Oldest And Biggest Trees on Earth are Bigger Than Your Imagination

Trees, essential for various reasons, often go unnoticed despite some being revered for their towering heights. They exhibit diverse growth patterns, with some reaching astonishing heights of over 400 feet. Below are details about the 20 largest trees on Earth.

1. Centurion:

Centurion, situated in southern Tasmania, Australia, claims the title of the world's second-tallest tree species. Standing at 327 feet (99.6 meters) with a trunk diameter of 13.3 feet (4.05 meters), Centurion survived wildfires in 1934 and narrowly escaped logging in 1950.

2. The Monkey Pod Tree:

The Samanea saman, or monkeypod tree, native to tropical America, is renowned for its massive shade. With a crown diameter of around 200 feet, this tree's wood is often used for carvings, bowls, or platters. Its pods, with a sticky brown pulp, serve as cattle feed in Central America.

3. The Doerner Fir:

Named after a specific Douglas fir in Coos County, this tree is the tallest non-redwood globally, measuring 327 feet (99.7 meters) and being approximately 500 years old. Although not the tallest, it stands out for its age and size.

4. Kauri Tree:

New Zealand's Kauri tree, exemplified by Tane Mahuta, the "Lord of the Forest," stands at 51 meters with a circumference of 13.8 meters. Aged around 2,500 years, these ancient trees faced depletion during the European settlers' arrival.

5. Giant Sequoia Tree:

Also known as the Sierra Redwood, these colossal trees, native to the U.S. west coast, can grow up to 85 meters in height and 8 meters in diameter. The General Sherman tree, over 2,000 years old, is a renowned example in California’s Sequoia National Park.

6. Baobab Tree:

Found in African savannahs, the baobab tree, nicknamed the bottle tree or Tree of Life, has a wide, fire-resistant trunk, sometimes hollow, providing habitat for animals and even humans. Sunland baobab trees, up to 2,000 years old, are believed to possess mythical protective powers.

7. White Knight:

Standing just under 90 meters, White Knight is an exceptional white peppermint tree located in northeastern Tasmanian forests. One of the few remaining ultra-sized white peppermints, it, along with other massive trees, forms a grove in Mathinna near Avoca.

The significance of tall trees lies in their diverse ecological roles. Feel free to share information about tall trees in your area that you'd like to include.

The Most Dangerous & Feared Knights of the Middle Ages

This text discusses two medieval knights who left their mark in history: William Marshall, the first Earl of Pembrook, and Vladis III, who became king of Poland at age 10 and was later offered the crown of Hungary.

William Marshall was born into a noble family and became a skilled knight, winning more than 500 belts in tournaments and serving as a peacekeeper and stand-in king for five monarchs. Vladis III faced a conspiracy to depose him as king of Poland, and later had to navigate the precarious position of being offered the crown of Hungary, which was under threat from the Ottoman Empire.

Both knights faced challenges and made tough decisions in their roles as protectors and rulers. The text also includes a mention of Aura, an all-in-one service that helps keep users safe online, and a call to action to try out the service for two weeks using a provided link.

Naupa Huaca: The Mysterious Cave in Peru

The Naupa Huaca cave in Peru has a mysterious alter or false door made of andesite rock, with modern Inca work off to the side. Though it is not clear how the creators of the structure cut such precise ninety-degree angles into the rock, it is possible that softer stones like flint or fulgurite were used instead of machines.

While closer examination with a microscope shows some chiseling was used to cut out the structure, obsidian was also melted onto the andesite rock, though it is unclear how the ancient people managed to do this. Historically, false doors were used as alters for mourning the dead, with the ancient Incas placing their dead in an upright position and having them sit in the alter for ritual purposes. Some suggest that these structures were actually portals to bring the deceased into the afterlife, but the exact purpose remains unclear.

Göbekli Tepe EXPLAINED: 4 Common Misconceptions

In this video, the Ancient Architects debunk four common misconceptions about the ancient site of Gobekli Tepe, a settlement in Southeastern Anatolia.

The first misconception is that Gobekli Tepe was not a settlement, but there is evidence that suggests it was a permanent settlement or at least a seasonal camp. The circular enclosures were always the nucleus of the site, and they were long-lived, likely over several centuries, and used during the pre-pottery Neolithic A and B periods. The second misconception is that Gobekli Tepe was a temple, but there is no evidence to suggest that it was a temple.

The third misconception is that all the T-shaped pillars at the site are decorated with reliefs, but only a small percentage of the pillars have relief carvings. The fourth misconception is that the site was abandoned due to climate change, but there is no evidence to suggest that climate change was the reason for the site's abandonment. Instead, it is likely that social and cultural changes led to the site's abandonment.

Signs of Israelite Slavery in Egypt - The Exodus

A new pharaoh arises in Egypt who does not remember Joseph and enslaves the Israelites because they are becoming too numerous. He forces them to work on building store cities of Pithom and Ramses, making bricks out of mud and straw.

Professor James Hoffmeyer focuses on the first half of the New Kingdom and finds evidence supporting the idea of Israelite slavery. In the tomb of Reshmirei, he finds a depiction of semitic prisoners of war from Canaan and Syria making bricks in southern Egypt overseen by Egyptian taskmasters.

He also finds evidence of agricultural work being done by prisoners of war. While this evidence supports the presence of semitic slaves doing the right types of work, it does not match the Bible's account of the early Israelites.

David Roll points to a different set of evidence that fits the pattern found in Egypt's Middle Kingdom. He finds graves with deterioration in the quality of life, indicating famine and a shortage of food and nutrients. He also finds larger houses designed in an Egyptian style with smaller houses attached to them, indicating the presence of servant houses. Papyri with lists of slaves with semitic names on them are also found at this time.

Workers Split Open This Huge Stone From Salt Lake City – And Spotted A Treasure Trove Hidden Inside

The Salt Lake Temple, the largest house of worship ever constructed by the Mormon church, is a globally recognized landmark and symbol of faith and perseverance for the Mormon community.

During a recent restoration and repair project, the Capstone and golden statue of the angel Moroni were carefully removed from the temple, revealing a surprising discovery hidden within the stone sphere: a collection of historic artifacts effectively transforming the Capstone into a time capsule.

These untouched and unseen artifacts held the potential to offer insights into the daily life, beliefs, and practices of the people who lived and worked in Salt Lake City during a pivotal period in its history. The discovery was not just a treasure trove of physical items but a rich repository of historical and cultural significance. The artifacts were a testament to the enduring legacy and resilience of a community that sought to carve out a place of their own.

Today, Salt Lake City is home to a significant population of members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, commonly known as Mormons. The establishment of Salt Lake City as a major center for the Mormon church was a culmination of a long and often challenging journey marked by a quest for religious freedom and a desire to build a community based on shared beliefs and values.

12 Most Mysterious Ancient Technologies That Really Exist

This video discusses the innovative ideas and inventions of our ancient ancestors, including a 1,000-year-old copper arrowhead found in Canada, the potential use of machines to build Stonehenge, the history of laundry machines, and the evolution of sundials.

The arrowhead is one of the oldest examples of copper metallurgy found in the region and would have been used by hunters to take down Caribou. The theory of an enormous machine being used to move the massive stones of Stonehenge was proposed by inventor and part-time historian Stephen Tasker, who believes that such machines were referred to in the Bible.

The history of laundry machines dates back to ancient Babylon, where a fully functional washing machine made of a wheel with multiple blades was invented. The article also discusses the evolution of sundials, with the ancient Romans using pocket sundials and Tomas Tukar of Nuremberg being credited with making the world's most beautiful diptych sundials in the 17th century.

5 Ancient Artifacts of Unexplained Magic

Enoan, also known as the language of angels, is a mysterious language that was first recorded in the journals of John Dee, a mathematician, astronomer, alchemist, and occultist who claimed to have communicated with angels in 1581.

Dee and his assistant Edward Kelly developed the unique language, complete with its own alphabet and syntax, which they called Enochian after the biblical patriarch Enoch. Dee's collection of artifacts, including a claw glass and a crystal allegedly given to him by the Archangel Uriel, are on display at the Royal College of Physicians in London.

The crystal was instrumental in Dee and Kelly's alchemical endeavors, particularly in their quest to create the philosopher's stone. The language has been widely adopted by occultists, including Anton LaVey, founder of the Church of Satan, and modern-day occultists are still trying to reconstruct the fragmented Enochian language.

Dice divination, also known as astragalomancy, is a method of divination using dice marked with letters or numbers, which was widely practiced in ancient Greece.

The numbers derived from the dice rolls were linked to letters forming words that provided answers to the diviner's questions, often believed to be messages from the gods. Ancient dice dating from the 2nd century BC to the 4th century AD are on display at prominent museums such as the Louvre, the British Museum, and the Met.

The Age-Old Tradition of Parental Discipline: A Lesson from the Greek Goddess Aphrodite

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By The Archaeologist Editor Group

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Parenting has always been a challenging endeavor, and through history, mothers and fathers have employed various methods to discipline their mischievous offspring. In a curious twist of mythology, the Greek goddess Aphrodite, known for her beauty and allure, is revealed as the first mother to employ a rather unusual form of discipline—spanking her child Eros with a sandal. This ancient depiction has left a lasting legacy, with similar disciplinary practices seen in various cultures around the world today. Let's explore this intriguing story and its enduring impact on parenting traditions.

Aphrodite and Eros: An Unconventional Mother-Son Bond

In Greek and Roman mythology, Eros, the Greek god of love and desire, plays a pivotal role in shaping the dynamics of love and attraction. In the earliest accounts, Eros is described as one of the primordial gods involved in the creation of the cosmos. However, as mythology evolved, Eros took on the role of Aphrodite's son, and his interventions in the affairs of gods and mortals often led to the formation of illicit bonds of love.

The Ancient Depiction

The intriguing depiction of Aphrodite disciplining her son Eros with a sandal can be found in ancient Greek vases and statues. One such example is a vase dated back to 360 BC, currently displayed at the Taranto Archaeological Museum in Italy. This artwork vividly portrays Aphrodite threatening to strike her son, who appears to have misbehaved. This image serves as a glimpse into the everyday lives and familial dynamics of the ancient Greeks.

Sandal as a Symbol of Discipline

The sandal's use as a disciplinary tool was not exclusive to Aphrodite and Eros. In other ancient Greek artworks, we find instances where the sandal was employed to deter unwanted advances. For instance, Aphrodite also used her sandal to fend off Pan, the god of the wild, shepherds, and flocks. In these depictions, the sandal served as a symbolic means of asserting boundaries and maintaining decorum.

The Evolution of Ancient Greek Sandals

Apart from their role in mythology and discipline, ancient Greek sandals have had a lasting impact on contemporary fashion. These sandals, originally designed for practicality and foot protection, have evolved into a worldwide summer fashion trend.

A 1914 illustration taken from an ancient Greek carving showing an ancient Greek mother punishing her child using a slipper. Contributor: Colin Waters /Alamy Stock Photo

The tradition of parental discipline has taken on various forms throughout history. The depiction of Aphrodite disciplining her son Eros with a sandal offers a fascinating glimpse into the ancient Greek understanding of parenting. While this unique method of discipline may not be directly applicable in modern times, it underscores the timeless nature of parenting challenges and the creative ways parents have approached them. Additionally, the enduring popularity of ancient Greek sandals as a fashion statement serves as a testament to the lasting influence of ancient Greek culture on our world today.

How Did the Ancient Egyptians Cut Granite? Insights from the Unfinished Sarcophagus in the Cairo Museum

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By The Archaeologist Editor Group

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The ancient Egyptians are renowned for their monumental architecture and exquisite craftsmanship, especially when working with hard stones like granite. A notable example that sheds light on their techniques is the unfinished sarcophagus housed in the Cairo Museum. This artifact offers vital clues to the methods used by these ancient artisans to cut and shape one of the hardest materials of their time.

Understanding Granite

Granite, an igneous rock, was highly favored by the Egyptians for its durability and aesthetic appeal. However, its hardness posed significant challenges in terms of quarrying, cutting, and shaping. This was especially remarkable given the relatively simple tools available to the ancient craftsmen.

Techniques in Quarrying and Cutting

1. Dolerite Pounders: The primary tools used in quarrying granite were dolerite pounders. These hard, ball-shaped stones were ideal for pounding the granite, creating a series of indentations. By repeatedly striking along these lines, the Egyptians were able to effectively fracture and extract large blocks of stone.

2. Copper Saws and Drills: Copper, though softer than granite, was used in saws and drills. The Egyptians likely employed a technique known as sand abrasion. By adding sand, which contains quartz, a harder material than copper, they could enhance the cutting capacity of their tools. The sawing action, combined with the abrasive sand, gradually wore through the stone.

3. Water and Wooden Wedges: Another ingenious method involved the use of water-soaked wooden wedges. These wedges, when driven into cracks or holes in the granite and soaked with water, would expand. This expansion exerted a significant force, helping to split the granite along predetermined lines.

Insights from the Unfinished Sarcophagus

The unfinished sarcophagus in the Cairo Museum is a compelling piece of evidence. Its incomplete state provides a snapshot of the ancient Egyptian stone-working process.

1. Tool Marks: The visible tool marks on the sarcophagus align with the known use of copper saws and drills. These marks indicate a gradual, methodical cutting process, supplemented by the use of abrasive sands.

2. Technique of Hollowing: The technique used to hollow out the sarcophagus involved drilling a series of closely spaced holes along the desired cut line. These holes would then be connected by sawing, eventually removing the interior block of stone.

3. Precision and Skill: Despite the rudimentary nature of their tools, the precision and skill evident in the sarcophagus are remarkable. The straight lines and smooth surfaces demonstrate a high level of craftsmanship and understanding of the material.

Conclusion

The unfinished sarcophagus in the Cairo Museum is more than just an artifact; it is a testament to the ingenuity and skill of ancient Egyptian artisans. Their ability to work with such a challenging material as granite using relatively simple tools is a testament to their engineering prowess. This piece not only provides insight into ancient stone-working techniques but also continues to inspire and intrigue historians, archaeologists, and enthusiasts of ancient Egyptian culture.

Guardian: The way is open for the return of the Parthenon Marbles - The unfairness of Sunak gave boost to the Greek positions

The political and diplomatic "blunder" of the British Prime Minister, Rishi Sunak, to cancel his meeting with Greek Prime Minister Kyriakos Mitsotakis strengthens the Greek position for the return of the Parthenon Marbles, according to a report by the Guardian.

As the British media reports, an air of optimism permeates the Acropolis Museum, and this air comes from Britain.

In a week in which the controversy over the fifth-century BC antiquities broke out with new vigour, the facts of a conflict that has been going on for years changed significantly. That's why Nikos Stampolidis, a classical archaeologist by profession and for the last two years the director of the Acropolis museum, said: "It's been a great week," he told the Observer. I think it's fair to say that things are looking up and in our favor. I am optimistic, very optimistic.”

Returns that point the way

In the past 24 months, Greece's effort to reunite the treasures, which were bought from the British Museum in 1816 by the bankrupt Lord Elgin, who himself acquired them under circumstances considered controversial at best, had already developed in ways that neither Mr. Stambolidis would dare to imagine, the Guardian points out.

How the Parthenon Marbles came to be in the British Museum

First came the return from Palermo, Italy, of Fagan's fragment, a repatriation from one state to another of the monumental frieze that once adorned the Parthenon, the iconic temple on the Acropolis, built to honor the goddess Athena.

Then came the "donation" of three more pieces from the Vatican: pioneering moves in the campaign to restore the treasures to the place of their birth. "But there was something else," said the director. "That great change in public feeling in Britain could not pass unnoticed."

A gift for the Greek side, Sunak's "blunder"

In Athens, the outcry that followed the sudden cancellation of talks between the British prime minister and his Greek counterpart is considered manna from heaven. For Greek officials, it is pointed out that Sunak's diplomatic "blunder" not only backfired on him but was an unprecedented boon for a campaign that, overnight, received more global publicity than at any other time.

In fact, the publication makes special mention of the famous presenter, Piers Morgan, who, despite long supporting the marbles' stay in London, came to the conclusion last week that it was time "for this great art to be reunited with its natural environment."

Mitsotakis' argument, made in a BBC interview two days before his meeting with Sounac, that keeping the antiquities separate was tantamount to cutting "the Mona Lisa in half" was very "persuasive"” Morgan admitted.

The tie of King Charles

But King Charles' decision to wear a Greek flag tie as he delivered his opening speech at the COP28 climate summit on Friday had a more resonant impact, sealing any doubt that the controversy had benefited Athens. The monarch's choice of clothing sent a "clear message."” On his last official trip to the country where his father was born, Charles confessed to having a "deep connection" to all things Greek and spoke of his "Greek blood."”

"No amount of money that the Greek government could throw at the campaign would help that much," Irini Stamatoudi, a professor of cultural heritage law at the University of Nicosia, told the Guardian.

"At first, it was difficult to understand why the leader of a country with such a tradition of dialogue avoided discussion with Mitsotakis," he said, adding that in the 30 years he has been advising governments in Athens, he had never seen such interest in an issue so integral to the Greek identity. “But then it became very clear that what had happened had put the debate back on the table.

The marble claim is the oldest return claim in the world. At a time when so many in the UK are now supporting it, people are starting to ask, 'why?'

The British Museum's role

Greece was very clear, said Ms. Stamatoudi. He wanted nothing more than the pieces that once adorned the masterpiece that is the Parthenon.

The Anglo-Greek tensions will subside over time. Prime Minister Kyriakos Mitsotakis says he wants to leave Sunak's snobbery behind him, and in the person of George Osborne, president of the British Museum, it seems he has found an ally, as the report underlines. "Obviously, we know we're not going to get a lot of support from the Conservative government," Osborne said, referring to Sunak.

Few in Athens would have predicted that the British Museum itself would become a cause for optimism in the past. But at the Acropolis Museum last week, it was Osborne and the British Museum who revived hopes for a resolution to the cultural dispute on a horizon that has only just become visible, concludes the British media.

These Are The Most Significant Historical Inaccuracies in the Film "Napoleon"

Cinematic License vs. Historical Reality: A Closer Look at 'Napoleon

In the realm of historical cinema, the quest for dramatic effect often leads to a divergence from the annals of truth. Ridley Scott's "Napoleon" serves as a prime example, where the allure of narrative embellishment overshadows the rigors of historical fidelity. This film, attempting to encapsulate the grandeur and tumult of Napoleon Bonaparte's life, entwines fact and fiction, creating a tapestry that, while cinematically engaging, strays from the documented realities of the era. In this analysis, we will unravel the threads of historical inaccuracies woven into the fabric of the film, contrasting the cinematic portrayal with the authentic events and figures of the Napoleonic epoch. By examining key deviations, we aim to shed light on the complexities and pitfalls of adapting historical narratives to the silver screen.

1. Misrepresentation of Marie Antoinette's Execution

The film inaccurately portrays Napoleon witnessing Marie Antoinette's execution. In reality, on October 16, 1793, he was 830 kilometers away, leading a siege in Toulon against British forces. This significant geographical and historical discrepancy overlooks Napoleon's actual military engagements during this period.

2. The Myth of Bombarding the Pyramids

Contrary to the film's depiction, Napoleon's army never fired at the pyramids. The Battle of the Pyramids, fought nearly ten kilometers from these ancient wonders, saw Napoleon defeat the Mamluks in 1798. Importantly, the range of cannons at the time would not have allowed for such an attack, debunking this cinematic dramatization.

3. A fictitious encounter with Duke of Wellington

The movie incorrectly shows Napoleon meeting Arthur Wellesley, Duke of Wellington, in Plymouth after the Battle of Waterloo. In reality, their only encounter was on the battlefield, and even then, they were never face-to-face. The film neglects the true nature of their rivalry and interaction.

4. Misleading Age Difference Between Napoleon and Josephine

The film fails to accurately represent the age difference between Napoleon and Josephine. The casting of Joaquin Phoenix and Vanessa Kirby, with a 14-year age gap, does not align with the six-year difference in real life, where Josephine was the elder. This overlooks the nuances of their relationship, though it accurately portrays aspects like infidelity and divorce.

5. Fabrication of a Maternal Intervention

A scene where Napoleon's mother attempts to resolve the couple's childbearing issues is entirely fictional. Historically, both Napoleon and Josephine had children from other relationships, making such an intervention unnecessary and baseless. This scene, however, does highlight the family's disapproval of Josephine.

6. The Myth of the Bullet from Toulon

The film's portrayal of Napoleon holding a bullet that killed his horse at the Siege of Toulon is unfounded. While he did lose many horses and was injured in this battle, there is no record of him keeping such a memento. The scene dramatizes his bravery but strays from factual accuracy.

7. The Exaggerated Role of a Frozen Lake at Austerlitz

The Battle of Austerlitz is depicted with a grandiose but inaccurate tactic involving a frozen lake. In truth, the battle did not hinge on such a dramatic ploy. The actual battle involved complex tactics and was a testament to Napoleon's military prowess, not being reliant on simple trickery involving a frozen body of water.

Conclusion

The film "Napoleon" takes considerable artistic liberties, often at the expense of historical accuracy. While these dramatizations may enhance cinematic appeal, they distort the true events and characteristics of Napoleon's life and era. The divergence from historical facts in several key scenes underscores the importance of distinguishing between historical fiction and reality in cinematic storytelling.

3,000-Year-Old Truncated Conical Tombs Discovered in Chapultepec Forest

In a groundbreaking archaeological discovery, a team from the National Institute of Anthropology and History (INAH) has unearthed 10 truncated conical tombs, estimated to be around 3,000 years old, at the edge of the third section of the Chapultepec Forest. The find provides a fascinating glimpse into the life of a large village that thrived in the Lomas de Chapultepec during the Early and Middle Preclassic periods (2500–400 BC). This remarkable discovery sheds light on the funerary practices of the first agricultural communities in the region.

A Glimpse into Ancient Life

Archaeologist María de Lourdes López Camacho, the coordinator of the archaeological excavations, expresses the significance of the find by highlighting that the community existed before the Xitle volcano eruption and the formation of the Pedregal de Coyoacán. The subsoil, where the tombs were discovered, has been miraculously preserved for over 3,000 years, offering an unparalleled opportunity to study the ancient past.

The discovery refers to the existence of a village from the Early and Middle Preclassic period (2500-400 BC), to the west of current Mexico City. Photo: INAH

Unique Funerary Architecture

The truncated conical tombs, also known as bottle or bell tombs due to their inverted cone shape truncated at a point, present a distinct funerary architecture. These tombs, found at an elevation of 2,416 meters above sea level, mark the first discovery of such structures in the western part of Mexico City. The diameters of the graves vary between one and two meters, with a maximum height of 1.50 meters.

Diverse Burial Practices

Five of the ten tombs contained deposits of human remains, including four female and one male individual, all arranged in a flexed position. This unique burial practice adds to the complexity of the discovery. Preliminary analysis suggests that the truncated conical tombs belong to the Middle Preclassic period (1200-400 BC), with characteristics closely linked to the Early Preclassic period (2500-1200 BC), based on associated materials.

Aerial photos. Photo: Fabian González. INAH

Archaeological Riches

The excavations not only revealed the truncated conical tombs but also uncovered a wealth of artifacts and offerings. Materials recovered from both Early and Middle Preclassic periods include deer antlers used as tools, concave-convex cups, fragments of slate discs, punches, concave cups, female figurines, effigy vessels, and schematic figurines referred to as "ghosts." These findings provide valuable insights into the cultural and technological aspects of the ancient community.

Continued Investigations

Further exploration by the archaeological rescue team uncovered three burials in rectangular cists arranged in an east-west axis. This suggests that the village persisted beyond the Preclassic period, potentially into later periods such as the Classic Period when the Teotihuacan culture inhabited the region.

The discovery of truncated conical tombs in the Chapultepec Forest stands as a testament to the resilience of ancient communities and the richness of their cultural practices. As researchers continue to analyze the findings, we can expect more revelations about the lifestyles, beliefs, and technological achievements of the people who once called this region home. The Chapultepec Forest has once again proven to be a treasure trove of archaeological wonders, offering a bridge between the modern world and the mysteries of our ancient past.

From both contexts, a collection of diverse materials has been recovered, some arranged as offerings. Photo: María de Lourdes López Camacho.

Mass Animal Sacrifices Revealed in Spanish Archaeological Site

A recent archaeological excavation in the region of Las Vegas Altas del Guadiana in Spain has uncovered a fascinating glimpse into Europe's history of ritualistic practices. The site, known as Casas del Turuñuelo, has provided scientists with a wealth of information through the meticulous analysis of over 6,700 bones, shedding light on a unique aspect of the Iron Age – mass animal sacrifices.

The Rituals of Casas del Turuñuelo

Spanish and French scientists collaborated on the detailed examination of the bones, identifying 52 slaughtered animals, including cattle, pigs, and even a dog. The study, published in the journal PLoS One, focused on a well-preserved example of mass animal sacrifice dating toward the end of the 5th Century BC. Maria Pilar Iborra Eres, a co-author of the study, explained, "The Iron Age site of Casas del Turuñuelo was used repeatedly for ritualized animal sacrifice." This discovery is significant as major archaeological sites with evidence of such rituals are rarely found from this era in the Mediterranean region.

The Findings

The researchers unearthed intriguing details about the rituals performed at Casas del Turuñuelo. The bones belonged predominantly to adult horses, with smaller numbers from cattle, pigs, and one dog. The animals were buried in three sequential phases, revealing a shift in the treatment of their remains. In the first two phases, the skeletons were mostly complete and unaltered. However, in the third phase, signs of processing for food were evident in the skeletons, excluding equids. This suggests that a communal meal accompanied the ritual during this phase, adding a new dimension to the understanding of ancient practices.

Revealing Insights

The study provides valuable insights into the ritual protocols practiced at Casas del Turuñuelo. Researchers noted intentional selection of adult animals over young ones and the importance of fire, evidenced by burned plant and animal remains. These findings challenge the existing gap in knowledge between written sources and the archaeological record, making it challenging to establish a clear understanding of the patterns and protocols of such practices. Maria Pilar Iborra Eres emphasized, "Casas del Turuñuelo also exhibits unique features compared to other sites, such as the high abundance of sacrificed horses." This discovery advances efforts to contextualize ritual animal sacrifices across Europe during the Iron Age.

The archaeological revelations at Casas del Turuñuelo open a window into ancient Europe's spiritual practices and shed light on the intricate rituals of mass animal sacrifice. As scientists continue to unravel the mysteries buried in the bones of Casas del Turuñuelo, the site stands as a testament to the complexity and diversity of Iron Age traditions in the Mediterranean region.

This Week in Science: Unveiling Earth's Secrets, Ancient Treasures, and a 'Cosmic Christmas Tree

In the ever-evolving world of science, each week brings forth a plethora of discoveries that unravel mysteries and unveil the wonders of our planet and beyond. In this week's roundup, we delve into the depths of the Atlantic Ocean to uncover a missing blob of water, embark on archaeological adventures in Japan, sail through the enigmatic Punt port, and explore the cosmos with the James Webb Space Telescope. Join us on a journey through the latest scientific revelations and captivating stories that have graced the headlines.

The Atlantic's Missing Blob

In a groundbreaking discovery, scientists have located a colossal body of water spanning from the tip of Brazil to the Gulf of Guinea in West Africa. This "missing" blob of water has confounded researchers since 1942, and its revelation sheds light on the intricacies of Earth's oceans. Additionally, beneath the ocean's surface, a seamount off Guatemala, twice the size of the Burj Khalifa, has been found, accompanied by revelations of a water leak in Earth's mantle that may have given birth to a mysterious crystal-producing layer.

Aquatic Marvels and Beyond

While the ocean takes center stage, the animal kingdom presents its own delights. From great white sharks lurking in the twilight zone to a mammoth jaw unearthed in a Florida riverbed and rare footage of mini mola swimming off Canada's Pacific coast, the wonders of aquatic life captivate our imaginations. But the scientific wonders don't stop there; an electric flying passenger ship promises to revolutionize water travel.

Sickle-cell disease causes red blood cells to become C-shaped and sticky, so they clog up blood vessels. (Image credit: Dr_Microbe via Getty Images)

Archaeological Marvels

The world of archaeology has been buzzing with excitement as researchers unearthed over 100,000 ancient coins in Japan, potentially buried by warriors centuries ago. Journeying to the mysterious port city of Punt, situated in modern-day Eritrea, Africa, DNA from baboon mummies suggests its location. Additionally, DNA analysis reveals the migration of Indigenous people from present-day Mexico to California 5,200 years ago, bringing their languages with them.

Cosmic Revelations with the James Webb Space Telescope

The James Webb Space Telescope continues to dazzle with its cosmic observations. A "cosmic vine" of 20 connected galaxies sprawling through the early universe, along with the discovery of a cosmic "peanut" and "fluff ball," two of the oldest galaxies known, headline the latest space news. Notably, the infamous "devil comet" has lost its iconic horns, presenting a less eerie spectacle.

Twinkling red, yellow and red galaxies burst to life in this JWST/ Hubble image. (Image credit: (Image credit: NASA, ESA, CSA, STScI, J. Diego (Instituto de Física de Cantabria, Spain), J. D'Silva (U. Western Australia), A. Koekemoer (STScI), J. Summers & R. Windhorst (ASU), and H. Yan (U. Missouri).)

Beyond Earth: The "Cosmic Christmas Tree"

As we approach the holiday season, the James Webb Space Telescope presents a festive treat—a cosmic landscape resembling a Christmas tree. Combining observations from the Hubble Space Telescope and the James Webb Space Telescope, NASA astronomers offer a colorful view of the universe, akin to a cosmic Christmas tree adorned with twinkling lights, hinting at untold wonders waiting to be unveiled.

In a week filled with aquatic discoveries, archaeological marvels, and cosmic revelations, the world of science continues to astound and captivate. From the depths of the Atlantic to the far reaches of the universe, researchers push the boundaries of knowledge, offering us a glimpse into the wonders that surround us. As we delve into the mysteries of our planet and beyond, the scientific journey unfolds, promising more revelations in the weeks to come.

A Journey Through 7,000-Year-Old Artifacts in Mount Edziza Provincial Park

In a riveting archaeological revelation, the thawing ice patches of Mount Edziza Provincial Park, Canada, have unveiled a cache of ancient artifacts dating back an astounding 7,000 years. These perishable relics, primarily connected to the Tahltan, one of Canada's indigenous First Nations, offer unprecedented insights into their daily lives and customs, weaving a new chapter into the vibrant tapestry of regional human history.

Situated in a volcanic landscape of immense cultural significance to the Tahltan, Mount Edziza Provincial Park has served as a seasonal hunting ground for centuries. Fueled by the prospect of discovering preserved perishable artifacts within the receding ice patches, researchers embarked on a survey following two winters of exceptionally low snowfall.

A 3,000-year-old pair of stick wrapped in animal hide found in the ice. Photo from Brendan Gray

The discovery of Artifacts

As the summer sun triggered the ice's retreat, archaeologists unearthed a staggering 56 perishable artifacts scattered across nine ice patches in the park. Birch bark containers, projectile shafts, walking staffs, and wooden items crafted with precision emerged, alongside artifacts hewn from animal remains, including a meticulously stitched hide boot and intricately carved antler and bone tools.

A 2,000-year-old bark container with visible stitching found in the ice.

Unique Bark Containers

Among the discoveries, two bark containers stood out. One, dating back 2,000 years, showcased intricate stitching, offering a glimpse into ancient craftsmanship. The other, over 1,400 years old, revealed sticks stitched into its sides, hinting at a purpose as a reinforced basket for transporting heavy loads.

The 6,200-year-old stitched animal hide as it looked in the melting ice (A) and after unfolding (C). A close-up photo (B) shows the knotted sinew and a stitch. Photos from Brendan Gray, Genevieve Hill and Megan Doxsey-Whitfield

6,200-Year-Old Stitched Animal Hide

A remarkable find included a 6,200-year-old artifact made from stitched animal hide, identified as a moccasin-like boot. The artifact displayed the fusion of different hide thicknesses, unveiling the sophisticated craftsmanship of its ancient creators.

5,300-Year-Old Antler Ice Pick

In a separate ice patch, a 5,300-year-old antler, shaped like an ice pick, was uncovered. Its three-pronged design, with a sharpened point, a blunted end resembling a hammer, and a presumed handle, showcased the versatility of ancient tools.

One of the many obsidian artifacts found in the melting ice. Photo from Duncan McLaren

Conservation and Further Study

Surrounded by millions of obsidian artifacts, the perishable treasures were carefully transported to a British Columbia museum for climate-controlled conservation and extensive study. This meticulous process aims to unravel more details about Tahltan technology, lifestyles, and cultural practices.

The melting ice in Mount Edziza Provincial Park has gifted us a remarkable window into the past, enabling archaeologists to excavate and preserve the narratives of Canada's indigenous First Nations. As ongoing research peels back the layers of time, these discoveries promise to deepen our understanding of the region's history and the ingenious ways of its ancient inhabitants.

Archaeologists Discover Temple of Worship for Alexander the Great in Ancient Iraq

In a groundbreaking archaeological revelation, experts excavating the site of Girsu, now situated in the modern-day town of Tello in southern Iraq, have uncovered a 4,000-year-old ancient Sumerian temple believed to be a Greek sanctuary dedicated to Alexander the Great. The findings, encompassing cryptic Greek inscriptions, a silver drachma coin from Alexander's troops, and figurines resembling the Companion Cavalry, point to a profound connection with the legendary conqueror himself.

The temple, thought to have been commissioned by Alexander, offers insights into the historical and cultural tapestry of ancient societies. Dr. Sebastien Rey of the British Museum expressed astonishment at the discovery, deeming it "truly mind-blowing." Figurines discovered at the site, mirroring cavalrymen from Alexander's bodyguard, suggest a close link between the offerings and the Macedonian King, potentially even indicating his presence at the site.

Historical Significance

The archaeological findings provide a window into the past, unlocking the potential to comprehend accurate historical knowledge and the cultural memory of ancient societies. Constructed around 323 BCE, the temple may have been one of Alexander's final endeavors before his demise. The discovery sheds light on Alexander's journeys, indicating a visit to the city of Girsu, and offers clues about his motivations for selecting this particular site.

Cultural Ties and Mythical Connections

Research suggests that Alexander may have been drawn to the site due to its associations with the ancient Mesopotamian god, Ningirsu. Dr. Rey proposes that Alexander, considering himself the son of Zeus, may have chosen this location after learning that Ningirsu was equivalent to Heracles, whom Alexander regarded as his brother. The site's connections to Zeus and two divine sons, believed to be Heracles and Alexander, underscore its cultural and historical significance.

Cryptic Inscriptions and Mysterious Tablets

The archaeological journey commenced with the discovery of a mysterious tablet bearing an inscription in Aramaic and Greek: "adad-nadin-a ḫḫe," meaning "giver of the two brothers." Dr. Rey interprets this as a reference to Zeus, the alleged father of Alexander, who bestowed upon the world both the commander and his brothers, Hercules and Ningirsu. The tablet, along with later Greek material mixed with older Sumerian items, hints at the possibility of a Greek structure on the site.

Preserving Endangered Heritage

The excavation forms part of a collaborative initiative to safeguard endangered heritage sites led by the British Museum, Getty, and the State Board of Antiquities and Heritage (SBAH) of Iraq. The project gained momentum following the discovery of walls and administrative records of a massive palace and the sanctuary where the Greek temple was later constructed in the autumn of 2022.

The revelation of a Greek temple dedicated to Alexander the Great in ancient Iraq stands as a testament to the intricate connections between cultures, mythologies, and historical figures. As archaeologists continue to unveil the secrets concealed beneath the sands of Girsu, the world awaits further revelations that could reshape our understanding of ancient civilizations and the enduring legacy of one of history's greatest conquerors.

Shocking article in Liberation: "After all, all of Europe stole something from Greece"

"In the end, all of Europe, all of us, stole something from Greece" writes an Italian writer in Liberation

Italian writer Andrea Marcologo wrote about the return of the marble heads from the Vatican to Greece

"Paris, Copenhagen, Würzburg, Karlsruhe and especially London, are the cities where the fragments of the Parthenon stolen from Greece are still groaning today" points out the Italian writer Andrea Marcologo in her article published on the occasion of Paris Book Festival, in French newspaper Liberation.

A. Markologo refers specifically to the recent decision of the Vatican to return three marble heads to Greece, but also more generally to the request of Greece for the return of the Parthenon Marbles.

He recalls Lord Byron's "prophetic" poem, "The Curse of Athena" and notes that some countries have finally decided to react, such as Italy, which returned part of the eastern zoocart to the Acropolis Museum and which until 2022 is kept in the Archaeological Museum of Palermo, where he had arrived at the beginning of the 19th century, under unspecified conditions.

"Pope Francis stated that he wants to correct an injustice of more than 200 years, a position that was welcomed by Lina Mendoni, the Greek Minister of Culture", reports the Italian writer, emphasizing that where politics does not have - or does not want to have - the legal means (since the works of art of a state are inalienable and cannot in any case be transferred) there is religion'.

He points out in this regard that the return of the three heads to Greece took place in the context of a donation from the Catholic Church to the Orthodox Church and not a return from state to state. The Pope offered the sculptures to Archbishop Jerome II, who in turn decided to donate them to the Acropolis Museum, he notes.

A.Marcologo also mentions that the Louvre still exhibits a metope and a fragment of the Parthenon frieze, which was brought back to France by Count Choiselle-Gouffier, ambassador to the Ottoman High Gate during the Napoleonic Empire.

He then refers to the story of Lord Elgin and how he extracted the marbles, pointing out that in fifteen years, the Parthenon, which had gone through 2,500 years of history, suffered and disintegrated like never before.

Calling it terrible to wait and even worse to stop waiting, he emphasizes that the Greeks hope for the restoration of the Marbles that were seized by the British since their independence in 1821 and adds: "I wonder if it is not a geographical curse, the fate of everything of the South to be humbled by a North, whoever he may be. The reasons why they oppose the return of the Marbles to Greece in the last two centuries, are exactly the same as those that are put forward today in the debate about the restoration of African works of art.

"We have done them a favor, the Greeks must thank us, such has long been the position of England and the West towards their reproaches, accompanied by a paternalistic astonishment at this absence of gratitude. Even today, England refuses to consider the possibility of returning its antiquities to Greece".

"Ultimately, all of Europe, all of us, stole something from Greece: whether it was her ideas, from which we forged our Western roots, or the Parthenon Marbles, it doesn't matter. Someday we will have to learn to pay our debt to Athena", Andrea Marcologo concludes.

12 Most Mysterious Archaeological Artifacts Finds Scientists Still Can't Explain

The video discusses several archaeological mysteries that remain unsolved. In Russia, a 40-foot wide circle of mammoth bones, including skeletons, tusks, and full skulls, was deliberately arranged in a ring formation about 25,000 years ago.

Experts have suggested that the carcasses of captured mammoths were placed there to preserve the meat, but they cannot explain why the hunter-gatherers would have taken such care to arrange them in a ring. Danish police were asked to investigate a 1,000-year-old crime at Borging, a 10th-century Viking fortress, where archaeologists have noted signs of fire on the large oak timbers that used to be part of the fort's enormous gates.

The police were unable to determine whether the fire was caused by an attack or an accident and thus validate the abandonment theory. The oldest foundry in Padua, Italy, which dates back to around 2,900 years ago, was discovered in the early 1990s, but it was not excavated until April 2022.

The function of a thick layer of deliberately arranged ceramics, known as a wasps nest, was to absorb moisture from the soil and prevent water from penetrating the foundry.

The Izhorians: Indigenous Peoples Of Russia Under The Threat Of Extinction

The Ingrian or Aoran people are indigenous to the area between the Gulf of Finland and Lake Logga, and their population has been gradually declining since the 20th century. Nikita Diov is a 25-year-old Aoran who has been working to revive the lost traditions and culture of his people.

He learned the Aoran language and crafts, and moved to the village of Kuli, the historic habitat of the Aoran. Nikita conducts guided tours at the Aoran regional museum and has become popular due to his knowledge of Aoran culture and language. The Aoran people have a strong connection to the forest and believe that each forest has a master and mistress who keep an eye on those who enter.

The Aoran people have a belligerent history and have always been ready to protect their land from invaders. The Aoran people were heavily impacted by the 17th century when their land was given to the Swedes, leading to their gradual decay.

Nikita's work is invaluable in preserving Aoran culture and language, which is listed as being under significant threat of extinction by UNESCO's Atlas of the World's Languages.