What They Discovered Underwater Will Shock You

Lost cities, abandoned merchant navy ships, and the Devil's Triangle, the deep blue ocean is more mysterious than we give it credit for. This vast body of water has been a major part of our planet for millennials, and the mysteries it holds are as deep as the ocean itself.

It is mind-blowing to think that at some time in history, creatures like the megalodon dwelled in our oceans, but that's only a scratch on the surface. The waters have so much more. Scientists are constantly learning new things about the oceans and their inhabitants, and there is still much that is not known about these vast bodies of water.

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Why does Italy have 6000 Ghost Towns? (Hidden Italy)

Italy sadly has 6000 abandoned villages mostly in the southern part of the country. In the following video we will be exploring 4 of them.

The Life and Death of a Neanderthal (Shanidar 1)

Roughly 50,000 years ago, Shanidar 1 aka Nandy walked the earth. What can we say about the life and death of this Neanderthal? Watch the video below to find out!

These Skeletons Reveal Horrific Injuries From The Battle of Towton

In the following video we will investigate how these skeletons reveal horrific injuries from the battle of Towton. Watch the video to find out more!

5 Things That Happened After Jesus Died

In the video below we will be explaining 5 things that happened after Jesus died. Enjoy!

Medieval Middle East and the Arab Empires: A Complete Overview

The Medieval Middle East video goes through the post-classical Middle East and the emergence of the Arab Empires.

It begins with the early Bedouin culture and the rise of Islam. It follows the early Rashidun Caliphate and its expansion under the early caliphs, before delving into the Umayyad expansions into Western and Eastern Europe. We then discuss the third major caliphate, the Abbasids, and the Golden Age through the Seljuk migrations and the Crusades, ending with the Mongol invasions. Society and culture during the Umayyad and Abbasid rule is also discussed.

India's Temple Island

Srirangam Island, at the confluence of the Kaveri and Kollidam Rivers in Bharat’s state of Tamil Nadu, is home to a 2,000-year-old temple complex, major parts of which are still in use today. However, much of the complex is hidden or damaged. Many older sections are buried under sediment as a result of centuries of flooding, and the complex was ransacked in the fourteenth century by the Muslim general Ulugh Khan (who later took the title Muhammad bin Tughluq and ruled as Sultan of Delhi from 1325-51).

Recent excavations at the site, guided by geologists with knowledge of flood sediment layers, have begun to reveal what was presumed to have been lost. Researchers including geologist Mu Ramkumar of Periyar University have uncovered parts of the temple destroyed by Ulugh Khan and unearthed artifacts such as pendant lamps and statues of the deity Gopalakrishnan with his consorts.

Using geophysical surveying techniques, they have also identified what they believe to be the tomb of religious scholar and teacher Sri Manavala Mamunigal, who restored the temple complex in the fifteenth century. The tomb has been left unexcavated for religious reasons.

Turkey's underground city of 20,000 people

More than 85m beneath the famous fairy chimneys of Cappadocia lies a massive subterranean city that was in near-constant use for thousands of years.

Violent gusts whipped loose soil into the air as I hiked through Cappadocia's Love Valley. Pink- and yellow-hued hillsides coloured the rolling landscape scarred with deep red canyons, and chimneystack rock formations loomed in the distance. It was arid, hot, windy and devastatingly beautiful. Millennia ago, this volatile, volcanic environment naturally sculpted the spires surrounding me into their conical, mushroom-capped shapes, which now draw millions of visitors to hike or hot-air balloon in the central Turkish region.

But beneath Cappadocia's crumbling surface, a marvel of equally gargantuan proportions lay hidden away for centuries; a subterranean city that could conceal the whereabouts of up to 20,000 inhabitants for months at a time.

The ancient city of Elengubu, known today as Derinkuyu, burrows more than 85m below the Earth's surface, encompassing 18 levels of tunnels. The largest excavated underground city in the world, it was in near-constant use for thousands of years, changing hands from the Phrygians to the Persians to the Christians of the Byzantine Era. It was finally abandoned in the 1920s by the Cappadocian Greeks when they faced defeat during the Greco-Turkish war and fled abruptly en masse to Greece. Not only do its cave-like rooms stretch on for hundreds of miles, but it's thought the more than 200 small, separate underground cities that have also been discovered in the region may be connected to these tunnels, creating a massive subterranean network.

According to my guide, Suleman, Derinkuyu was only "rediscovered" in 1963 by an anonymous local who kept losing his chickens. While he was renovating his home, the poultry would disappear into a small crevasse created during the remodel, never to be seen again. Upon closer investigation and some digging, the Turk unearthed a dark passageway. It was the first of more than 600 entrances found within private homes leading to the subterrestrial city of Derinkuyu.

Excavation began immediately, revealing a tangled network of underground dwellings, dry food storage, cattle stables, schools, wineries and even a chapel. It was an entire civilisation tucked safely underground. The cave city was soon spelunked by thousands of Türkiye's least claustrophobic tourists and, in 1985, the region was added to the Unesco World Heritage list.

The city's exact date of construction remains contested, but Anabasis, written by Xenophon of Athens circa 370 BCE, is the oldest written work that seems to reference Derinkuyu. In the book, he mentions Anatolian people, in or near the region of Cappadocia, living underground in excavated homes rather than the more popular cliffside cave-dwellings that are well known in the area.

According to Andrea De Giorgi, associate professor of classical studies at Florida State University, Cappadocia is uniquely suited to this kind of underground construction due to the lack of water in the soil and its malleable, easily mouldable rock. "The geomorphology of the region is conducive to the digging of underground spaces," he said, explaining that the local tuff rock would have been fairly easy to carve with simple tools like shovels and pickaxes. This same pyroclastic material was naturally forged into the fairy-tale chimneys and phallic spires jutting from the earth above ground.

But whom to credit with Derinkuyu's creation remains a partial mystery. The groundwork for the sprawling network of subterranean caves is often attributed to the Hittites, "who may have excavated the first few levels in the rock when they came under attack from the Phrygians around 1200 BCE", according to A Bertini, an expert in Mediterranean cave dwellings, in his essay on regional cave architecture. Adding weight to this hypothesis, Hittite artefacts were found inside Derinkuyu.

However, the bulk of the city was likely built by the Phrygians, highly skilled Iron-age architects who had the means to construct elaborate underground facilities. "The Phrygians were one of Anatolia's most prominent early empires," explained De Giorgi. "They developed across western Anatolia around the end of the first millennium BCE and had a bent for monumentalising rock formations and creating remarkable rock-cut facades. Though elusive, their kingdom spread to include most of western and central Anatolia, including the area of Derinkuyu."

Originally, Derinkuyu was likely used for the storage of goods, but its primary purpose was as a temporary haven from foreign invaders, with Cappadocia seeing a constant flux of dominant empires throughout the centuries. "The succession of empires and their impact on the landscapes of Anatolia explain the recourse to underground shelters like Derinkuyu," De Giorgi explained. "It was at the time of the [7th-Century] Islamic raids [on the predominantly Christian Byzantine Empire], however, that these dwellings were used to the fullest." While the Phrygians, Persians and Seljuks, among others, all inhabited the region and expanded upon the underground city in subsequent centuries, Derinkuyu's population swelled to its peak during the Byzantine Era, with nearly 20,000 residents living underground.

Today, you can experience the harrowing reality of life underground for just 60 Turkish lira (£2.80). As I descended into the musty, narrow tunnels, the walls blackened with soot from centuries of torch lighting, the unfamiliar sensation of claustrophobia began to set in. However, the ingenuity of the various empires that expanded upon Derinkuyu soon became apparent. Intentionally narrow, short hallways forced visitors to navigate the labyrinth of corridors and dwellings while stooped over and single file – obviously an inopportune position for intruders. Dimly lit by lamplight, half-ton circular boulders blocked doors between each of the 18 levels and were only moveable from the inside. Small, perfectly round holes in the centre of these hefty doors would have allowed residents to spear invaders while maintaining a secure perimeter.

"Life underground was probably very difficult," my guide Suleman added. "The residents relieved themselves in sealed clay jars, lived by torchlight and disposed of dead bodies in [designated] areas."

Each level of the city was carefully engineered for specific uses. Livestock was kept in stables nearest to the surface to reduce the smell and toxic gases produced by cattle, as well as provide a warm layer of living insulation for the cold months. The inner layers of the city contained dwellings, cellars, schools and meeting spaces. Identifiable by its unique barrel-vaulted ceilings, a traditional Byzantine missionary school, complete with adjacent rooms for study, is located on the second floor. According to De Giorgi, "the evidence for winemaking is grounded in the presence of cellars, vats for pressing and amphoras [tall, two-handled jars with a narrow neck]." These specialised rooms indicate that inhabitants of Derinkuyu were prepared to spend months beneath the surface.

But most impressive is a complex ventilation system and protected well that would have supplied the entire city with fresh air and clean water. In fact, it's thought that the early construction of Derinkuyu centred around these two essential elements. More than 50 ventilation shafts, which allowed for natural airflow between the city's many dwellings and hallways, were distributed throughout the city to avoid a potentially fatal attack on their air supply. The well was dug more than 55m deep and could be easily cut off from below by the city inhabitants.

While Derinkuyu's construction was indeed ingenious, it's not the only underground city in Cappadocia. At 445 sq km, it's merely the largest of the 200 and counting underground cities beneath the Anatolian Plains. More than 40 of these smaller cities are three or more levels deep beneath the surface. Many are connected to Derinkuyu via carefully dug tunnels, some stretching as long as 9km. All of them are equipped with emergency escape routes in case an immediate return to the surface was necessary. But Cappadocia's subterranean secrets have not yet all been excavated. In 2014, a new and potentially even larger underground city was unearthed beneath the Nevsehir region.

Derinkuyu's living story came to a close in 1923 when the Cappadocian Greeks evacuated. More than 2,000 years after the city's likely creation, Derinkuyu was abandoned for the last time. Its existence was all but forgotten to the modern world until some errant chickens brought the subterranean city back into the light.

Lost part of the Mechanism of Antikythera was found

A new exciting discovery has been made in the Aegean Sea. It is perhaps one of the most important archeological finds of recent years.

A lost part of the famous ancient computer of Antikythera was found in the Greek waters and shocked the whole mankind.

This is the first computer that may have been built by humans, and this fact has the world scientific community in an uproar.

It's a complex, advanced analog "computer" that was found in a shipwreck many years ago.

Divers have discovered a highly technical device with the image of a bull, which they suspect is the missing part of the mechanism.

The Antikythera mechanism was discovered by Greek sponge divers in 1901.

Of course, at that time they themselves did not immediately understand what exactly it was. It took decades and the use of advanced X-ray technology for scientists to realize that it was the first human computer, a wonderfully advanced, sophisticated analog calculating machine made up of dozens of paired gears.

The device could calculate the movements of the sun and moon, predict solar eclipses and equinoxes, and simultaneously track the planets of the solar system, constellations, and more.

We never found out how many gears the original Antikythera mechanism had. Estimates are based on expert guesses and range from 37 to over 70. For comparison, the most modern Swiss watches have four gears.

The ship that carried the mechanism was huge and loaded with valuable cargo.

"In the 1970s, the famous explorer Jacques Cousteau and his team discovered some parts of the mechanism's casing," Dr. Brendan Foley of Lund College told the Israeli newspaper Haaretz.

In 2012, divers discovered hundreds of artifacts in the wreck, including two massive bronze spears, the bronze representation of an arm, other pieces of marble and bronze statues, a mosaic, pieces of furniture, blue game pieces, a sarcophagus lid, gold rings and silver coins.

What is the Antikythera mechanism?

Known as the first computer in history, the Antikythera Mechanism is a complex system of tools dating back to 60 BC and was used by the ancient Greeks to determine the position of the sun, moon and planets.

This 2,000-year-old astronomical computer may have had another function: predicting the future, researchers say.

When was it discovered?

The Antikythera Mechanism was discovered in a shipwreck off the Greek island of Antikythera, between Kythera and Crete.

According to the shape of the Greek inscriptions it bears, it dates from between 150 BC and 100 BC, well before the date of the shipwreck, which may have occurred between 87 BC and 63 BC. It could have been built up to half a century before the wreck. The wreck was discovered in 1900 at a depth of 40 to 64 meters, and many treasures, statues and other objects, were recovered from Simi island sponge collectors and are now in the National Archeological Museum in Athens.

On May 17, 1902, Valerios Stais, archeologist and director of the Archeological Museum, noticed that one of the finds had a gear inscribed with astronomical terms.

The mechanism is the oldest preserved gear mechanism, and a very complex one. It is made of bronze and has a wooden frame. Since its discovery, it has puzzled and fascinated many historians of science and technology. The most accepted theory about its function is that it was both an analog and a digital computer used to calculate and display the movements of celestial bodies, solar and lunar eclipses, and the phases of the moon.

It could display solar and lunar eclipses based on the Babylonian cycle of Sarus. Its dials also featured at least two calendars, a Greek one based on the Metonic cycle, and an Egyptian one, which was also the common "scientific" calendar of the Hellenistic era, and which researchers believe even predicted the dates of the Olympic Games!

The first uses of this instrument presented (mainly before World War II) are: Astrolabe, Dromometer, Reference Clock, Planetarium, Astronomical Ship's Clock or Ancient Navigator. All these uses are not mutually exclusive.

But in essence, it is a mechanism that has changed and continues to change modern technology, demonstrating at the same time the high technological level of the ancient Greeks.

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Is this the exact location of the tomb of Alexander the Great?

The tomb of Alexander the Great will always remain a universal mystery, although from time to time several finds have been announced that "show" where he could be buried.

Dr. Elpida Mitropoulou of Archaeology talks about the discovery made by Greek archaeologist Liana Souvaltzi in 1990 and the mistake made by the government of that time.

The recent discovery of the giant granite sarcophagus in Alexandria, Egypt, has rekindled hopes of solving one of the greatest archaeological mysteries of all time: what happened to the dead body of Alexander the Great and where it is buried.

Theories abound, but according to Elpida Mitropoulou, Ph.D. of archaeology at the University of London (UCL), senior research fellow at the University of Birmingham and former researcher at the University of Berlin, author of the article "The Four Tombs of Alexander the Great," the tomb of the great general is located in Egypt's Shiva Oasis, at the site of El Maraki, where Liana Souvaltzi identified a gigantic funerary monument of more than 500 square meters in the 1990s.

The two inscriptions found there, each a copy of the other, bore the words "Alexander Ammonus Ra," but the special commission sent by the Greek government to investigate them "mistakenly concluded that both inscriptions were Roman and had nothing to do with Alexander the Great," Ms. Mitropoulou notes.

As a result, Ms. Souvaltzi's excavation permit was not renewed. As the archaeologist explains, one of the two inscriptions was actually Roman. "When the Emperor Trajan, who greatly admired the Greek emperor, visited the tomb of Alexander the Great, he wanted to take some of his glory with him - so he asked a sculptor to copy the original inscription and put his own signature at the end. Then he took the original inscription and placed it in the temple, and in the place where the original had stood, he placed the Roman copy.

The additional elements that "testify" to the tomb

However, the inscriptions are not the only evidence that it is a royal tomb. "A disc with two snakes, the lions guarding the entrance of the tomb and the buttresses testify that it is a royal tomb and a deified man" Ms. Mitropoulou points out.

According to Ms. Mitropoulou, "Alexander the Great died suddenly and was initially buried in Memphis. However, Ptolemy I then had him secretly transferred to Siwa, mainly out of fear of Alexander the Great's successor, Perdiccas, who came to Egypt demanding the body of the dead king.

The first time, Ptolemy managed to trick him by giving him another body, but the second time Perdiccas arrived in Egypt and demanded his body, he was killed by Ptolemy's horsemen. With Perdiccas now out of the way, Ptolemy ordered an inscription containing all the information about the tomb's occupant.

When Ptolemy II founded Alexandria, he erected a building next to his palace that he called "Signal" and decided to bring all the pharaohs there, including Alexander. With the introduction of Christianity as the only religion by Theodosius the Great in the 4th AD century and the massive destruction of the ancient temples in Egypt and Greece, Alexander was again brought to "Shiva".

The veil of mystery falls for Alexander the Great: "His tomb was revered as the temple of a god..."

Archaeologist Kalliopi Papakosta has been focused for 20 years on her mission to discover the tomb of Alexander the Great, one of the world's greatest archaeological mysteries.

In the Salalat Gardens, the park in Alexandria, Egypt, archaeologist Kalliopi Papakosta searches for traces of Alexander the Great, and a few years ago she came across another important find that revived her hopes.

Papakosta's assistants called her to examine a piece of white marble that had been found in the park. She herself had been disappointed with the excavation, but when she saw the white stone shimmer, she gained new hope. "I was hoping it was not just a piece of marble," she said, and in the end she was right, as National Geographic writes in its tribute.

The artifact turned out to be an early Hellenistic statue bearing the seal of Alexander the Great. This was a strong incentive for the archaeologist to continue the excavations. Seven years later, Papakosta, who directs the Hellenic Research Institute of Alexandrian Culture, has dug dozens of meters beneath modern Alexandria and uncovered the ancient city's royal quarter.

"This is the first time the original foundations of Alexandria have been found," says Fredrik Hiebert, an archaeologist with the National Geographic Society. Archeologists believe that one of the greatest finds in archeology, the lost tomb of Alexander the Great, may be located at this site. Alexander the Great died in 323 BC at the age of 32, and the mystery surrounding his burial begins shortly thereafter with reports from historians showing why his discovery is a complex matter.

It is believed that Alexander's body was first buried in the ancient city of Memphis in Egypt and then in the city that bears his name. There his tomb was worshiped as a temple to a god.

But Alexandria and the tomb of its founder were threatened by nature. A decade before Alexander's birth, in 356 BC, the city was hit by a tsunami. This disaster marked the beginning of a long series of earthquakes and rising sea levels that continue to threaten Alexandria today.

As sea levels rose, the waters of the Nile Delta, where Alexandria is located, flooded the ancient part of the city at a rate of up to 0.25 centimeters per year. The city survived, but over time its foundations were buried and fell into oblivion, as did the site of Alexander's tomb.

Although ancient writers such as Strabo described the tomb, its location in relation to the modern city remains a mystery. There are records of nearly 140 officially sanctioned excavations, but all have failed.

Hope for a historical find keeps the Papakosta excavation alive, based on ancient evidence and a 19th century map of Alexandria. Modern technology is used to determine where to dig, such as special electrical tomography (ERT).

Using numerous methods, Papacosta uncovers more and more of the city's ancient royal quarter - including a Roman street and the remains of a huge public building that may hold clues to Alexander's tomb. But each discovery is a difficult task, as Papakosta had to develop a complex system of pumps and pipes to keep the area dry so excavations could continue.

As the years pass, Papakosta becomes increasingly convinced that she is closing in on Alexander's lost tomb. However, she tempers her optimism with a dose of realism. "Sure, it's not easy to find, but I am definitely in the center of Alexandria in the royal quarter and everything is in my favor. I have been persistent and kept going and will continue to do so," she says.

The gold of the ancient Macedonians is brought up from the depths of the desert in Egypt

More than 15 ancient mines that supplied the Macedonian kingdom of the Ptolemies, as well as Macedonia, with gold are being brought to light in the depths of the Egyptian desert by a 50-member interdisciplinary team that includes a Greek, Markos Vaxevanopoulos, PhD, a geologist and research associate at the Maison de l'Orient et de la Méditerranée Jean Pouilloux College in Lyon, has discovered more than 15 gold mines in the Ghozza area, 85 km from Hurghada in eastern Egypt.

An intact basket, probably made of palm, containing gold remains from the Ptolemaic dynasty (300-200 BC) is the most important find of this year's mission, which is being completed these days, while a number of objects have been discovered from the village of ancient miners, located in the middle of a vast area full of mine openings.

This year, artifacts from the recent use of the mines have also been found, such as fragments of pottery used by Arab miners during the Islamic period around the 7th AD. Century.

"It is exciting when we find an object made by the ancient Greeks from the Ptolemaic dynasty. It's intact, as if someone left it there yesterday," M. Vaxevanopoulos told, explaining, "In the desert, the humidity is 10-15%, 20% at most, so any organic material remains unchanged".

It is no coincidence that during the excavations on the surface in the past days pieces of cloth from the miners' clothes were found in the mines, as well as wicks from the lamps used to light the darkness in the depths of the desert, but also a piece of the wood of a mining hammer.

In addition, a large number of quartz stones with gold nuggets were found.

The expedition to Ghozza, led this year by geomorphologist Mael Crepy, has been running since 2020 and includes scientists from the USA, France, Germany, Slovenia and from the Greek side Markos Vaxevanopoulos, while in 2024 a Greek team consisting of archeologists, speleologists, etc. will carry out part of the excavations.

The period of mining in Egypt began around 1420 BC at the time of the Pharaohs, but reached its peak in the Hellenistic period with the establishment of the Macedonian kingdom by Ptolemy. Ancient Greek mines have been found in Egypt, which, as shown by the study of the technology, drilling and tools used, are similar to those of Lavrio and Pangaeus.

The sources indicate that the management of the mines was Greek, but it is not known whether the workers were transported from ancient Greece or were Egyptian slaves. If skeletal material is found in a miners' village cemetery, it could provide an answer to this question.

"Finding the skeleton of a miner in a cemetery or in the mines is a great discovery because it gives information about his origin. In general, however, it is extremely important if we find even the smallest object that dates back to that time and was used by the ancients and possibly the Greeks. Especially for me, the feeling is even greater," says M. Vaxevanopoulos.

Currently, more than 15 gold mines have been identified and the excavations are on the surface, so scientists are eager to get inside the mines, which can reach a depth of 50-60 meters.

Recently, in the area of Ghozza - named after a small Roman fort - a "letter" written by a miner 2,300 years ago was found. In particular, a shell was found with a message written in Hellenistic colloquial language, in which the words "thirst" and "hunger" stand out. It is apparently a desperate message about the harsh working conditions in the depths of the desert, recovered from a gold mine.

In the ancient mines of Egypt's Eastern Desert - the so-called Eastern Desert at the southeastern end of the area bounded by the Nile to the Red Sea - time seems to have stood still in the Hellenistic era. The drought has preserved everything in excellent condition, and scientists estimate they can reconstruct the era and mining activity with great accuracy. The first mine was found by chance in 2019 after a tip from a Bedouin. An international multidisciplinary team was immediately formed to start the research, and every year there are more. The miners' village, located in the same area of Ghozza, has also yielded impressive finds. Excavations in the architectural remains and in the dry subsoil brought to light buildings and a number of objects related to ore processing. Over 500 millstones, stone cutting tools, and other artifacts related to the refining of quartz ore and the extraction of gold. Eventually, all the quartz rock was transported from the mines to workshops set up in the village, where other workers used special millstones to crush the rock and sift the dust to extract the gold. This practice was common throughout the then known world.

Markos Vaxevanopoulos has been in Egypt from time to time since 2014, and the expeditions in which he has participated have unearthed interesting finds from the Hellenistic period. In 2018, they found an inscription in the Hellenistic language with the inscription "Demetrius" in an old inn near the Nile.

At first, researchers believed that the name was carved by tourists staying in the area, but French epigraphists concluded that it was a 2,200-year-old inscription referring - possibly - to Demetrius, a warlord of the Ptolemies.

New Research: The ancient Greeks were very close to inventing the steam-powered water pump

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BY THE ARCHAEOLOGIST EDITOR GROUP

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According to National Technical College professor Theodosis Tassios, the ancient Greek engineers were only ten to a maximum of 100 years away from inventing a normal steam-powered water pump, so they would have started the industrial revolution long before their time. This finally happened in 1776, when the Scottish engineer James Watt invented such a steam-powered pump.

As Mr. Tassios said, by the time of the Ptolemies, engineers had gradually invented all the necessary mechanical components (belts, pipes, gears, turbines, etc.) that enabled them to harness the energy of air and water to make pumps, thus harnessing both wind and hydrodynamic energy. They had also taken the first step toward steam propulsion by converting thermal energy into kinetic energy and creating rotary motion through steam.

Although the professor of Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Mr. Tiverios, pointed out that only about 2.5% of the ancient historical texts have been preserved, it cannot be excluded that the final step of steam propulsion took place, even if only a prototype of a pump was built as a toy and the corresponding technology was then forgotten, but - at least so far - there are no corresponding testimonies and evidence.

Mr. Tassios - who is also president of the Society for the Study of Ancient Greek Technology - estimates that the ancient Greeks, thanks to their impressive scientific and technological advances, came very close to the goal, but they did not definitively advance to the use of steam to move a pump and eventually an engine.

Mr. Tasios and Tiberios referred to the important technological works of Ctesivius (3rd century BC, founder of the School of Engineering and Mathematics in Alexandria), Philo of Byzantium (student of Ctesivius) and Heron (probably 1st century AD), whose inventions showed how advanced Greek applied science and technology was. Many works of Greek engineers have been preserved in Arabic translations, as Mr. Tiverios pointed out.

Mr. Tasios emphasized the passion of the ancient Greeks for technology, pointing out that robots and robotic ships are already mentioned in the epics of Homer. Later, the combination of cosmopolitanism (especially in Alexandria), the emerging bourgeoisie, and the interest of the Ptolemies led to important inventions, as shown by the mechanism of Antikythera. However, the question remains whether these technologies found wider application or remained the privilege of a small group of people.

Religion in Pre-Islamic Arabia

In the video below we will analyze religion in pre-islamic Arabia. Enjoy!

Archaeologists Discover What's Inside Ancient Egyptian Temple of Karnak

The extravagance of the Egyptian era echoes throughout history. Set on the banks of the Nile in Thebes, Karnak Temple is the epiphany of the power the Egyptians possessed.

This place of worship shows the grip that religion held on civilization throughout the vast Egyptian empire. Over the last few centuries, archaeological knowledge of the temple has grown, bringing with it discoveries that have baffled experts. What secrets does this sacred place hold? Is it evidence of the long-running debate over the impact of extraterrestrial visitors?

In today’s video, let us explore what secrets archaeologists have divulged from the evidence they found inside The Temple of Karnak.

Incredible Subterranean Structures From The Ancient World

In today’s video we will explore some incredible subterranean structures from the Ancient World. Watch the video and enjoy!

12 Amazing Archaeological Finds That Change History

Archaeological discoveries often become scientific sensations, attracting the attention of humanity. Even one archaeological finding can simply destroy an entire generation of academic writings, making them obsolete. And some findings are so strange that they can completely change the view of history. And that's what we're going to talk about today: the Lloyds Bank Coprolite, the Govan Stones, very old houses.

12 Most Incredible And Mysterious Finds That Really Exist

There are some discoveries that mystify even the world's greatest minds. When a scientist gets stuck with something, they turn to another scientist. If the other scientist can't help them, they turn to their colleagues. If there are still no answers, then we're left with a great scientific mystery, and great scientific mysteries are precisely what we're going to be looking at in this video.

The tunnel discovered in Egypt. New clues to Cleopatra's tomb revealed!

For the better part of the last twenty years, Kathleen Martinez, an archaeologist at the University of Santo Domingo, has been looking for the tomb of Cleopatra, which had been thought to have been lost. She is certain that she has arrived at a significant turning point in the process at this point, and this gives her a sense of confidence.

Martinez and her team discovered a tunnel that was 1,305 meters (4,281 feet) long and was placed 13 meters (43 feet) underground, as stated by a recent declaration by the Egyptian Ministry for Tourism and Antiquities. Watch the video for more!

Recreating Angkor Wat: The 12th Century Cambodian Capital

Lost Worlds investigates the very latest archaeological finds at three remote and hugely significant sites - Angkor Wat, Troy and Persepolis.

Lost Worlds travels to each site and through high-end computer graphics, lavish re-enactment and the latest archaeological evidence brings them to stunning televisual life. From the 900-year-old remains of Angkor Wat in the Cambodian jungle the staggering City of the God Kings is recreated. From Project Troia, in North West Turkey, the location of the biggest archaeological expedition ever mounted the lost city is stunningly visualised and finally from Persepolis the city and the great Persian Empire are brought to life.

The Manchu "Pigtail" I The Haircut That Caused The Biggest Controversy In Chinese History

In all of Chinese history, the Manchu pigtail was the haircut that caused the greatest controversy.

The 1870 Sanitary Ordinance, intended to prevent unhealthy tenement conditions in San Francisco, overcrowded jails, prompting the Pigtail Ordinance. The Sanitary Ordinance required a fine or a week or more in jail, but many impoverished Chinese immigrants welcomed free accommodation and board. The Supervisors began shaving all convicts' heads to prevent lice and fleas. However, many equal rights supporters argued the Supervisors' ultimate objective was to stop willing Chinese inmates.

Late 19th century Chinese immigration to the US increased. By 1880, California had 100,000 Chinese residents. 90% of immigrants were men who came to the US to support their families. They had to keep their queue braids to avoid being branded revolutionary as most of them returned to China. The Pigtail Ordinance was intended to deter Chinese immigrants from violating the city's sanitary code. Anti Chinese animosity drove the Pigtail Ordinance, trying to deter Chinese immigrants from coming to the US.

Since 1644, Han men in China had to wear a queue braid and shave their foreheads to show their allegiance to the Qing dynasty. Han Chinese had a queue braid on the back of their heads because they had long hair. They strongly opposed forehead shaving.