5 Unexplained Artifacts of The Roman Empire

In the 1st century AD, the Roman Emperor Caligula, infamous for his hedonism, sadism, and brutality, asserted his dominion over both land and sea. Two of his ships, however, were mysteriously confined to a tiny volcanic lake known as Lake Nemi.

While historians disagree on the actual purpose of the Nemi Ships, they agree that the colossal vessels were masterpieces of engineering, particularly the larger of the two.

Measuring 240 feet long, the larger ship was akin to a 'floating palace.' It boasted marble statues, mosaic fittings, advanced heating and plumbing systems, and luxurious amenities like baths. Its slightly smaller counterpart, just 10 feet shorter, was equally impressive, with marble palaces, gardens, and an intricate plumbing system for its baths.

The ships featured stunning technological advancements – some of which would be lost until rediscovered in the Middle Ages. These included hand-cranked bilge pumps and piston pumps that supplied the ships with hot and cold running water via lead pipes.

Before the discovery of the ships, it was thought that the Romans were incapable of building such large vessels.

Given their enormity and the lake's modest size—just slightly over half a mile in surface area—it's theorized that they served as pleasure barges, catering to ancient Rome's wealthy elite and their appetites for wine, women, and debauchery.

Their opulence is thought to have mirrored the extravagant lifestyles of Hellenistic rulers from Syracuse.

Previously, Lake Nemi was deemed so sacred that Roman law forbade any vessel from sailing on it. An exception must have been carved out for Caligula's ships.

The ships sailed for roughly a year until Caligula's abrupt downfall in 41 AD. He met his end in a tunnel beneath Rome's Capitoline Hill, assassinated in a conspiracy led by the Praetorian Guard officers and select Roman Senate members, all disillusioned by his erratic behavior, tyrannical rule, and extravagant spending.

Caligula’s floating palaces would meet a similar fate. The massive ships were filled with stones and sunk to the bottom of the lake to wipe Caligula and his depraved reputation from the pages of history.

Although raised from the lake bed in 1929 as part of a major recovery effort initiated by Mussolini, both ships were largely destroyed during the Second World War, with only a few bronze fragments surviving.

Some maintain that it was the retreating Germans in 1944 who intentionally and maliciously destroyed the Nemi Ships, whereas it has more recently been suggested that the US Army accidentally shelled the site...

History of Israel-Palestine Conflict From 1000 BC Until Today

In the 17 centuries BC, following the call of God, Abraham, Isaac, Jacob settled in Canaan, later known as the Land of Israel. In 1000 BC, King Saul established the Israelite monarchy, which was later split into the Kingdom of Israel and the Kingdom of Judah. The conquest of Roman Empire in 63 BC gave the name “Palestine” to Judah. During this time, Christianity became a dominant religion towards the end of the Roman Empire. In 636 came an Arab conquest, beginning the spread of Islam. In the 11th century, Christians in Europe launched several crusades to bring the Holy City back to the hand of the Christians while from the 16th century, more and more Jews were joining a movement called Zionism aiming to create a Jewish national state in its ancient homeland.

WWI exploded in 1918 and ended with the collapse of the Ottoman Empire. Its land in the Middle East was carved by the British and French Empires. The region under the control of Britain was what it called the British mandate for Palestine. Tensions between the Jews and the Arabs who both claimed the land grew, which even led to acts of violence.

In 1947, the UN partitioned Palestine into two independent states: a Jewish state and an Arab state with the City of Jerusalem becoming an international zone with a special status.

Less than one year after that, Israel declared itself an independent state. Right after the declaration, the 1948 Arab-Israeli War broke out and ended when a cease-fire agreement was reached in 1949, giving more than two-thirds of historic Palestine, including West Jerusalem, to Israel.

There came more wars and fighting in the following decades, namely the Six-Day War ending with the victory of Israel, the 1982 Israeli invasion of Lebanon kicking the Palestinian Liberation Organization out of Beirut, the First Intifada ending with the Oslo Accords, the Second Intifada ending with Israel’s withdrawal from Gaza.

Then came the establishment of Hamas, a Sunni Islamist militant group founded in 1987, aiming to destroy the state of Israel and create an Islamic state. After the Battle of Gaza (a conflict between Hamas and Fatah), Hamas split from the Palestinian authority and gained power in the Gaza while the West Bank was separately controlled by the PLO.

Israel put Gaza under a suffocating blockade, leading to several bloody wars between Israel and Hamas, the military group in control of the Gaza Strip till today.

What caused wars between Israel and Palestine?

Do you think Israel and Palestine can reach a peace treaty?

Watch the video below to find out more

Ancient Greek Philosophers Quotes to Change Your Life

The wisdom of the philosophers of Ancient Greece is truly deep and instructive. In this video we have collected for you the best quotes and sayings of ancient Greek philosophers. Enjoy!

Remodelling the Immense Mayan Monuments of Tikal

Hidden away in the jungle of Guatemala, Tikal saw the light of day in the 8th century BC. Inhabited for over a thousand years, the ancient city would encompass up to 12,000 structures and 2 million inhabitants. It reveals its extraordinary temple-pyramids, made using sheer human strength. Tikal had multiple pyramids, an astronomical observatory, and advanced water management systems, showcasing the Mayan civilization's architectural and scientific achievements.

The North Acropolis, the Mundo Perdido astronomical observatory, the magnificent Temple of the Great Jaguar, and Temple IV, one of the tallest in all Mesoamerica, regain their colors of yesteryear and provide us with a unique testimonial of Maya art and ingenuity.

The Legacy of Björn Ironside

In the following video we will analyze the legacy of Björn Ironside, who according to the 12th- and 13th-century Scandinavian histories, was the son of notorious Viking king Ragnar Lodbrok and lived in the 9th century, between 855 and 858. Björn Ironside is said to have been the first ruler of the Swedish Munsö dynasty. In the early 18th century, a barrow on the island of Munsö was claimed by antiquarians to be Björn Järnsidas hög, or Björn Ironside's barrow.

Rise & Fall of the Khmer Empire (History of Cambodia Summarized)

In the video below, we will analyze the rise and fall of the Khmer Empire, which was a Hindu-Buddhist empire in Southeast Asia, centered around hydraulic cities in what is now northern Cambodia, and was also known as Kambuja by its inhabitants. Watch the video to find out more!

Hidden Chambers Discovered in the Pyramid of Sahure

During the last week of September, an incredible archaeological discovery was announced, from the Old Kingdom, 5th Dynasty Pyramid of Sahure, which dates back to the 24th to 25th century BC.

Yes, a previously undiscovered corridor and series of rooms or magazines have been found leading off from the eastern side of the pyramid’s antechamber.

This is an amazing discovery, but it was actually first noted by John Shae Perring in the 19th Century. The team excavating and renovated the pyramid, led by Dr. Mohamed Ismail Khaled have now confirmed the findings and the dilapidated area is being carefully excavated, examined and renovated. Watch this video to learn more about this incredible discovery

The Profound Meaning of Plato's Allegory of the Cave

In this video we explore Plato’s "Allegory of the Cave", its connection to ancient myths, and the ultimate narrative archetype we know as the Hero’s Journey. Plato's "Allegory of the Cave" is one of the most influential philosophical concepts ever introduced, encapsulating timeless questions about reality, knowledge, perception, and enlightenment. Located in Plato's seminal work, "The Republic," the Allegory of the Cave serves as a metaphorical narrative depicting the human condition's journey from ignorance to enlightenment.

The Athenian philosopher Plato (c. 428-347 B.C.) is one of the most important figures of the Ancient Greek world and the entire history of Western thought. In his written dialogues he conveyed and expanded on the ideas and techniques of his teacher Socrates.

The Academy he founded was by some accounts the world’s first university and in it he trained his greatest student, the equally influential philosopher Aristotle. Plato’s recurring fascination was the distinction between ideal forms and everyday experience, and how it played out both for individuals and for societies. In the “Republic,” his most famous work, he envisioned a civilization governed not by lowly appetites but by the pure wisdom of a philosopher-king.

Powerful Spartan Rules For Life

Spartan Warriors were one of the best and most feared soldiers of Greece in the 5th Century BC and were known for their professionalism. Their formidable military strength and commitment to guard their land helped Sparta dominate Greece.

The Battle of Thermopylae was fought in 480 BC between the Achaemenid Persian Empire under Xerxes I and an alliance of Greek city-states led by Sparta under Leonidas I. Lasting over the course of three days, it was one of the most prominent battles of both the second Persian invasion of Greece and the wider Greco-Persian Wars.

The 600-Year-Old Sword Found in Texas

“I was stunned when the pieces started falling into place,” recalls specialist Howard Dixon of the moment an unassuming folio of photographs was presented to him in a restaurant in Texas earlier this year.

On the seventh page, a small photograph showed a medieval Italian broadsword — a piece which bore a striking resemblance to another that had been mysteriously missing since the 1940s. Until that moment, says Dixon, “no one knew where it had gone, and the trail had gone cold.”

In this video, Dixon reveals how a “twin’ sword in New York’s Metropolitan Museum of Art helped trace the Harriet Dean sword’s history back to 15th century Cyprus, describing what it felt like to make ‘a once in a lifetime discovery’”

American Tourist Arrested for Vandalizing Ancient Roman Statues in Israel Museum

In a shocking incident at the Israel Museum in Jerusalem, an American tourist was arrested for allegedly vandalizing ancient Roman statues due to his perceived religious conflicts. This act not only caused significant damage to priceless artifacts but also raised questions about the intersection of faith, cultural preservation, and responsible tourism.

The incident occurred when a 40-year-old tourist deliberately destroyed several sculptures. Photos released by authorities showed two statues shattered into pieces, identified as a head of Athena from the 2nd century CE and a statue of a griffin representing the Roman god Nemesis, dating back to 210-211 CE.

The Significance of the Artifacts

These damaged artifacts held immense historical and cultural value. The head of Athena and the griffin statue were both significant examples of Roman-era artistry and mythology, allowing visitors to connect with the rich history of the region.

Damage seen to statues inside the Israel Museum in Jerusalem on October 5, 2023. (Israel Museum)

The suspect was apprehended by a museum security guard before the police arrived. He allegedly claimed to destroy the statues because he believed they contradicted his religious beliefs as outlined in the Torah, a central religious text in Judaism.

Implications and Reactions

This incident raises concerns about the balance between religious freedom and cultural preservation. Museums like the Israel Museum play a crucial role in preserving and sharing cultural heritage, making it essential to respect both religious sensitivities and the importance of preserving world heritage.

A sculpture smashed by an American tourist at Jerusalem’s Israel Museum due to what he said was a violation of the Bible, on October 5, 2023. (Israel Museum)

Tourism is a significant source of income for Israel, particularly during holidays like Sukkot, attracting many visitors from North America. Incidents like this serve as a reminder of the need for responsible and respectful tourism, emphasizing the importance of understanding local customs and cultural significance.

The arrest of an American tourist for vandalizing ancient Roman statues at the Israel Museum highlights the complex interplay between religious beliefs, cultural preservation, and responsible tourism. Finding a balance that respects both religious sensitivities and cultural heritage is crucial. This incident underscores the importance of educating visitors about the historical and cultural significance of the artifacts they encounter during their travels.

Merdon Castle: A Historic Gem Saved from the Brink after Repairs

Nestled near Winchester, Hampshire, the ancient Merdon Castle, with its rich history dating back to the 12th century, has recently been removed from Historic England's Heritage At Risk list, thanks to a meticulous restoration effort that cost nearly £300,000. This remarkable feat was achieved through a partnership between Historic England, Winchester University, and the landowner, highlighting the importance of preserving our cultural heritage and the valuable opportunities it brings for education and community engagement.

Merdon Castle's Past

Merdon Castle's history can be traced back to its construction between 1129 and 1138 by Henry de Blois, Bishop of Winchester, during the reign of his brother, Stephen, the last Norman king of England. Originally designed as a motte and bailey castle, it served various purposes throughout the centuries, even functioning as a bishop's palace for a significant portion of its existence. The castle's unique setting within the ramparts of an earlier hill fort, which likely dates back to the late Bronze Age or early Iron Age (8th to 5th centuries BC), adds an extra layer of historical significance to this site.

Over the years, Merdon Castle had faced the threat of deterioration, with overgrowth and loose stonework placing it on the Heritage At Risk register.

The Restoration Effort

Recognizing the importance of preserving this historical gem, a comprehensive restoration project was initiated, involving specialist repairs, repointing, and the innovative introduction of soft capping, which added a protective layer of earth and grass to the tops of the castle's ruined walls. Additionally, a 400ft "bottomless" well, a fascinating feature of the castle, was made safe and capped. The restoration work was made possible with the support of Historic England, which granted £240,700 toward the project. The remaining funding was generously provided by the landowner, who maintains the site for public access, offering regular community walks and promoting a sense of shared ownership and responsibility for preserving this piece of history.

Historic England architect Elspeth Faulkner emphasized the critical nature of the repairs, stating, "Merdon Castle has spent many years on the Heritage At Risk register, and it was critical that a programme of repairs was undertaken now to avoid further loss." These repairs have not only ensured the preservation of the castle but have also created exciting opportunities for students and the wider community.

Education and Community Engagement

The restoration project also forged a valuable partnership between Historic England and Winchester University, opening up exciting prospects for students to learn archaeological field techniques by engaging with Merdon Castle. Dr. Monika Knul, from the University of Winchester, expressed her delight, saying, "We're excited to expand this programme so that students, and the monument itself, benefit in the long term." This partnership not only ensures the continued preservation of Merdon Castle but also enriches educational opportunities in the region.

The removal of Merdon Castle from Historic England's Heritage At Risk register serves as a shining example of what can be achieved when stakeholders, including government bodies, educational institutions, and dedicated landowners, collaborate to preserve our historical treasures. As Merdon Castle stands proudly once again, its rich history and the lessons it offers about our past remain accessible to future generations, reminding us of the importance of safeguarding our cultural heritage.

A Remarkable Discovery: 1,400-Year-Old Tomb of Elite Warrior Unearthed in Japanese Car Park

In an astonishing turn of events, a seemingly unremarkable car park in Japan has revealed a hidden treasure beneath its surface—an ancient tomb dating back 1,400 years, believed to belong to an elite warrior. This extraordinary discovery unfolded during excavation work for a hotel courtyard near the Horyuji Temple, a UNESCO World Heritage Site located in Ikaruga. The findings from this tomb have unveiled a trove of ancient artifacts, offering a glimpse into Japan's rich history during the late 6th century AD.

A Treasure Trove of History

What initially appeared to be routine construction work in the car park quickly evolved into an extraordinary archaeological endeavor. The proximity of the site to the Horyuji Temple led experts to dig deeper, ultimately revealing the presence of a kofun—a distinct type of burial mound reserved for rulers, warriors, and nobility. These kofun tombs, constructed between the 3rd and 7th centuries, provide invaluable insights into the elite society of ancient Japan.

Among the remarkable artifacts discovered within the tomb were jewelry, iron swords, arrowheads, and clay pots, all dating back to the late 6th century AD. These relics not only attest to the high status of the individual interred in the tomb but also provide crucial historical context for the era.

Archaeologists found a wealth of artefacts under the car park (Credit: Naohiro Toyoshima via Pen News)

A Profound Historical Find

Professor Naohiro Toyoshima, an archaeologist from Nara University, played a pivotal role in unraveling the mystery of this ancient tomb. The tomb had been concealed beneath small trees prior to excavation, and its historical significance became increasingly evident as the dig progressed. Inside the tomb, archaeologists found an array of artifacts, including iron swords, iron arrowheads, horse harnesses, earthenware, and necklace beads. These findings underscore the importance of the tomb's occupant within Japanese society. Although the warrior's remains had decomposed over the centuries, the positioning of the sword within the tomb suggested that two individuals were likely buried there. Professor Toyoshima emphasized that the tomb likely belonged to a locally influential figure. Notably, this burial predates the era of the samurai by roughly 500 years, offering a unique glimpse into Japan's early elite class.

Preservation and Speculation

The tomb itself measures nearly four meters in length, 1.6 meters in width, and one meter in depth. Surprisingly, it had remained untouched by grave robbers despite its age. However, researchers noted signs of damage to the stone ceiling, leading to speculation that it might have been repurposed as a construction material during the 17th-century AD construction of the Horyuji Temple. Alternatively, it could have been used in the construction of a palace associated with the temple, potentially belonging to the temple's commissioner, Prince Shōtoku.

Clay pots, iron swords and arrowheads were all discovered in the warrior's tomb (Credit: Naohiro Toyoshima via Pen News)

The Future of the Discovery

Recognizing the historical significance of this find, the site has been named the Funazuka kofun burial mound. Professor Toyoshima has assured that the tomb will be backfilled and preserved, ensuring its protection for future generations. Additionally, the remarkable artifacts uncovered during the excavation will be displayed in a local museum, allowing visitors to delve deeper into Japan's ancient history.

The unearthing of a 1,400-year-old tomb belonging to an elite warrior beneath a Japanese car park is a testament to Japan's rich and intricate history. This discovery not only illuminates the lives of Japan's early elite but also provides invaluable archaeological insights into a bygone era. As this remarkable tomb and its artifacts are preserved for posterity, they continue to captivate our imaginations and serve as a poignant reminder of the profound history concealed beneath even the most ordinary of places.

Prehistoric Carvings Unlock the Mysteries of Ancient Animal Behavior

In the rugged landscapes of the Doro Nawas Mountains in western Namibia, a remarkable archaeological discovery has shed light on the intricacies of prehistoric life. A team of researchers from the Heinrich Barth Institute, the University of Erlangen-Nuremberg in Germany, and the Nyae Nyae Conservancy in Namibia embarked on a journey into the heart of Indigenous knowledge, collaborating with local tracking experts from the Kalahari region.

Their mission: to decipher the mysteries behind 513 meticulously carved animal footprints etched into the rocks of this remote region. What they uncovered was nothing short of astounding—these ancient carvings not only preserved the memory of long-lost creatures but also provided insights into their sex, age, and species.

A Wildlife Compendium in Stone

The carvings, found in a collection of caves, were executed with such precision that they seemed to encapsulate a prehistoric wildlife compendium. More than 90% of these etchings yielded invaluable information. Indigenous experts, drawing upon their traditional tracking knowledge, could identify the species, sex, age group, and even discern which leg the carving represented. It was as though these ancient artists had meticulously documented the animal kingdom's diverse inhabitants in stone.

Footprints categorized by the researchers. (Lenssen-Erz et al., PLOS ONE, 2023)

Indigenous Knowledge as an Archaeological Key

In a published paper, the researchers emphasize the importance of Indigenous knowledge in advancing archaeological research. They acknowledge the profound insights that Indigenous experts brought to the study, underscoring the capacity of such knowledge to unlock the secrets of the past. The tracking experts consulted for this research had previously been involved in other studies of ancient rock art. Their contributions were invaluable in deciphering the enigmatic carvings.

The Puzzle of Ancient Footprints

While the accuracy of these prehistoric carvings is undeniable, the question remains: why did the artists of ancient times go to such lengths to record these tracks? One prevailing theory suggests that these carvings may have served as teaching aids. However, the conditions in which some of the engravings were placed—such as the darkness of the caves and the height at which they're found—cast doubt on this hypothesis. The true purpose behind these rock carvings remains shrouded in mystery.

Artistic Preferences and Unusual Omissions

Interestingly, the engravings reveal the artistic preferences of their creators. The ancient engravers displayed a penchant for certain types of animals, including giraffes, rhinos, and leopards. They were also more inclined to depict fully grown adults rather than juveniles, and males rather than females. The presence of human footprints in these rock galleries surpasses that of similar sites, with most of them being of juveniles. Curiously, domestic animals and reptiles are conspicuously absent from these ancient canvases.

Human figures were also included in the engravings. (Lenssen-Erz et al., PLOS ONE, 2023)

A Glimpse into the Past

These carvings date back to the Late Stone Age, spanning a period of roughly 50,000 years. While some of the animals depicted still inhabit the region today, others have disappeared, offering tantalizing hints about how the area's climate has evolved over time. Although interpreting cave art can be challenging without direct insight from the ancient engravers themselves, these etchings provide a precious window into the past. They offer glimpses of a time when human society coexisted with the enigmatic creatures that once roamed the land.

Complex Meanings and Ethnographic Insights

In their conclusion, the researchers assert that these engravings are endowed with complex meanings. To truly understand and appreciate these meanings, future research must draw upon ethnographic data and Indigenous knowledge. The intersection of ancient art and Indigenous wisdom holds the potential to uncover even more secrets from our distant past.

In essence, the discovery of these prehistoric carvings in the Doro Nawas Mountains not only showcases the remarkable accuracy of the art but also highlights the invaluable role of Indigenous knowledge in unlocking the mysteries of our shared history. These ancient etchings serve as a testament to the enduring connection between humans and the natural world, bridging the gap between our ancestors and the wildlife that once roamed the land.

Profound Revelation in Human History: 476,000-Year-Old Wooden Structure Unearthed

In a groundbreaking archaeological revelation, scientists have unveiled what could be the oldest wooden structure ever discovered, dating back an astonishing 476,000 years. This remarkable find, located near the Kalambo River on the Zambia-Tanzania border, has the potential to revolutionize our understanding of human history. The carefully crafted wooden logs, believed to have been shaped by primitive tools, open a window into the lives of our ancient ancestors, shedding light on their ingenuity and adaptability.

The Astonishing Find

Imagine stumbling upon an artifact that challenges the very essence of human history. This is precisely what happened when a team of researchers, led by Professor Larry Barham from the University of Liverpool, unearthed this ancient wooden structure. Initially met with disbelief, the distinct markings on the wood indicated expert craftsmanship. What makes this discovery truly extraordinary is its age, predating Homo sapiens by nearly 300,000 years. This suggests the structure might have been created by Homo heidelbergensis, our distant forebear, who roamed the region during that era.

The structure was found by a river on the border between Zambia and Tanzania. Credit: Prof Larry Banham/University of Liverpool

Possible Functions of the Structure

The purpose of this ancient wooden structure remains speculative, but experts have proposed several potential functions. Professor Barham suggests it could have been a walkway, platform, or foundation for an ancient shelter. Such a platform would have served various practical purposes for early humans, from storing food and firewood to crafting tools and seeking refuge from the elements. Essentially, it was a prehistoric workbench, a testament to early human ingenuity.

Unprecedented Preservation

The survival of wood for nearly half a million years is a rare feat in archaeology. The exceptional preservation of this structure is attributed to the unique conditions of the site. Waterlogging and lack of oxygen, caused by sediment, contributed to its remarkable state. This find provides a glimpse into an era when humans first started shaping their environment, showcasing their resourcefulness and skill.

The structure features two logs that have been tooled. Credit: Banham et all/Nature

The Implications

Dr. Annemieke Mills, a paleolithic archaeologist at the University of Reading, emphasizes that this discovery marks a significant "behavioral threshold." It compellingly demonstrates that even 476,000 years ago, humans actively manipulated materials to adapt and transform their surroundings. The use of wood for tools and structures showcased by this find illuminates the cultural and technological advancements of our ancient ancestors, emphasizing their ability to innovate.

The discovery at the Kalambo River could reshape our understanding of our ancestors. Credit: Zakaria Mgala/Getty

The unearthing of this 476,000-year-old wooden structure near the Kalambo River in Africa stands as a monumental achievement in archaeology. It challenges our existing knowledge of early human history, highlighting the brilliance, technological prowess, and adaptability of our distant forebears. As scientists delve deeper into the site, unraveling its mysteries, this discovery promises to rewrite the narrative of our evolution, underscoring our extraordinary capacity to shape the world around us since time immemorial.

Journey Back in Time: The Year 1000 Revealed in a Remarkable Dutch Museum Exhibition

In a fascinating voyage into the past, the Dutch National Museum of Antiquities, also known as the Rijksmuseum van Oudheden, located in Leiden, is inviting visitors to step into the enchanting world of the year 1000. With over 400 captivating artifacts from both the Netherlands and distant lands, the museum's exhibition, aptly named 'The Year 1000', promises to transport you over a millennium into the past.

This ambitious exhibition allows visitors to explore the imperial residence in Nijmegen, the grand cathedral of Utrecht, the opulent treasuries of Maastricht, the ancient Rome of a thousand years ago, and the riches of Byzantium. At the heart of this historical journey are more than 400 archaeological finds, manuscripts, and artifacts that provide an immersive experience into the world of the early medieval Low Countries.

One of the most notable features of the exhibition is the spotlight on Empress Theophanu and her husband, Otto II. Their powerful presence in the exhibit serves as a testament to the remarkable history of the era.

The period between 900 and 1100 was a transformative time for the Netherlands, leaving a lasting impact that still shapes the region today. Dykes were constructed to protect reclaimed land, fortresses guarded river bends, and church towers adorned the horizon. 'The Year 1000' exhibition aims to bring the lives of the people of this era to life, offering insights into their daily routines, worldviews, and expectations as they approached the turn of the millennium.

Reliquary horn with fittings with animals and masks – Bovine horn and silver, l. 60,2 cm Scandinavia, 900-1000. This Viking drinking horn was fitted with silver fittings and later used as a holder for relics: the remains of saints. It contains three tiny fragments of bone from the apostles Andrew, Thomas and Judas Thaddeus. Those relics came from Rome. The silver strips with lions, masks and scrollwork give the impression that the horn was wrapped in precious textiles. This kind of pairing of lions is known from Asian textiles of this period, such as the famous “lion fabric” used to wrap relics of St Servatius.

Among the treasures on display is a Viking drinking horn from the Basilica of Our Lady in Maastricht, along with the renowned Egmond Gospels from the National Library of the Netherlands. The exhibit also features an impressive array of artifacts, such as swords, ship timbers, gold jewelry, including the recent discovery of the Hoogwoud hoard, coin collections, and books adorned with precious stones. Visitors can also marvel at the pectoral cross of Saint Servatius, the oldest chess pieces in the Netherlands, and even a wooden ladder from a well.

The collection on display in 'The Year 1000' is not limited to Leiden's own treasures. The exhibition boasts loans from renowned international institutions like the Castello Sforzesco in Milan, the National Museum of Finland in Helsinki, and the Landesmuseum Kassel. Additionally, more than forty Dutch museums, heritage organizations, and private collectors have lent their priceless artifacts to contribute to this exceptional historical exploration.

The Hoogwoud hoard – Four golden crescent-shaped earrings and two strips of gold leaf Hoogwoud, 1000-1050. Gold rings, pendants with precious stones, plaques with enamel… from the 10th and 11th centuries, a rich variety of gold jewellery and ornaments have been recovered, often with metal detectors. There is something beautiful in all regions, but the concentration in Frisia is striking. Added to this in 2021 was the find of the Hoogwoud hoard: four golden crescent-shaped earrings and two strips of gold leaf from the first half of the 11th century. The elite of the Netherlands clearly belonged to global networks with quite a lot of luxury to show off their status.

One of the standout exhibits is the Ansfridus codex, a manuscript crafted on parchment, silver, gold, and gemstones, originating from St. Gallen in the years 950-1000. Adorned with sparkling gems and brilliant gold, this precious codex is a testament to the artistic and spiritual achievements of the time.

Evangeliary, Ansfridus codex Manuscript on parchment, silver, gold and gemstones, 34 cm x 25,5 cm x 10 cm, St Gallen, 950-1000. “Adorned with sparkling gems and brilliant gold, I am a gift from Bishop Ansfried to St Martin.” This is what the 10th-century Ansfridus codex ‘says’. On the back, this text in Latin surrounds an image of Ansfried, bishop of Utrecht in the year 1000. The codex was donated by him to Utrecht’s St Martin’s Church (the Dom). The front of the binding dates from the 11th-13th centuries and bears a gold cross with filigree wire. Around it are 32 carefully chosen (ancient) precious gemstones and blue plates with the four evangelist symbols plus a queen and king, two angels with incense vessels and a deer

'The Year 1000' exhibition is set to open its doors on October 13, 2023, and will run until March 17, 2024. This immersive journey into the past promises to be a unique opportunity for history enthusiasts, students, and curious minds to connect with a pivotal era in Dutch history.

To plan your visit and learn more about this extraordinary exhibition, please visit the Rijksmuseum van Oudheden website. Don't miss this chance to step back in time and witness the wonders of the year 1000 brought to life through the artifacts and history of the Netherlands and beyond.

Exploring Estonia's Ancient Love for 'Blackish-Blue' Textiles: Unveiling the Secrets of Early Medieval Dyes

The rich tapestry of Estonia's cultural heritage continues to reveal fascinating insights into its ancient history. Recent archaeological discoveries, led by Riina Rammo, an associate professor of archaeology at the University of Tartu, shed light on the vibrant textile traditions of early medieval Estonia. Among the remarkable findings is the revelation that "blackish-blue" was the favored color of this bygone era. This captivating discovery not only offers a glimpse into the fashion preferences of ancient Estonians but also unveils the complex artistry involved in achieving this coveted hue.

The Prevalence of 'Blackish-Blue'

The majority of textile artifacts unearthed from early medieval Estonia come from women's burial sites. These garments, adorned with metal ornaments, have allowed researchers to uncover the color preferences of the period. According to Rammo, "blackish-blue" was undeniably the dominant and fashionable color from the 11th to the 15th century, particularly for festive occasions among women.

Woad blue was the most enduring textile color of the period

To achieve this enigmatic shade, Estonians of the time used a combination of imported compounds and native plants. While blue was the primary hue derived from imported indigotin-based dyestuff, a dark-purple tone was achieved by adding locally sourced plants. This unique blend of imported and native ingredients set Estonia's textile traditions apart from the rest of Europe.

The Role of Woad in Estonian Dyeing

Woad, scientifically known as Isatis tinctoria, played a pivotal role in early medieval Estonian dyeing practices. This biennial plant, characterized by its yellow flowers, was not native to the region but was introduced, possibly as a weed, during the Middle Ages. It was cultivated and processed into pellets, forming the foundation for dye solutions. Merchants depicted in medieval artwork were often seen carrying bags of woad balls, indicative of its significance in trade.

Dark blue fabric fragment from Pudivere deposit find

While woad was the primary source of blue dye in Estonia, researchers have now discovered that other dyes were blended with woad to create the desired "blackish-blue" shade. This intriguing revelation opens up possibilities for exploring the unique combinations of dyes used in Estonian textiles during this era.

A Quest for the Darkest Shade

The enduring popularity of "blackish-blue" may be attributed to its remarkable resistance to fading and washing. It was a testament to the quality and longevity of this dye. Moreover, the importation of indigotin-based dyestuff from distant lands likely added prestige to the color, making it even more desirable for the wearer.

Since ancient times, woad (Isatis tincotria) was an important source of blue dye and was cultivated throughout Europe

Modern Applications and Sustainability

The findings from this ongoing research have broader implications. They are part of the EU-supported international project "Colour4CRAFTS," which aims to develop sustainable dyeing technologies. By exploring ancient dye sources and techniques, researchers hope to create modern, eco-friendly dyeing methods that consume less water, contributing to sustainability efforts.

The textile traditions of early medieval Estonia provide a unique foundation for this research. Lichens and tree bark, commonly used in this region, have inspired modern textile chemists looking for water-efficient dye sources. The comparison of ancient recipes with contemporary samples promises to yield valuable insights into Estonia's historical dyeing practices.

The yarn is dyed with woad dye

Conclusion

Estonia's early medieval fascination with "blackish-blue" textiles is a testament to the rich and diverse cultural heritage of the region. Riina Rammo's research, in collaboration with Finnish colleagues, offers a unique window into the past, revealing not only the popularity of this enigmatic color but also the intricate art of dyeing that was practiced in Estonia during that time. As the research continues, it holds the promise of uncovering more secrets of the past and contributing to modern sustainable dyeing practices, keeping Estonia's textile traditions alive in a new era.

Archeologists Unearth Human Bones and Viking-Era Settlement in Viru-Nigula, Estonia

In a stunning discovery during an archaeological dig in Viru-Nigula, Lääne-Viru County, experts have unearthed human bones and evidence of a Viking-era settlement, shedding light on the fascinating history of this ancient Estonian site. The findings offer a glimpse into life during the medieval period, revealing intriguing details about burial practices, health care, and daily life in the past.

The archaeological dig, conducted ahead of planned roadworks in the area, confirmed a long-held hypothesis that the cemetery and church in Viru-Nigula were constructed upon the foundations of an earlier settlement. Researchers found a total of 11 human skeletons, with four appearing to have been buried in a common grave. Preliminary estimates suggest that these remains date back to the 16th to 18th centuries.

One of the most remarkable aspects of these discoveries is the insight they provide into the medical practices of the time. Martin Malve, a bioarchaeologist and bone specialist involved in the project, expressed his excitement about the pathologies, bone fractures, and injuries found among the skeletons. One skeleton, in particular, exhibited a femur fracture, prompting questions about how this individual coped with such a severe injury. Contrary to common assumptions, people of that era did survive such injuries, although their treatment methods were far different from modern medical care. This revelation challenges conventional wisdom about the resilience and adaptability of past societies.

Beyond the cemetery, the archaeological team uncovered evidence of a settlement with a history dating back to the Viking Age. The site yielded pottery shards, nails, and an abundance of animal bones, including fish and bird remains. This wealth of artifacts offers valuable insights into the diet, tools, and daily lives of the inhabitants of Viru-Nigula during this bygone era. Additionally, soil samples were taken to extract plant residue, providing further information about agricultural practices in the region.

The coexistence of artifacts from different historical periods raises intriguing questions about the events that transpired in Viru-Nigula over the centuries. Speculation runs rampant, with some suggesting that the village may have been destroyed during the Crusades or other dramatic events. However, the exact historical narrative remains elusive. Martin Malve cautioned against hasty assumptions, stating, "People's romanticism has led to suggestions that the village was burned down or that the Germans came and destroyed the village. But what actually happened, we don't know. Perhaps part of the village was deserted or demolished, or a church was built in the center."

The two-week archaeological excavation in Viru-Nigula promises to yield further revelations about the rich history of this Estonian site. As researchers continue their meticulous work, the story of this ancient settlement and its inhabitants will undoubtedly become clearer, offering a window into a world that existed centuries ago.

The discoveries in Viru-Nigula serve as a testament to the importance of preserving and exploring our historical heritage, providing us with a deeper understanding of the past and enriching our appreciation of the complex tapestry of human history.

The Hagia Sophia will collapse if it is not closed, a Turkish professor warns

The Hagia Sophia's Precarious Future: A Global Call for Preservation

The Hagia Sophia, an architectural marvel with a rich history, has once again taken center stage as Turkish historian Ilber Ortayli raises a red flag regarding its structural integrity. This iconic monument, situated in Istanbul, Turkey, has transitioned through various roles, from an Orthodox cathedral to an Ottoman mosque and later a museum. However, it is now functioning as a mosque once more, and its increased visitor traffic poses a significant risk to its preservation.

Ilber Ortayli's concerns stem from the sheer volume of visitors that the Hagia Sophia receives daily. Three million pilgrims and tourists flock to this historic site each year, a number that Ortayli considers unsustainable for its preservation. Even an annual attendance of 20–30 thousand individuals, including scholars, historians, archaeologists, religious representatives, politicians, and public officials, could, according to Ortayli, lead to irrevocable damage. As a result, Ortayli advocates for the immediate closure of the Hagia Sophia to initiate essential restoration efforts.

Ortayli's apprehensions extend to the alterations made to accommodate the Hagia Sophia's role as a mosque. He contends that facilities such as toilets and fountains, necessary for daily mosque operations, cannot be incorporated into this historically significant structure without jeopardizing its architectural integrity. The monument has been inundated with visitors since its reclassification as a mosque, with Turkish Minister of Tourism and Culture Mehmet Nuri Ersoy reporting a staggering 21 million visitors in just three years.

The transformation of the Hagia Sophia into a mosque has garnered worldwide attention and criticism. Its UNESCO World Heritage status, recognizing its historical and cultural importance, is at risk due to its altered function and the potential harm it faces. UNESCO has even indicated that it may revoke the Hagia Sophia's world heritage designation because of these concerns. This global recognition reinforces the notion that preservation of this monument transcends national boundaries; it is a collective responsibility.

Preservation: A Collective Responsibility

Preserving the Hagia Sophia is not just a matter of national pride; it is a global duty. This architectural masterpiece, with its profound artistic and historical significance, should be safeguarded for generations to come. Ortayli's warning underscores the urgency of taking immediate action to protect the Hagia Sophia from the looming threat of destruction.

As we reflect on the Hagia Sophia's uncertain future, we are reminded that cultural heritage transcends borders and ideologies. It is a testament to our shared human history and the importance of preserving our collective legacy. The Hagia Sophia stands as a symbol of our ability to come together to protect and cherish the treasures that bind us across time and space.

In conclusion, Ilber Ortayli's cautionary words serve as a stark reminder that the Hagia Sophia's preservation is not just a Turkish concern; it is a matter of global importance. The world must rally together to ensure the continued existence of this historical masterpiece, for it belongs not only to Istanbul or Turkey but to all of humanity.

Kos island, Greece: Unveiling of the Statue of Hippocrates, the Father of Medicine, in his Homeland After 2,500 Years

The unveiling of the statue of Hippocrates took place on Sunday afternoon, October 1st, in a public place, specifically in the thicket that leads from the port of Kos to the historical Platano (plane tree) of Hippocrates.

The statue of the father of medicine, who was born in Kos, was designed by the sculptor Giorgos Kikotis and is a contribution by the Greek from the USA, Dimitris Tassios, of Kosic origin.

The ceremony was attended by local authorities, hundreds of ordinary citizens, and guests, while the unveiling was followed by the performance of the Hippocratic oath.

This is a statue representing Hippocrates holding a wooden pole in which the serpent is wrapped, according to historical reports. The work that was placed is a work of great artistic value.

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A little about Hippocrates

Hippocrates was an ancient Greek physician who is considered the father of medicine and one of the most important physicians of antiquity. He was born in about 460 BC in the city of Kos, which is located in the Aegean archipelago, and died around 370 BC. The life and work of Hippocrates have left an inestimable mark on the field of medicine and on wider human knowledge.

Although information about the life of Hippocrates is limited and often unclear, we do know that he was a member of the Hippocratic family, a noble family that came from the island of Kos. He was educated in the fields of medicine and philosophy and became the most recognized physician of his time.

The most important work of Hippocrates is the collection of the Hippocratic Writings, also known as the "Hippocratic Collection" or "Hippocratica". This collection includes over 60 texts dealing with medicine, health, and nutrition. These works contain valuable insights and observations on human health, disease, and medical practice at the time.

Hippocrates instituted the medical oath, known as the Hippocratic Oath, which is an ethical code for medical practitioners, emphasizing the need to maintain the highest level of ethics and professionalism in their medical practice.

Hippocrates died at an advanced age, leaving a legacy that continues to influence the field of medicine and human health today. Hippocratic principles and his approach to medicine continue to form the foundation of medical science and practice.