingdom, including in our own evolutionary past."

The Enchanting Ancient City of Pompeii Brought to Life in Stunning 3D

A breathtaking digital reconstruction of Pompeii as it stood before the catastrophic eruption of Mount Vesuvius in 79 AD has captivated audiences worldwide.

This remarkable 3D video, originally published by the online newspaper La Nuova Sardegna and later featured on Repubblica.it, offers a mesmerizing glimpse into the lost city's vibrant streets, grand villas, and bustling marketplaces. Through the power of cutting-edge technology, viewers can experience the ancient world as it once was—before it was frozen in time by volcanic ash.

The video brings to life the charm and splendor of Pompeii, allowing us to step back in time and witness history like never before.

The 10 Most Important Quotes by Plato and Their Significance

Plato’s ideas continue to influence political theory, philosophy, and scientific thought to this day. Here are 10 of his most important quotes, along with an analysis of their significance.

Plato (427-347 BC), a student of Socrates and teacher of Aristotle, is one of the greatest philosophers of antiquity. His ideas deeply impacted philosophy, political theory, ethics, and scientific thought. Through his works, especially his dialogues, he developed fundamental concepts about knowledge, the ideal state, and the immortality of the soul.

Although some may view him as a controversial figure due to his ideas indirectly helping the spread of Christianity (with contributions from Apostle Paul), and the subsequent distancing from the great thinkers of antiquity for many centuries, he remains a thinker who has profoundly influenced the development of the Western world.

1. "The beginning is half of the whole."

Perhaps his most viral quote, it underscores the importance of starting anything with proper preparation. Plato believed that the right preparation and planning were the keys to success. If a task begins well, its completion becomes easier. This idea applies to every aspect of life, from education to governance.

2. "Knowledge is power."

Although often attributed to Francis Bacon, the essence of this quote lies in Plato’s philosophy. In his "Republic," he emphasizes that true power does not come from violence or wealth but from knowledge. The wise should govern, as they alone understand the essence of justice and truth.

3. "You can learn more about a person in an hour of play than in a year of conversation."

Plato saw play as a mirror of the soul. People, when playing, reveal their true character, free from social conventions and hypocrisy (except, perhaps, in some football players in the Greek league). This quote highlights the importance of observing an individual’s behavior in spontaneous situations to understand their true nature.

4. "Music is the moral law of the universe."

Plato believed that music was not merely an art form but a force that shapes the character and soul of individuals. In the "Republic," he argued that the right kind of music can lead to a harmonious society, while inappropriate music can corrupt citizens.

5. "Justice is the virtue of the soul."

In his "Republic," Plato defines justice as the balance of the three parts of the soul: the rational, the spirited (which includes emotion and will), and the appetitive (which holds desires). A just society and a just individual operate harmoniously among these elements.

6. "The wise speak because they have something to say; the fools because they have to say something."

Plato believed that the essence of communication is not idle chatter but the meaningful transmission of thoughts and ideas. This quote remains particularly relevant in modern times, where excessive information often overshadows meaningful content.

7. "The soul is immortal."

Plato believed in the existence of an eternal and immortal soul, which exists before birth and continues after death. In the dialogue "Phaedo," he develops the idea that the soul returns to the world of Ideas, where true knowledge resides.

8. "The good of man is to resemble God."

A phrase that was quite convenient for Apostle Paul. Plato believed that humans should strive for perfection, wisdom, and justice. Approaching the divine is not about worship but about moral evolution through virtue and philosophy.

9. "The greatest punishment for those who do not engage in politics is to be governed by inferiors."

In Greece, we have a doctorate in avoiding public affairs and then complaining about the state of things. Plato believed that governance should be in the hands of the wise philosophers, not demagogues. If the worthy do not take responsibility, societies risk being governed by the incompetent. This quote remains timeless and highly relevant today.

10. "Education is the lighting of a flame, not the filling of a vessel."

Greek parents, and generally our educational system, have thrown this quote down the abyss. Real learning is not about mechanical memorization (the infamous "parrot learning") but about awakening thought. Education should cultivate critical thinking and the ability to investigate and discover.

Follow Esquire on Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram.
Latest News
Get the latest updates on political developments, celebrity interviews, men's fashion advice, and recipes for food and drinks at esquire.com.gr.