How to be Unshakable Lessons from Marcus Aurelius

In this video, we're going to explore the timeless wisdom of Marcus Aurelius and his book meditations to discover the mindset that made him truly unshakable. Now Marcus Aurelius, a roman emperor, for nearly two decades, was a man considered a cut above the rest. He was renowned for his wise and virtuous rule, he was called one of the five good emperors and managed to lead rome through a particularly tumultuous period.

Now, despite the challenges or alias faced, he remains steadfast in his beliefs, and guided by the principles of stoicism. He would eventually record his thoughts and musings in a personal diary which would later become one of the most famous texts in ancient philosophy, meditations. Now, one of the key teachings of meditations is the importance of self control, and rationality in the face of adversity, or alias encourages us to rise above our emotions and focus on our actions reminding us that true strength lies in our ability to remain calm and level headed in difficult situations.

The Dinosaurs of the Triassic Period: A Summary of the First Dinosaurs and their Rise to Dominance

The Triassic was the first period of the Mesozoic Era, the Age of Reptiles. Unlike the following Jurassic and Cretaceous periods, dinosaurs were not yet the dominate animals during the Triassic Period. The purpose of this video is to provide an extensive summary of these early dinosaurs, which were quiet different from the view most people have of the dinosaurs.

It covers both the most famous dinosaurs of this time, such as Coelophysis and Plateosaurus, and much more obscure ones like Daemonosaurus and Saturnalia. It also gives an overview of their spread across Pangea, their early evolution, and of course their rise to dominance.

Experts In The Middle East Are Using Drones To Unravel Raw Details Of A Mystery Civilization

Imagine if Ancient Egypt had gone undiscovered. That’s what has happened in Saudi Arabia, a country with a rich, age-old history that many people simply do not know about. But a tech-centric excavation should change all that, as light aircraft and drones hover over the area. They’ve already pinpointed some incredible pieces of history that have remained hidden for centuries.

The Search For King Herod's Tomb Brought Archaeologists To An Incredible Site

Outside of Jerusalem, a truly magnificent sight existed a few thousand years ago. Erodium, a flourishing settlement at the time, stood tall, surrounded by towering walls that could be seen for miles. What's more, inside this profoundly braced space charged for the Judean ruler Herod, people could wile away the hours of the theater or dousing themselves at the neighborhood bathhouse. Legend says that Herod even had a burial ground here.

However, until a truly significant discovery was made, these rumors remained unproven for decades. An incredible sight was discovered by archaeologists while searching for king herod's tomb. Herod's burial in the settlement seemed highly likely. After all, Corrodium housed virtually everything a king of the time could desire, including an elaborate royal box from that theater if the region's most powerful man wanted to see a play. He had built a palace here. Additionally, second-city government residences and offices were there, as Herodion was doing. However, there is one aspect that might not make sense. Simply put, Herod appears to have had his reasons for moving everything from Jerusalem to the remote desert.

Furthermore, everything had to do with his mother, according to the records. It is said that the king and his entourage traveled one day over uneven ground on their way to Petra, which is now Jordan. But Herod's mother's car flipped all of a sudden, and for a terrifying moment, it appeared as though she had been killed as a result. However, by some miracle, Herod's mother survived. The ruler took an oath as a result of this. He promised that the accident would be the final resting place for him. Even though the location herod had in mind was almost ten miles from Jerusalem, he set out to make his vision a reality.

As a result, workers in the region started building Erodium, which, as you might expect, was a huge undertaking, at the king's request. And the aqueduct was especially important to the whole thing, especially for keeping the hard-working men alive in the heat. As a result, a model with a length of several miles was created. After that, Herod built his palace on the very top of the mountain, making it a sight for miles around. Its no big surprise either that people have for some time been searching for Herod’s last resting place as he was a genuinely significant figure in the district. The future king, who was born in 73 bce, saw his political rise sparked by his father's close relationship with the roman empire Herod king archaeologist ruler mountain built tomb rome nets jerusalem murdered digs burial site palace day housed death power sarcophagus fact.

10 Pyramid Discoveries That Scared Archaeologists

The pyramid discoveries of Egypt contain some of the most amazing archaeological discoveries ever made. As an archaeologist, it is sometimes difficult to make a proper discovery in areas like Egypt because of the amount of other archaeologists researching the area. In this video we have gathered the absolute best archaeological discoveries!

Archaeologists Record The Sound of a Pharaohs Whisper in Ancient Egypt

The Great Sphinx of Giza is one of the most iconic and mysterious landmarks of ancient Egypt. Carved out of a single piece of limestone, it stands 20 meters tall and 73 meters long, with a human head and the body of a lion. Its purpose and true meaning have been shrouded in mystery for centuries, with many theories suggesting it was built as a symbol of power, a guardian of the pyramids, or even a representation of an ancient Egyptian god.

But what really fascinates people are the rumors and legends surrounding the Sphinx's secret doors and tunnels. One of the most famous is the so-called "Hall of Records," a hidden chamber that supposedly contains ancient texts and artifacts revealing the secrets of the universe. While there is no concrete evidence of the chamber's existence, many people believe that the Sphinx's paws may conceal the entrance. So, lets take a look on the Most Mysterious Egyptian Discoveries of Archaeologists!

Archaeologists Discover New Secrets of Mayan Chichén Itzá

Once a bustling metropolis in the heart of the Yucatán Peninsula, the ancient Maya city of Chichén Itzá continues to reveal its secrets to the world. Recently, researchers from Mexico's National Institute of Anthropology and History (INAH) announced the opening of a new section of the city that has been under study and conservation for 30 years. This area, known as the "initial group," houses a fascinating complex of elite residences, some of which were first discovered more than a century ago.

In today’s video we will get right into the Hidden City of Chichén Itzá and reveal its interesting discoveries you've never heard of.

Subutai: Genghis Khan’s Demon Dog of War

In the following video we will be talking about Subutai, who was a Mongol general and the primary military strategist of Genghis Khan. Watch the video to find out more!

What a Medieval Duel Really Looked Like

The magnificent age of knights, bards, and sprawling kingdoms. We focus today on the bloody, messy reality of judicial duels or trials by combat. Among its most renowned practitioners were Jean de Carrouges and Jacques Le Gris of “The Last Duel” fame.

Today, the knights Guy of Steenvoorde and Herman the Iron square off in a savage duel... only one will leave with their manhood intact.

The Brutal Reality of Viking Raids

Viking berserkers rush into a town and villagers scatter. Many are cut down with axes, spears, and arrows. From Lindisfarne to Seville, these lightning raids are unpredictable, brutal, and strategically aimed at vulnerable targets. For many coastal regions, Vikings raids bring an inevitable massacre. Today, we look at how best to survive a Viking raid.

Rare Arabic inscription discovered during construction on the Fgura housing project

The second Arabic inscription to be uncovered outside of Rabat, the discovery is 'very significant and unusual,' according to the Superintendent for Cultural Heritage.

During construction on a communal housing project in Fgura near the Buleben industrial zone, a stone slab with a medieval Arabic inscription was discovered.

The discovery, which sheds light on a largely unexplored time of Maltese history when a sizable portion of the population was Muslim, is being hailed as a landmark finding.

The Arabic inscription was found in a naturally carved well in fields fronting Triq id-Dejma, Triq il-Karmnu and Triq tax-Xemx u l-Qamar, where the Planning Authority recently approved a social housing project

In areas near Triq id-Dejma, Triq il-Karmnu, and Triq tax-Xemx u l-Qamar, where the Planning Authority recently approved a communal housing project, the Arabic inscription was discovered in a naturally carved well.

The stone slab was discovered beside ceramics that predates the 13th century. Numerous silo pits and agricultural trenches were also found at the site as a result of the archaeological assessment.

The historical artifact was described by a representative of the Superintendence for Cultural Heritage as "a limestone prismatic stele, truncated at each end, bearing Arabic script."

The writing is most likely in the Kufic alphabet, which was employed by early Muslims to record the Qur'an. This angular, slow-moving font was frequently used on gravestones, coins, and building inscriptions.

The calligraphic design discovered in Fgura needs to be verified, nevertheless. Other markings on the slab "may represent symbols rather than writing" are also visible.

When Sir Temi Zammit began excavating the Roman Domus outside of Mdina in the early 20th century, he found an Arab cemetery that had been constructed on top of the Domus' ruins. This artifact is typologically quite similar to a number of stelae that were also found there.

This is the only other copy known to have been discovered outside of Rabat, with the exception of another one discovered at Savina Square in Victoria in 1901, "making this discovery very significant and rare, both archaeologically as well as historically," according to the SCH.

An Arabic language specialist from the University of Malta is working with the Superintendence to help decode the inscription, which is thought to be crucial for establishing the object's original usage and providing precise dating.

The inscription was discovered inside an approximately 8.5-meter-deep vertical natural fissure that had been partially constructed into a well.

According to the SCH's investigations, the inscription and other items discovered in the well may have been "dumped there" at a later time. It is a sign that the inscription was discovered somewhere other than its original location. However, despite the absence of modern materials, the site is still regarded as offering a reliable archaeological context.

Additionally, pottery from the same site, which dates to no later than the 13th century AD, places the location to the Medieval era.

Plans for the development's basement and ground floor levels were altered as a result of the big archaeological discovery so that the more noteworthy features will be preserved and made always visible. The communal housing project includes a reservoir, a basement with 66 garages on two levels, and 117 above-ground housing units arranged over five levels.

All artifacts have been located and are being kept in the repository and laboratory of the Superintendence for the required conservation and examination.

The Superintendence has also recently made reference to the archaeological potential of an adjacent 23,468 square meter property that is just 108 meters away and planned for residential construction by developer Anton Camilleri. The SCH states that any development on this property that is allowed should be subject to "archaeological monitoring."

Reminiscences of Muslim Malta

Despite the fact that Malta was under Arab rule from 870 AD until the Norman conquest in 1091, a sizeable portion of the population continued to be Muslim and coexisted alongside Jewish and Christian communities. The Norman era is when the majority of the archaeological evidence for a Muslim presence in Malta, including the Muslim cemetery in Rabat, was discovered. The Maimuna stone, which is currently on display at the Gozo Archaeology Museum, is likewise from 1174.

The memorial prayer on the stone is written in Kufic script and is addressed to a young Muslim woman by the name of Maimnah. Verse from the Qur'an that discuss death are also included. However, the precise location of the stone's discovery is unknown, despite the fact that it is widely believed to have been between the Gozitan villages of Xewkija and Sannat in a region known as Ta' Majmuna.

Giliberto Abate recorded 836 Muslim homes, 250 Christian households, and 33 Jewish households in Malta and Gozo in his report from 1240.

Only 47 Christian houses in Malta and 203 in Gozo are mentioned in the record. The figures demonstrate the persistence of a sizable Muslim community even as late as 1240, even though it's likely that they only apply to a section of the island's population or that a 'M' standing for a 'thousand' was accidentally dropped in front of Malta's Christian population.

Ibn Haldun claims that in 1249, Emperor Frederick II banished the Muslims of Malta along with the Muslims of Sicily, who are known to have been exiled to Lucera in Sicily based on other evidence. But it's likely that accepting formal baptism was all the Muslims needed to do to avoid expulsion.

The late Godfrey Wettinger claimed that this accounted for the Maltese language's survival "largely in the form it had taken during the centuries of Muslim hegemony" despite the continuous influx of settlers from Europe, notably churchmen and merchants, into the islands. Words associated with Muslim religious practices have survived as a result of this. For instance, Ramadan, the Islamic holy month of sacrifice and fasting, is whence the Maltese word Randan (Lent) originates. Similar to how Easter has its roots in the jubilant Islamic feast of Eid al-Fitr, which celebrates the conclusion of Ramadan.

Additionally, Friday is known as "Il-imga" in Maltese since it is the day when Muslims on the island used to gather for their weekly congregational prayers, or "Jumu'ah." Additionally, the Maltese refer to their God as Alla, which is derived from Allah, just like Muslim and Christian Arabs do.

Source: https://www.maltatoday.com.mt/news/nationa...

Huntsman-gatherers fit into southern Africa's first metropolis, according to archaeology, 800 years ago.

There is a hill that hardly stands out from the others where the Limpopo and Shashe Rivers converge to form the current border between Botswana, South Africa, and Zimbabwe. Without realizing its historical significance, one could simply pass it. Around 800 years ago, Mapungubwe, what appears to be the earliest state-level society and urban center in southern Africa, first emerged on and around this hill.

Archaeologists excavate inside and outside Little Muck Shelter, in the Mapungubwe National Park, South Africa. Photo: Tim Forssman

We now know quite a bit about this ancient kingdom, how it developed amid early farmer culture, and its participation in international trade networks after nearly a century of research. Before farmers arrived, hunter-gatherer communities lived on this land, but they have received little recognition despite what appears to be their role in the rise of the Mapungubwe.

In an effort to provide a more inclusive portrayal of the region's past, our team has been doing research in northern South Africa at locations that we hope would enable us to recognize the roles performed by hunter-gatherers during the creation of the Mapungubwe state.

Little Muck Shelter is the name of our main research location. It is located around 4 kilometers south of the Limpopo River in the Mapungubwe National Park. The shelter is a sizeable structure with a huge open area in front and a covered area beneath a high roof. Additionally, it contains numerous paintings on the walls, including exquisite images of giraffes, kudu, cats, and elephants. Hunter-gatherer people created this art, which is typically understood to alludes to the spirit world and the actions of shamans there.

Two beautifully painted giraffe are at the centre of the site in orange and red. These have been traced using digital software to limit contact with the art which may lead to damage.

The findings of our study indicate two things. Prior to the Mapungubwe Kingdom's establishment, the region was inhabited by hunter-gatherers. Second, they had access to the riches that helped elite groups appear in society at the time because they were a part of the economy at the time. while taken together, these facts demonstrate that hunter-gatherer societies must be considered while thinking about the history of Mapungubwe. They participated in and were present for these important events.

Why is this crucial? The building up of wealth was one of the key events that contributed to the creation of the Mapungubwe Kingdom. It influenced the emergence of social hierarchies and established status. These valuable trade commodities were typically possessed by affluent social classes. However, hunter-gatherers were able to acquire comparable goods at a period when these products were helping to significantly alter society by utilizing their own skills. The fact that they had access to riches during this time certainly demonstrates how highly valued their contributions to local society and how deeply ingrained they were in the community's economy.

Unearthing evidence of trade

We were drawn to Little Muck Shelter because of earlier research conducted there in the late 1990s, which revealed that farmers and hunter-gatherers conducted extensive commerce from the shelter. We needed a larger archaeological assemblage to confirm or modify our theories in order to comprehend this better.

Field team member Siphesihle Kuhlase shows a broken bangle while others remove deposit in search of artefacts.

In order to clearly demonstrate a hunter-gatherer presence throughout this time, as well as their involvement in regional commercial networks, we also sought to more extensively analyze the depths that dated between AD 900 and 1300, during which the events leading to Mapungubwe began and finally finished.

We had to dig to do this. During an archaeological excavation, layers of sediments containing artifacts are carefully removed while adhering to very rigorous depth and position controls within an excavation trench.

This is followed by a protracted period of analysis that follows strict standards to guarantee consistency in classifying artefact kinds, their production processes or methods, how they were utilized, and what materials they were composed of.

After that, we put all this information together in an effort to comprehend earlier lifestyles. Our findings allowed us to reconstruct a hunter-gatherer history that was interwoven with the development of the Mapungubwe.

First and foremost, we had to demonstrate that there were still hunter-gatherers in the area at the time Mapungubwe first arose. We have evaluated over 15,000 stone tools from a sampling of our excavations so far, and we have discovered a set of finished tools that are identical to those made by hunter-gatherers for thousands of years before farmer communities arose. We think that the continuity of cultural material over such a long period of time demonstrates unequivocally that hunters and gatherers inhabited the shelter while farmers were present.

A range of artefact types found at hunter-gatherer sites like Little Muck Shelter. Stone scrapers (A) and backed tools (B), which were used for producing goods and hunting, respectively, glass beads (C), traded into central Africa from the east African coastline, and larger ostrich eggshell beads (D), bone points or needles (E), broken pieces of copper jewellery (F) and pottery (G), and a grooved stone used to either sharpen metal tools, round ostrich eggshell beads, or finish and polish bone tools (H). Tim Forssman

Next, we wanted to focus on the trading economy in more detail. Beginning in the early first millennium AD, hunter-gatherers changed their craft practices as soon as farmer groups arrived in the area. Up to the fall of the Mapungubwe Kingdom in AD 1300, they mostly produced bone implements rather than products made from hide, wood, and shell. This implies that contacts between farmers and hunter-gatherers from the time of their initial arrival sparked change in their produced goods.

Why did they alter their creative endeavors? We observed the emergence of trade wealth during these transformations, initially in the form of ceramics and glass beads, and later in the form of metal. These items are typical at farmer towns and were never produced by hunter-gatherers, indicating trade between these two societies. It suggests that hunter-gatherers emphasized their own skill sets in response to emerging market opportunities.

We're still looking for more proof that hunter-gatherers participated in these processes. We want to know what other activities they participated in and whether they themselves created a more sophisticated society.

Source: https://cosmosmagazine.com/news/hunter-gat...

'Unique' artwork are found in a crypt-like place in Sudan through a hole in the earth. Look inside

The remnants of a once-thriving city were scattered around a small chamber that was concealed beneath the northern Sudanese desert. The room was covered with portraits of well-known people, but there were more questions than answers there.

Archaeologists excavating centuries-old houses in Old Dongola found a hole leading to complex with “unique” Christian paintings, photos show. Photo from the UMMA Archaeological Project in Old Dongola and the Polish Centre of Mediterranean Archaeology at the University of Warsaw

During excavations at Old Dongola, a millennia-old city on the bank of the Nile river in northern Sudan, the chamber was discovered. According to the Polish Centre of Mediterranean Archaeology at the University of Warsaw, the urban ruins served as the capital city of the Makurian kingdom from the fifth to the fourteenth centuries.

According to scholars, the city grew under the Makurian monarchs and became a significant urban and Christian religious center. The Makurian monarchs constructed a gigantic castle, a royal palace, multi-story residences, pottery studios, churches, and a sizable structure that may have served as a throne hall.

Old Dongola merged with the Muslim Sultanate of Funj in the 15th century after the monarchs' rule came to an end. Researchers claim that 300 years later, the city was abandoned.

According to a press statement issued on April 5 by the Polish Centre of Mediterranean Archaeology at the University of Warsaw, archaeologists were looking through houses from the city's Funj period when they discovered an aperture under a floor. This tiny opening is visible in Facebook photos.

An archaeologists works to preserve the paintings in the underground chamber. Photo from the Polish Centre of Mediterranean Archaeology at the University of Warsaw

As stated in the press release, after crawling down the hole, researchers discovered a small, bricked-up structure that was painted on. The ages-old room was a "surprise" discovery, according to archaeologists.

Three "unique" wall murals depicting Christian motifs were found in the little room, according to the press release.

A artwork "of the Virgin Mary" was found on one of the chamber's side walls, according to researchers. Photos depict a woman carrying a book and a crucifix while dressed in black robes. She has a halo of bright yellow around her head.

Painting of the Virgin Mary on the side wall of the chamber. Photo from the Polish Centre of Mediterranean Archaeology at the University of Warsaw

According to experts, this picture does not represent "Mary in Nubian art" in a "typical" manner.

According to the press statement, there was a painting of Jesus Christ on the other side wall. The man person is holding a book in one hand. The other hand he uses to make "a gesture of blessing," according to the study.

Experts noted that the central painting was likewise unusual. The central character, a Makurian ruler, is seen bowing to Jesus and kissing his hand. The figure on the right is Jesus, who is perched on a cloud. The announcement stated that the left-hand figure represents the archangel Michael, who spreads his wings around the group and supports the king.

A scenario with this "dynamism and intimacy" "finds no parallels in Nubian painting," according to specialists.

An Old Nubian inscription can also be seen on the main artwork. The inscription cites a Makurian "king named David and a plea to God for protection of the city," most likely the city of Dongola, according to Vincent van Gerven Oei, an authority on this language.

The center painting showing the Makurian king David (center) bowing to Jesus (right) with the support of the archangel Michael (left). Photo from the Polish Centre of Mediterranean Archaeology at the University of Warsaw

One of the final kings of Christian Makuria, Makurian King David "marked the beginning of the end of the kingdom," according to historians. He spearheaded an assault on Egypt, which in retaliation took control of Dongola.

The relationship between these historical occurrences and the artworks is still a mystery to specialists. These paintings' age and whether they date from before or after King David's reign are unknown to archaeologists.

According to the release, the subterranean room might also be connected to a nearby collection of ruins. According to academics, the neighboring ruins are those of "the Great Church of Jesus," which was likely Dongola's cathedral and the most significant church in the Makurian empire.

However, the chamber still has many unanswered questions. In the fall, research at Old Dongola will continue.

The distance between Old Dongola and Khartoum, the Sudanese capital, is around 260 kilometres.

Source: https://www.charlotteobserver.com/news/nat...

Archaeologists Discover First Ancient African/Asian

In East Africa, archaeologists have been uncovering the ancient Swahili Civilization, which was a prosperous trading state along the coast of East Africa dating back to the 7th century. For 40 years, University of South Florida anthropologist Chapurukha Kusimba has been dedicated to studying the ancestry of those who built the civilization and restoring their heritage. Kusimba's life's work has been to recover the past of the Swahili and restore them to rightful citizenship. He worked alongside Harvard geneticists David Reich and Esther Brielle and corresponding authors, Jeff Fleisher from Rice University and Stephanie Wynne-Jones from the University of York, to uncover the DNA of 80 individuals from as long as 800 years ago, making it the first ancient DNA uncovered from the Swahili Civilization. Today we will be uncovering one of the first African civilizations with archaeologists.

10 Amazing Discoveries in Egypt That Scare Scientists

New discoveries like these ancient discoveries allow scientists to learn more about history. Some of the discoveries on this list include archeological discoveries as well as unexplained discoveries.