Ancient Roman Military Game Pieces Unearthed in Türkiye’s Hadrianopolis

Excavations in the ancient city of Hadrianopolis, located in Türkiye’s northern province of Karabük, have revealed two bone game pieces believed to be part of a Roman-era military strategy game. This discovery further strengthens evidence of a Roman military presence in the region.

A Glimpse Into the Past

Led by Dr. Ersin Çelikbaş from Karabük University’s archaeology department, the ongoing excavations at Hadrianopolis have uncovered structures dating from the late Chalcolithic period through the Roman and early Byzantine eras. The site is known for its intricate mosaics depicting animals, earning it the nickname the "Zeugma of the Black Sea."

Archaeologists have unearthed various structures, including baths, churches, tombs, an inner fortress, a fountain, city walls, a villa, and religious sites. Most recently, their efforts led to the discovery of two ancient bone game pieces, believed to be from the 5th century AD.

Evidence of a Roman Military Headquarters

Dr. Çelikbaş emphasized the significance of these findings, which were made as part of the Heritage for Future project under Türkiye’s Ministry of Culture and Tourism.

“These game pieces are bone-made and shaped like a lentil and a disk. One features a four-armed symbol, while the other has an eight-armed symbol. Such markings suggest that these were game pieces used in strategic gameplay,” he explained.

He further elaborated that these types of games were commonly played using bone pieces in ancient times. “The discovery of these strategy games at Hadrianopolis further confirms the presence of a Roman military unit. Similar game pieces were used in ancient military strategy games like Ludus Latrunculi and Duodecim Scripta, which were popular among Roman soldiers,” he added.

Strategic Games: A Tradition That Endures

Dr. Çelikbaş highlighted that strategic games were a common pastime in ancient Anatolia, especially among soldiers. The presence of these game pieces reinforces the understanding that Hadrianopolis hosted a Roman military headquarters and a garrison between the 2nd and 5th centuries AD.

He also noted that strategy-based games have stood the test of time. “Many games from the ancient world have evolved and are still played today. Strategy games such as checkers, Battleship, and even the digital game Minesweeper all share principles that were first introduced in antiquity.”

With excavations set to continue in 2025, the research team anticipates uncovering even more significant artifacts that will further illuminate the history of this fascinating ancient city.

Bronze Age 'Mega Fortress' Mapped with Advanced Drone Technology

A massive 3,000-year-old fortress in the Caucasus Mountains has been redefined through aerial drone mapping, revealing that the site is 40 times larger than previously estimated.

Discovering Dmanisis Gora

Located approximately 65 kilometers southwest of Georgia’s capital, Tbilisi, the fortress known as Dmanisis Gora dates back to 1500–500 BCE. This period saw the construction of numerous large-scale fortifications throughout the South Caucasus, marking a significant transformation in the region’s history. Strategically positioned between Europe, Central Asia, and the Middle East, the area has long been a cultural crossroads and played a crucial role in early horse domestication.

The Role of Drone Technology

Since 2018, excavations at Dmanisis Gora have uncovered fortification walls extending far beyond initial estimates. Due to the vast scale of the site, traditional ground surveys proved insufficient for accurately assessing its full extent.

This challenge led Dr. Nathaniel Erb-Satullo from Cranfield University in the UK to deploy drones for aerial mapping. "The drone captured nearly 11,000 images, which were then processed using advanced software to generate high-resolution digital elevation models and orthophotos," Erb-Satullo explains. These composite images provide a precise top-down perspective of the site, making it easier to analyze structural features.

The drones utilized for this study have an impressive positional accuracy of less than two centimeters, allowing for an exceptionally detailed survey of the fortress and its surroundings.

Insights from Historical Imagery

To enhance their analysis, researchers compared the drone imagery with Cold War-era spy satellite photos taken 50 years ago and declassified in 2013. These comparisons provided insights into changes in the landscape, including modern agricultural impacts on the ancient settlement.

"By integrating these datasets, we identified subtle topographic features and produced accurate maps detailing fortification walls, burial sites, agricultural field systems, and various other stone structures within the outer settlement," Erb-Satullo adds.

A Vast and Dynamic Settlement

The findings revealed that Dmanisis Gora spanned 60–80 hectares (0.6–0.8 square kilometers), making it one of the largest Bronze Age mega fortresses in the region. The outer settlement, enclosed by a formidable one-kilometer-long defensive wall, suggests a highly organized and expansive habitation site.

"The use of drones has been instrumental in unveiling the true scale and complexity of this site—something that would have been nearly impossible using traditional ground-based methods," Erb-Satullo states.

Beyond its regional importance, Dmanisis Gora provides broader insights into the diversity of large-scale settlements and their formation processes. Researchers theorize that the site’s expansion was influenced by interactions with mobile pastoral groups, with its outer settlement possibly fluctuating in size depending on seasonal migration patterns.

Future Research Directions

Now that the site has been extensively mapped, further research will delve into key aspects such as population density, livestock movement patterns, and agricultural practices. This ongoing analysis will continue to shed light on the dynamic nature of early settlements in the region and their adaptations to environmental and social factors.

Ancient Mystery Unraveled: Skull Once Thought to Belong to Cleopatra’s Sister Identified as a Young Boy

A groundbreaking study has revealed that a skull long believed to belong to Arsinoë IV, the sister of Cleopatra, actually belonged to a young boy. Researchers have determined that the individual was between 11 and 14 years old at the time of death and likely suffered from a developmental disorder. While this discovery sheds light on a previously unidentified historical figure, it also raises a lingering question: where is Arsinoë IV?

Discovery of the Skull and Initial Assumptions

The journey of this skull’s identification began in 1929 when Austrian archaeologist Josef Keil and his team discovered a sarcophagus in the ruins of the "Octagon," a distinctive structure in the ancient city of Ephesos, now part of Turkey. Inside, they found a complete skeleton but no accompanying grave goods. Before sealing the tomb, Keil took the skull back to Germany for further study.

Based on his analysis, Keil concluded that the remains belonged to a 20-year-old woman of high social standing. Reflecting the informal archaeological practices of the time, he even transported the skull in his personal luggage to the University of Vienna for further examination.

Decades of Speculation

In 1953, Keil formally published his findings, suggesting that the burial site was a "Heroon," a shrine dedicated to a heroic figure in ancient Greek and Roman traditions. He proposed that the skull belonged to an aristocratic young woman. Then, in 1982, a second excavation uncovered the rest of the skeleton, but this time, the bones were placed in a niche outside the sarcophagus, adding to the mystery.

By 1990, speculation about the skeleton’s identity intensified. Many archaeologists theorized that the remains belonged to Arsinoë IV, primarily due to architectural similarities between the Octagon and the famed Pharos Lighthouse of Alexandria. Furthermore, Arsinoë IV was assassinated in Ephesos around 41 BCE on the orders of Mark Antony, Cleopatra’s lover, adding credibility to the theory.

Modern Science Disproves the Theory

To settle the debate, a team from the University of Vienna’s Department of Evolutionary Anthropology applied state-of-the-art scientific methods. Researchers from various disciplines—including genetics, radiocarbon dating, orthodontics, and archaeology—examined the skull using micro-computed tomography (micro-CT), a technology that creates detailed 3D digital models through X-ray imaging.

Small samples taken from the skull’s base and inner ear were analyzed for age and genetic markers. Radiocarbon dating confirmed that the skull dated between 36 and 205 BCE, aligning with Arsinoë IV’s known lifetime. Genetic comparisons also confirmed that the skull and the bones found in the 1980s belonged to the same individual, supporting Keil’s initial conclusions.

However, the biggest revelation came next: repeated tests confirmed the presence of a Y chromosome, proving that the remains belonged to a male.

A Young Boy with a Rare Condition

Further analysis revealed that the boy was still going through puberty at the time of his death. Micro-CT scans of his dental roots and skull base showed they were still developing, reinforcing this conclusion. Additionally, the boy appeared to have suffered from a significant developmental disorder.

One of his cranial sutures had fused prematurely—something that typically occurs around age 65—causing an asymmetrical skull shape. His upper jaw was also underdeveloped and angled downward, which would have made chewing difficult. Supporting this, dental data showed that his first molar exhibited no wear, while his premolar, which emerges later in life, was heavily worn and cracked, likely due to excessive strain.

The cause of his condition remains uncertain. Possible explanations include a vitamin D deficiency or a genetic disorder such as Treacher Collins syndrome, a condition known for altering cranial structure.

The Search for Arsinoë IV Continues

While this research provides a definitive identity for the individual buried in the Octagon, many questions remain. Why did the Octagon incorporate Egyptian architectural elements? And, most importantly, where was Arsinoë IV actually buried?

With the mystery of the skull solved, archaeologists can now refocus their efforts on uncovering the true resting place of Cleopatra’s ill-fated sister.

This study is published in Scientific Reports and marks a significant advancement in our understanding of ancient history through modern science.

Ancient Alemannic Chamber Grave Unveiled in Germany, Featuring a Rare Well-Preserved Comb

Archaeologists have made an exciting discovery in Gerstetten, a village in southwestern Germany’s Heidenheim district—a rare Alemannic chamber grave dating back to the early 4th century. This significant find emerged during a rescue excavation conducted ahead of a housing development project.

Uncovering a Lost Piece of History

Commissioned by the State Office for the Preservation of Monuments (LAD) in the Stuttgart Regional Council, the excavation was carried out by ArchaeoBW, a specialist archaeological firm. The site, which has been continuously inhabited since late antiquity, offers a fascinating glimpse into the region’s historical connections to both Roman and early Germanic cultures.

The Alemanni, a confederation of Germanic tribes frequently at odds with the Roman Empire, settled in areas north of the Roman province of Raetia. Their presence in the region left behind invaluable archaeological evidence, including the recently uncovered grave.

An Isolated Chamber Grave with Remarkable Artifacts

The grave was constructed as a wooden chamber and contained the skeletal remains of a man estimated to have been around 60 years old. Radiocarbon dating places the burial between 263 and 342 CE. Notably, the grave was found in a solitary location, a characteristic feature of burials from this era.

Inside the chamber, archaeologists unearthed several valuable artifacts, including ceramic and glass vessels, a finely crafted glass cup, and an exceptionally well-preserved small comb with all its teeth and handle intact. The glass cup likely originated from the late Roman fort of Guntia (modern-day Günzburg), while other grave goods bear striking similarities to artifacts from the central Elbe-Saale region.

Significance of the Discovery

The quality of the burial site and the objects found within suggest that the deceased held an important status within Alemannic society. Early Alemannic graves in the Baden-Württemberg region are rare, and most commonly appear in small clusters of five to twelve burials. This individual grave, however, stands out due to its unique construction and the exceptional quality of its funerary items.

Preservation and Future Excavations

Following the excavation, the artifacts were transported to the LAD restoration workshop in Esslingen for further analysis and conservation. While the excavation team continues to document the human remains and other objects, two ceramic vessels have already been successfully restored.

The Stuttgart Regional Council remains hopeful that additional graves may be uncovered, as the area south of the current excavation site has yet to be explored. Further archaeological investigations are scheduled to resume at the end of the year, potentially revealing more insights into this ancient Alemannic settlement.

This remarkable discovery not only enriches our understanding of early Alemannic culture but also highlights the deep historical connections between the Germanic tribes and the Roman Empire. As further research unfolds, archaeologists hope to uncover even more hidden secrets from this fascinating period of history.

Ancient Pottery and Elite Residences Unearthed in Iraqi Kurdistan

Exciting Archaeological Discoveries in Dohuk Province
A team of archaeologists from the University of Udine has uncovered two ancient settlements in Iraqi Kurdistan’s Dohuk province, dating back approximately 8,000 years. The excavation took place in the Rovia sub-district at the Kanispan site, a Neolithic settlement from the 7th millennium BCE.

Bekas Brifkani, the province’s Director of Antiquities and Heritage, shared the discovery with Shafaq News Agency, stating that the sites were found in Asinkran and Kanisban, situated in the Nafkor plain near Rovia. These excavations, conducted as part of the Asingeran Excavation Project in collaboration with the Directorate of Antiquities of Dohuk, provide significant insights into the earliest agricultural societies and their transition into complex communities.

Breakthroughs in Early Agriculture and Craftsmanship
Led by Marco Iamoni from the Humanities and Cultural Heritage Department at the University of Udine, the project has revealed extraordinary findings. In Asinkran, archaeologists identified some of the oldest grain processing and pottery-making techniques, dating back over 8,000 years. Meanwhile, the Kanisban site provided evidence of early agricultural specialization and craft production.

Monumental Architecture and Social Structures
At Asinkran, researchers uncovered two monumental buildings— the Rectangular Mudbrick Building and the White Building—dating back approximately 7,000 years. Constructed on an elevated mound, these structures likely housed the social elite of that period. The presence of such large buildings at Asingeran suggests that early societies had well-developed social hierarchies.

The findings at Kanispan, including early evidence of ceramic production and cereal cultivation, represent a major milestone in prehistoric archaeology. These discoveries help explain how early egalitarian agricultural societies evolved into more stratified communities with specialized labor divisions, a model that influenced the development of modern civilizations.

Scientific Analysis and Future Research
Describing the discovery as a crucial step in reconstructing the region’s history, Brifkani emphasized Kurdistan’s importance as a hub of early civilization. The research team is conducting advanced analyses, including DNA, paleobotanical, and ceramic studies, in collaboration with the National Museum of Denmark and the universities of Padua and Bologna. These efforts will help reconstruct the social organization and agricultural practices of the area’s earliest communities.

The Asingeran site has shown evidence of continuous occupation from the Ceramic Neolithic period through the early 3rd millennium BCE, with significant reoccupation in the 2nd millennium BCE. In addition to prehistoric findings, traces of Ottoman-era dwellings (1500–1800 CE), including small stone houses, hearths, and domestic ovens, have also been discovered.

This groundbreaking research provides a deeper understanding of the early societies that once thrived in Iraqi Kurdistan and their lasting impact on human civilization.

Ancient Roman Britain Rituals: Unusual Discovery of Painted Dog Baculum

A Unique Artifact Unearthed in Surrey
Archaeologists in Surrey, England, have uncovered an extraordinary artifact from the Romano-British period—a painted dog penis bone, or baculum, believed to have been used in fertility rituals. This discovery, made in a Roman quarry shaft, is the first of its kind, providing new insights into ancient ritual practices.

The Ritual Shaft and Its Findings
Since its initial excavation in 2015, the 13-foot-deep limestone shaft in Ewell, Surrey, has yielded numerous prehistoric human and animal remains. Archaeologists suggest that such deep pits and wells were intentionally filled with materials indicative of votive or ritualistic offerings. Among the discoveries were about 300 domestic animal remains, including pigs, horses, cows, sheep, and dogs. Notably, most of these dogs were small breeds such as terriers or corgis rather than the more common hunting or herding dogs of the time.

Adding to the intrigue, some disarticulated human skeletons were also recovered from the shaft, which appears to have been filled over a relatively short span of 50 years.

The Painted Dog Baculum: A Symbol of Fertility?
A recent study, published on December 25 in the Oxford Journal of Archaeology, analyzed this rare artifact. Bioarchaeologist Ellen Green, the study’s author, examined the baculum and found traces of red ochre on its surface. Through X-ray fluorescence analysis, Green determined that the red pigment, composed of iron oxide, was not naturally present at the site but had been intentionally applied before the bone was placed in the shaft.

This evidence suggests that the baculum was deliberately painted, possibly as a good luck charm linked to fertility rites. The symbolic significance of the phallic-shaped object aligns with broader cultural and religious practices of the time.

Newborn Animal Remains: A Ceremonial Significance
Another remarkable aspect of the site was the high concentration of newborn and perinatal animal remains. The presence of numerous fetal and neonatal skeletons, including 14 foals, indicates intentional breeding in the area, possibly for ceremonial purposes. Given the symbolic importance of animals in Roman Britain, this finding further supports the theory that the site had ritualistic significance.

Symbolism of Horses and Dogs in Roman Britain
In Roman Britain, certain animals carried deep spiritual meanings. Dogs were often associated with fertility, protection, and healing, frequently linked to mother goddesses who represented renewal and abundance. Horses, on the other hand, were connected to Epona, a goddess of fertility and the afterlife. The presence of both animals at the site suggests a broader cultural and religious context surrounding the mysterious shaft.

A Glimpse into the Spiritual Beliefs of Roman Britons
While the exact purpose of the painted baculum remains unclear, it provides a fascinating window into the spiritual and ritual practices of Roman Britons. This discovery continues to deepen our understanding of how fertility, life, and the afterlife were interwoven into their beliefs and customs.

Unsolved Mystery of Greece’s Ancient Dragon Houses

Mysterious Megalithic Structures in Euboea
The Dragon Houses of Euboea, believed to date back to the Preclassical period of ancient Greece, remain one of history’s greatest enigmas. These 23 megalithic structures, known as “drakospita” in Greek, are mainly found in the Ochi Mountain and Styra regions. Despite their name, they have no connection to dragons, yet they continue to fascinate researchers with their remarkable architecture, durability, and unknown origins.

Intriguing Construction and Design
Built entirely without mortar, these structures resemble the stepped pyramid of Djoser in Egypt and the pre-Columbian Teotihuacan temples. Constructed using massive square or rectangular stones, many of which are monolithic, the buildings are notable for their absence of foundations. The roofs are particularly striking, made from enormous stone slabs stacked in a pyramidal formation. The drakospito on Mount Ochi stands at an impressive altitude of 1,386 meters (4,547 feet), making its construction an extraordinary feat.

Theories Behind Their Purpose and Origins
Despite extensive research, the function of these Dragon Houses remains uncertain. Some scholars suggest they served religious or astronomical purposes, while local traditions propose they were farmhouses, shelters, or military outposts. A fascinating theory links the word “dragon” not to mythical creatures but to individuals with superhuman abilities, possibly connecting the structures to ancient Greek gods.

An Architectural Marvel at High Altitudes
One of the biggest puzzles surrounding these structures is how their builders transported and assembled such enormous stones at such high elevations. The strategic locations of the buildings suggest they were placed to allow for long-range observation of the surrounding landscape. Additionally, each structure features a Pantheon-like roof opening, likely designed to let in natural light from the sun or moon.

Historical Investigations and Discoveries
The first documented exploration of the Mount Ochi drakospito was conducted by English geographer and geologist John Hawkins (1758–1841), who initially believed it to be an ancient temple. Later studies analyzed the structures’ orientations, revealing a potential connection to the rise of Sirius around 1100 B.C., supporting the theory of an astronomical function.

Archaeological excavations, led by Professor Nikolaos K. Moutsopoulos in the mid-20th century, unearthed pottery fragments, animal bones, and inscriptions dating from the Preclassical to the Hellenistic periods. Some inscriptions remain undeciphered, adding to the ongoing mystery of the drakospita.

A Mystery Yet to Be Solved
Despite numerous studies, the origins and purpose of these megalithic wonders remain shrouded in mystery. Until further discoveries are made, these ancient “abodes of the supernatural” continue to captivate historians and archaeologists alike, offering a glimpse into the ingenuity of early civilizations.

Cover Photo: Wikiwand

This news was published on 4 July 2022 and updated on 8 January 2025.

Exploring Hagia Sophia’s Hidden Underground Tunnels and Vaults

Opening Istanbul’s Subterranean Wonders to the Public
The Turkish Ministry of Culture has launched an extensive cleaning initiative to prepare the underground spaces of Hagia Sophia for public access. This ambitious project involves restoring a network of tunnels, vaults, corridors, and a three-room underground tomb beneath this world-famous architectural marvel.

A Secret Network Beneath Hagia Sophia
These subterranean structures have played various roles over the centuries, serving as ventilation shafts, storage areas, and even burial sites. Experts describe this concealed labyrinth as the “lifelines” of Hagia Sophia, revealing an intricate system hidden beneath the historic landmark.

The Hypogeum: A Window Into the Past
One of the most remarkable discoveries is the “Hypogeum,” an underground tomb located four meters below the northeast façade of Hagia Sophia. Constructed in the fourth century A.D., this burial site predates the iconic structure, which was built in the sixth century.

Although the existence of this underground tomb has been known since 1946, it remained buried under four tons of mud and sediment. Thanks to the large-scale cleaning efforts initiated by the Ministry of Culture and Tourism in 2020, the tomb has now been uncovered, revealing its historic grandeur. Over time, it has undergone modifications and was connected to other underground spaces through ventilation shafts, making it one of the oldest surviving architectural elements in the region.

Ongoing Research and Restoration Efforts
Dr. Hasan Fırat Diker, a member of the Hagia Sophia Science Council, has been leading research on these underground structures for the past five years. The interconnected passages surrounding Hagia Sophia extend nearly one kilometer, with the cleaning process expected to take another year to complete.

“This project is of great significance, as it allows even a portion of these hidden areas to be visited. Every discovery is carefully examined under the supervision of the Hagia Sophia Museum, and the findings provide new insights into Istanbul’s rich history,” said Dr. Diker.

He further emphasized that sections beneath the arcaded courtyard date back to the time of Hagia Sophia’s construction, making them approximately 1,500 years old. The tomb, however, is believed to be even older than the present-day structure.

Diker also highlighted the importance of preserving both the superstructure and the underground components of Hagia Sophia. “It is encouraging to see that efforts are being made not only to maintain the structure above ground but also to protect and study what lies beneath,” he noted.

As restoration and research continue, the opening of these hidden tunnels and vaults will offer visitors an unprecedented glimpse into the lesser-known chapters of Hagia Sophia’s history.

Discovery of Hungary’s First Warrior Woman Burial

Unveiling a Groundbreaking Find
A team of archaeologists, led by Balázs Tihanyi from the University of Szeged and the Institute of Hungarian Research, has identified the first known female burial with weapons in Hungary. The tomb, located in the Sárrétudvari-Hízófóld Cemetery in Hajdú-Bihar County, dates back to the 10th century, during the era of the Hungarian Conquest.

Historical Context: The Hungarian Conquest
The Magyars, originally from the Eurasian steppes, migrated to the Lower Danube region around 830 AD. By the late 9th or early 10th century, they had settled in the Carpathian Basin, quickly establishing dominance and forming the Kingdom of Hungary by the century’s end. Hungarian mounted archers gained a formidable reputation across Europe, and warrior burials from this period commonly include weapons such as bows, arrows, axes, spears, and sabres.

A Pioneering Female Warrior?
The presence of weapons in female burials has long been a subject of debate among scholars. While past discoveries of women interred with weapons have been made—particularly in Sarmatian and Avar contexts—these finds typically included only one weapon or symbolic items, leaving uncertainty about whether the women were warriors.

Scientific Investigation and Findings
The study, published in PLOS ONE, focused on tomb SH-63, originally excavated between 1983 and 1985 but recently re-examined using advanced archaeological and genetic techniques. Due to poor skeletal preservation, determining the individual’s sex through traditional methods was challenging. While the skull displayed some feminine features, previous studies had deemed this insufficient for classification. However, genetic analysis provided conclusive evidence: the remains belonged to a female.

Artifacts and Unique Burial Practices
The burial inventory of SH-63 was relatively modest but distinct. Among the items recovered were a quiver, arrow fragments, a silver hair ring, glass beads, semi-precious stone beads, and a bow with a horn plaque. The grave’s unique object arrangement and the body’s slightly skewed position set it apart from others in the cemetery.

Challenging Traditional Perspectives
This discovery marks the first recorded instance of a female burial in the region containing a full set of weapons, raising important questions about the role of women in Hungarian society during the conquest. The findings provide new insights into gender roles, social structures, and the potential presence of female warriors in early medieval Hungary. As research continues, archaeologists hope to uncover more about the lives and status of women in this dynamic historical period.

Ancient Denisovan Fossils Unearthed in Siberia’s Denisova Cave

Earliest Known Denisovan Remains Discovered
Scientists have made a groundbreaking discovery, identifying the oldest known remains of the Denisovans, a mysterious ancient human lineage. For the first time, researchers have linked 200,000-year-old Denisovan bones to stone tools, shedding new light on their behavior and way of life.

The Denisovans were first identified in 2010 through DNA analysis of a tooth and a small finger bone found in Denisova Cave, located in Siberia’s Altai Mountains. Prior to this latest discovery, only a handful of Denisovan fossils had been unearthed, including four bone and tooth fragments and a jawbone from Tibet.

Tracing Denisovan Ancestry and Evolution
Genetic studies indicate that Denisovans shared a common ancestor with Neanderthals and modern humans approximately 765,000 years ago. After diverging from our lineage, the Neanderthal-Denisovan ancestors migrated into Eurasia while early Homo sapiens remained in Africa. By 430,000 years ago, the Denisovans and Neanderthals had separated into distinct populations, with Neanderthals settling in western Eurasia and Denisovans in the east. Some theories suggest that shifting Arctic ice sheets may have geographically isolated these groups.

Further DNA evidence confirms that Denisovans interbred with early modern humans at least twice—once in East Asia and again in Southeast Asia or Australasia.

New Fossil Discoveries in Denisova Cave
A team of researchers recently uncovered three new Denisovan fossils in Denisova Cave. Estimated to be 200,000 years old, these specimens surpass the age of previously known Denisovan remains, which ranged between 122,000 and 194,000 years.

In their study, scientists analyzed 3,800 bone fragments from the cave, using protein markers to identify Denisovan remains. Among the five human bones discovered, four contained sufficient DNA for identification—one belonging to a Neanderthal and three to Denisovans. Genetic similarities suggest that two of these Denisovan bones may have come from the same individual or closely related individuals.

Connecting Denisovans to Stone Tools and Their Environment
The fossils were found in sediment layers rich with stone tools and animal bones, providing crucial archaeological context. Previously, Denisovan remains had only been located in layers lacking such artifacts or in areas potentially mixed with Neanderthal remains.

This discovery offers new insights into Denisovan life. Researchers believe that these early humans inhabited a warm, forested environment with open grasslands, similar to today’s climate. They likely hunted animals such as deer, gazelles, horses, bison, and even woolly rhinoceroses, as suggested by butchered and burned animal remains found in the cave.

Technological Insights from Denisovan Artifacts
The stone tools associated with the Denisovan fossils primarily consist of scrapers, likely used for processing animal hides. These tools were crafted from river sediments near the cave’s entrance, indicating that the nearby water source played a crucial role in their survival and hunting strategies.

Interestingly, these tools do not closely resemble any known artifacts from North or Central Asia. However, they bear similarities to tools found in Israel dating back 250,000 to 400,000 years, a period marked by major advancements in human technology, including the widespread use of fire.

The research findings have been published in Nature Ecology & Evolution, paving the way for further exploration into Denisovan history and their impact on early human evolution.

Scientific Breakthrough: Analysis of Ancient Skull in Ephesus

Unraveling a Centuries-Old Mystery
A multidisciplinary team, led by anthropologist Gerhard Weber from the University of Vienna, has conducted an in-depth analysis of a skull discovered in 1929 among the ruins of Ephesus, Turkey. This remarkable find was originally unearthed by Austrian archaeologist Josef Keil from a water-filled sarcophagus within the "Octogon," a grand structure situated on Ephesus’s main street. Decades later, in 1982, further excavations recovered the rest of the skeleton from a niche in the tomb’s anteroom.

Was the Skull Linked to Arsinoë IV?
Due to architectural similarities between the Octogon and Egypt’s Pharos of Alexandria, scholars speculated that the skull belonged to Arsinoë IV, the youngest daughter of Ptolemy XII Auletes and a sister or half-sister of Cleopatra VII. Historical accounts align with this possibility, as Arsinoë IV was exiled to the Temple of Artemis at Ephesus before being executed in 41 BC by order of Mark Antony at Cleopatra’s behest.

Scientific Examination and Findings
Employing cutting-edge techniques in evolutionary anthropology, researchers performed micro-CT scans, radiocarbon dating, and genetic analysis on the skull. The study, published in Scientific Reports, determined that the remains date between 36 and 205 BC. Genetic testing further confirmed the presence of a Y chromosome, indicating that the skull belonged to a male, rather than Arsinoë IV.

Morphological analysis revealed that the remains were of a young boy, aged between 11 and 14, who exhibited developmental abnormalities. These included prematurely fused cranial sutures and significant jaw deformities, possibly caused by a vitamin D deficiency or genetic conditions such as Treacher Collins syndrome.

New Avenues for Research
This groundbreaking discovery not only dispels the long-held theory linking the remains to Arsinoë IV but also opens up fresh lines of inquiry into the true identity of the individual buried within the Octogon. The search for Arsinoë’s final resting place continues, as researchers delve deeper into the mysteries of ancient Ephesus.

Egypt Unveils Ancient Blocks from Queen Hatshepsut's Temple

Exciting Archaeological Discovery in Luxor
CAIRO, Jan 8 (Reuters) – Archaeologists have uncovered well-preserved sections of the foundation wall of Queen Hatshepsut’s valley temple in Luxor, along with the nearby tomb of Queen Teti Sheri, the grandmother of Pharaoh Ahmose I, who played a pivotal role in Egypt’s New Kingdom era.

Significant Findings Near Hatshepsut’s Temple
The excavation team, led by renowned Egyptian archaeologist Zahi Hawass, revealed their discovery of over 1,000 decorated stone blocks on the outskirts of Hatshepsut’s mortuary temple. The announcement was made on Wednesday, marking a major breakthrough in the ongoing excavations at the site, which began in 2022.

Queen Hatshepsut, one of the few female rulers of ancient Egypt, reigned during the 18th Dynasty and passed away around 1458 B.C. However, her valley temple was later deliberately dismantled, leaving behind scattered remnants.

Remarkable Artistic and Architectural Elements
Among the findings, a striking limestone tablet was identified, bearing the name of Senmut, Hatshepsut’s chief architect who supervised the temple’s construction. Additionally, the excavation revealed 1,500 vividly decorated blocks. "This is the first time we’ve discovered such an extensive collection of painted blocks, featuring some of the most stunning artwork I have ever seen," Hawass commented.

The Rediscovery of Queen Teti Sheri’s Tomb
Located near Hatshepsut’s temple, archaeologists also uncovered the tomb of Queen Teti Sheri. She was the grandmother of Ahmose I, the pharaoh credited with expelling the Hyksos invaders from Egypt and founding the golden age of the New Kingdom. Queen Teti Sheri passed away during the ninth year of Ahmose’s reign, roughly a century before Hatshepsut’s rule.

The tomb itself is modest, carved directly into rock, and features a vaulted mudbrick chapel. The interior walls are adorned with red-painted designs applied over a white plaster base, providing valuable insight into the artistic traditions of the time.

A Milestone in Egyptology
This discovery sheds new light on the architectural and artistic achievements of ancient Egypt. It also highlights the enduring legacy of Queen Hatshepsut and her predecessors, offering fresh perspectives on Egypt’s rich and complex history. As excavations continue, archaeologists anticipate uncovering even more secrets buried beneath the sands of Luxor.

Authorities Will Pay You $1,000,000 to Crack This 5,000-Year-Old Code—Can You Solve It?

Authorities are offering a $1 million prize to anyone who can successfully decode a 5,000-year-old script that has left experts stumped for decades.

This mysterious writing system, known as the Harappan Script or Indus Valley Script (IVS), was developed by the Indus Valley Civilization, which thrived over 5,300 years ago in what is now northern India and Pakistan. While the civilization eventually vanished, it left behind thousands of inscriptions that provide valuable insights into their way of life—if only they could be understood.

Can you decipher the script? (DEA/G. NIMATALLAH/Getty)

The script was first discovered in 1875 by Sir Alexander Cunningham, founder of the Archaeological Survey of India. He came across six symbols that didn’t match any known Indian scripts. Since then, more than 7,000 similar inscriptions have been found, often featuring a central animal alongside a brief sequence of characters. Despite extensive efforts, scholars have been unable to decipher them, largely due to the absence of multilingual artifacts for comparison.

Unlike many ancient texts that revolve around religious or spiritual themes, researchers believe the Harappan Script records practical activities. Yet, even with modern technology, linguists, archaeologists, and cryptographers have been unable to break the code.

In light of this, Tamil Nadu’s Chief Minister, Muthuvel Karunanidhi Stalin, has announced a $1 million reward for anyone who can successfully decode the script to the satisfaction of archaeological experts.

The challenge has drawn significant attention, with engineers, IT professionals, and even retirees in India claiming to have cracked the code. However, Rajesh PN Rao, a leading expert from the University of Washington, remains unconvinced. “Many insist they’ve solved it, but the case isn’t closed yet,” he stated.

For now, the million-dollar reward remains unclaimed, awaiting the individual who can finally unlock the secrets of this ancient civilization—and make history in the process.

Looters Steal 500-Year-Old Cave Painting in Mexico, Damaging Historic Site

A historic cave painting, believed to be at least 500 years old, has been stolen from La Cueva Pinta in northern Mexico, leaving archaeologists and officials outraged. The looters used an electric saw to remove the artwork, also causing damage to two other paintings at the site, according to Mexico's National Institute of Anthropology and History (INAH).

Discovery of the Damage

The Coahuila branch of INAH received a citizen complaint regarding damage at La Cueva Pinta, prompting an investigation by archaeologist Yuri de la Rosa Gutiérrez. Upon inspection, a section of the cave painting was found missing, while two other artworks had visible damage.

One of the damaged sections of La Cueva Pinta. Photo from Mexico’s National Institute of Anthropology and History

Photographs from the site reveal blank rectangular spaces surrounded by vibrant red and orange designs. Fragments of painted rock were discovered on the ground nearby, evidence of the looters' use of an electric saw.

The stolen painting prominently featured a human hand, a striking image that held historical and cultural significance.

The spot where a painting was cut out of La Cueva Pinta. Photo from Mexico’s National Institute of Anthropology and History

Official Condemnation

The Mexican Ministry of Culture and INAH issued a joint statement on January 8 condemning the destruction. They described the incident as an irreparable loss to the country’s cultural heritage and confirmed that a formal complaint had been filed with the justice department. However, there have been no leads or identified suspects in the case.

Mexico's archaeological sites, including La Cueva Pinta, are protected by federal law, making this theft a serious criminal offense.

Significance of La Cueva Pinta

Located near Cuatro Ciénegas in Coahuila, a northern state bordering Texas, La Cueva Pinta is adorned with over 150 paintings that span thousands of years. Some of the artworks date back as far as 5,000 years, making the site an invaluable record of ancient cultures in the region.

The theft and damage not only rob Mexico of a piece of its history but also highlight the ongoing challenges in protecting archaeological treasures from vandalism and theft.

A Call for Preservation

This act of looting serves as a stark reminder of the fragility of historical sites and the importance of safeguarding them for future generations. The Mexican Ministry of Culture and INAH continue to advocate for the protection of these irreplaceable landmarks, urging communities to assist in preserving the nation’s rich cultural legacy.

Study Explores Stone Tool Selection by Early Humans in Ethiopian Highlands

A groundbreaking international study sheds light on the deliberate choices early humans made when crafting tools over 1.5 million years ago. Focusing on findings from the Melka Wakena site in Ethiopia, the research highlights how our ancestors selected specific types of stone for their tools, showcasing their advanced cognitive abilities and technological understanding.

Published in PLOS ONE, the study offers a glimpse into the ingenuity of early hominins and how they optimized their tools for functionality and durability.

Why Certain Stones Were Chosen

Researchers discovered a wide variety of tools at Melka Wakena, sparking questions about why certain stones were used over others. Using cutting-edge technologies, including robot-assisted experiments and imaging, the team determined that early humans prioritized materials with superior quality, suitability, and durability.

Dr. Eduardo Paixão, the study's lead researcher from the University of Algarve in Portugal, explained, "The properties of the stones played a critical role in their selection. Our findings reveal that early hominins had a profound understanding of their environment and made intentional decisions based on material performance."

Tools Shaped by Intentional Choices

The research was conducted at the Laboratory for Traceology and Controlled Experiments (TraCEr) in Germany, a division of the Leibniz-Zentrum für Archäologie (LEIZA). Advanced tools, such as the SMARTTESTER, were utilized to examine how different stones impacted the tools’ surface wear over time.

Dr. João Marreiros, head of the TraCEr Laboratory, noted, "The deliberate selection of materials resulted in distinct surface changes on tools. This indicates that differences in archaeological finds are not accidental but reflect purposeful decision-making by early humans."

Collaborative Efforts in Unveiling Early Technologies

The study is the product of international collaboration involving the Interdisciplinary Center for Archaeology and Evolution of Human Behavior (ICArEHB) at the University of Algarve, LEIZA’s TraCEr Laboratory and Imaging Platform (IMPALA), and the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. Excavations at Melka Wakena were led by Prof. Erella Hovers and Dr. Tegenu Gossa.

These partnerships brought together expertise from diverse fields to unravel the technological innovations of early toolmakers.

Opening Doors to Further Research

The findings at Melka Wakena provide valuable insights into the decision-making processes of early humans, revealing the sophisticated strategies they employed to adapt to their environment.

Dr. Paixão emphasized, "This research paves the way for further exploration into the complex technological and cognitive capabilities of our ancestors. By studying their choices, we gain a deeper understanding of how innovation shaped human evolution."

This discovery underscores the remarkable ingenuity of early humans, offering a clearer picture of their resourcefulness and adaptability as they navigated their ancient world.

Archaeologists Uncover Ancient Throne Room in Peru Linked to Influential Female Ruler

On the northern coast of Peru, archaeologists have made an extraordinary discovery at Pañamarca, an ancient Moche site. A 1,300-year-old throne room, adorned with vibrant murals, has been unearthed, hinting at the reign of a powerful female leader. This revelation offers new insights into the Moche civilization, which thrived between 350 and 850 CE and has long fascinated historians for its advanced art and architecture.

A Throne Room Rich in History

At the heart of the discovery lies a stunning adobe throne, surrounded by murals depicting scenes of power and authority. The artwork portrays a woman seated on a throne, receiving visitors or dignitaries, possibly symbolizing her role as a ruler. This central figure is depicted engaging with a bird-man figure and overseeing a procession of subjects carrying textiles and her intricate crown, braided with her own hair.

Jessica Ortiz Zevallos, one of the lead archaeologists, suggests that the throne room may have been used by this female leader, indicating her prominent position within Moche society.

Uncovering the Moche Legacy

The Moche civilization, known for its monumental temples and exquisite art, left no written records, making discoveries like this crucial for understanding their culture. The murals in the throne room, referred to as the "Hall of the Moche Imaginary," are filled with symbolic imagery connecting the ruler to natural elements such as the sea and crescent moon, as well as to artistic and political authority.

Lisa Trever, a pre-Columbian art history professor at Columbia University, emphasizes that female leaders were not an anomaly in Moche society. Historical evidence, especially from burial sites, highlights the significant roles women played, often wielding both social and political power.

A Society of Hidden Queens

The discovery challenges long-standing perceptions of the Moche as a predominantly male-dominated society. Trever points out that high-status male burials are often labeled as "lords," while women are typically referred to as "priestesses." However, the throne room at Pañamarca demonstrates that women in Moche society were not only spiritual figures but also held tangible political influence.

The Throne Room and Beyond

The throne room is part of a larger architectural complex at Pañamarca, situated on a granite hill with views of the surrounding landscape. Another recently excavated space, the "Hall of the Braided Serpents," features unique murals of intertwined snakes and human legs, a motif never before seen in Moche art. This hall likely served as a venue for public ceremonies or performances, with its bold designs visible from the site’s main square.

An Ongoing Exploration

Pañamarca continues to reveal new treasures each excavation season, offering a deeper understanding of Moche society. From elaborate murals to intricate artifacts, the site showcases the creativity and sophistication of this ancient civilization.

“We often describe Pañamarca as a hub of unmatched artistic innovation,” Trever remarks. “Every season, our discoveries reinforce that belief.”

While the Moche civilization vanished over a millennium ago, their legacy endures in the vibrant murals and artifacts they left behind. These discoveries not only bring us closer to understanding their culture but also celebrate the untold stories of powerful women who shaped their world.

Ancient Discoveries in Assos: A Glimpse Into Turkiye’s Rich Past

Archaeologists working in the ancient city of Assos, located in the northwestern Turkish province of Çanakkale, have made extraordinary discoveries that shed light on the region's rich history. Among their latest findings are a 2,200-year-old mosaic from the Hellenistic period and an 1,800-year-old monument tied to a wealthy family of the ancient city.

A Mosaic of the Hellenistic Era

The mosaic, remarkably well-preserved, features intricate geometric and floral patterns crafted from polygonal stones. Nurettin Arslan, head of the excavation team, emphasized the cultural significance of this artwork, which has remained intact through centuries.

These findings were part of the final season of excavations conducted under a local initiative focused on preserving and promoting the city’s historical and touristic legacy. The initiative was led by Turkiye's Ministry of Culture and Tourism.

Monument of an Affluent Family

In addition to the mosaic, archaeologists uncovered an 1,800-year-old monument believed to have belonged to a prominent family of the city. While details about this structure remain limited, its discovery underscores the affluent lifestyle of Assos's inhabitants during its peak.

The Timeless City of Assos

Perched atop volcanic rock formations, Assos offers breathtaking views and a treasure trove of historical sites. As one of the most well-preserved ancient Greek cities, it boasts iconic structures, including a parliament building and a theater, which continue to captivate historians and visitors alike.

Arslan also mentioned a large structure in the area that was once thought to be a waterway, hinting at ongoing exploration efforts that could reveal even more about the city’s storied past.

A Legacy Worth Preserving

These discoveries highlight the enduring legacy of Assos as a vital cultural and historical hub. With its unique blend of natural beauty and ancient architecture, the city continues to offer invaluable insights into the lives of those who once thrived there.

As excavations progress, Assos is poised to further cement its status as a key destination for history enthusiasts and a testament to Turkiye’s incredible archaeological heritage.

Unearthing Anchorage's Indigenous Past: A Nearly 1,000-Year-Old Dene Cache

Archaeologists have discovered a remarkable piece of history near Cook Inlet in Anchorage, Alaska—a cache dating back approximately 960 years. Found at Joint Base Elmendorf-Richardson (JBER), this ancient storage site sheds light on the enduring presence and resourcefulness of the Dene people, a culture deeply tied to the region for centuries.

The Dene People: Guardians of Southcentral Alaska

The Dene, also known as Athabaskan people, include the Dena’ina, Ahtna, and other cultural groups in Alaska’s Interior and Southcentral regions. For generations, the Dena’ina people traversed the Upper Cook Inlet area, following coastal routes to fishing camps in what is now Anchorage. The discovery of this cache aligns with their oral traditions and emphasizes their role as stewards of the land for at least a millennium.

Aaron Leggett, president of the Native Village of Eklutna and a curator at the Anchorage Museum, expressed the importance of the find:

“This confirms Dena’ina oral traditions and highlights the need for continued exploration of their archaeological legacy.”

The Discovery: A "Time Capsule" Beneath the Forest

The cache, a root cellar-like structure, was uncovered during a routine survey in June 2024. Initial expectations dated the site to a few hundred years ago, but radiocarbon analysis revealed a surprising age of nearly 1,000 years, said Liz Ortiz, a cultural resources program manager at JBER.

“When we got the results, we were thrilled—it was like uncovering a time capsule,” Ortiz shared.

Located on a hillside with sweeping views of Knik Arm, the site features a three-and-a-half-foot-deep pit lined with birch bark to protect its contents from moisture, dirt, and animals. While researchers initially anticipated evidence of marine-based storage, soil samples suggest the presence of terrestrial animals such as moose or caribou.

Tribal Knowledge and Archaeological Collaboration

The excavation has been enriched by partnerships with Dena’ina and Ahtna elders, who contributed invaluable insights into the site's cultural significance. Elders recalled a nearby fish camp connected to the Theodore family, marked by a birch tree bearing a carved “T.” This identifier may have linked the site to a broader network of ancestral camps.

Angela Wade, a Chickaloon village tribal citizen and historic preservation officer, emphasized the importance of integrating oral history with archaeological research:

“These sites not only confirm what was passed down but reveal details about past hardships and resilience, like surviving volcanic winters or times of scarcity.”

Preserving and Acknowledging Anchorage’s Deep History

The discovery underscores the importance of recognizing Anchorage’s Indigenous history. While modern Anchorage was established in 1914, the Dene people have lived on these lands for millennia, expertly caring for the environment and adapting to its challenges.

Margan Grover, a JBER archaeologist, noted:

“Anchorage’s urban landscape is young, but we must honor the incredible stewardship of those who lived here long before.”

As half of Alaska’s population resides on traditional Dene lands, much of this history has been disturbed by development. However, tribal leaders emphasize the value of ongoing archaeological efforts.

“Every site we explore is a step toward reclaiming pieces of our history that were nearly lost,” Wade remarked.

This discovery not only deepens our understanding of the Dene people but also highlights the importance of preserving and celebrating Alaska’s rich Indigenous heritage. As researchers continue their analysis, this nearly 1,000-year-old cache stands as a powerful reminder of the resilience and ingenuity of those who came before.

Rare Votive Treasures Unearthed at Cham "Sacred Pit" in Vietnam

Archaeologists have made an extraordinary discovery at a Cham Buddhist temple site in An Phú district, An Giang province, Vietnam. This region, home to a Cham community, is among the country's most remote areas and offers a glimpse into the rich history of an ancient Austronesian ethnic group.

The Cham People and the Kingdom of Champa

The Cham people were the original inhabitants of central Vietnam and coastal Cambodia, long before the arrival of the Vietnamese and Cambodians. They established the Kingdom of Champa, a collection of Hindu-Buddhist principalities, in the 2nd century AD.

Over time, the Champa kingdom faced challenges from the growing Khmer Empire and the territorial expansion of the Vietnamese. By the 17th to 19th centuries, Vietnamese forces had annexed the last remnants of the Champa territories, leading to the kingdom’s eventual decline.

Discovering the "Sacred Pit"

Recent archaeological efforts at a Cham Buddhist temple site revealed a significant structure known as the "Sacred Pit." At its core lies a circular brick arrangement in a swastika pattern, an ancient symbol representing good fortune and auspiciousness. The site, dating back to the 9th or 10th century, showcases the distinct architectural style of the Champa civilization.

Rare Votive Offerings Found

Within the "Sacred Pit," researchers uncovered an extraordinary collection of votive treasures, believed to have been offerings placed during the temple’s construction. Among the remarkable finds were:

• An inscribed gold object conveying the Buddhist principle of Dependent Origination.

• A Kamandalu-style vase placed atop an eight-petaled golden flower, symbolizing purity and abundance.

• Dozens of artifacts crafted from glass and precious gemstones, highlighting the artistry and spiritual devotion of the Cham people.

Preserving a Cultural Legacy

This discovery offers a rare opportunity to explore the spiritual and architectural contributions of the Cham civilization. The intricate design of the "Sacred Pit" and the valuable treasures it holds provide a deeper understanding of the kingdom’s Buddhist heritage and the enduring cultural significance of the Cham people.

Unveiling Finland's Oldest Church: Insights into Early Christianity and Medieval Life

The discovery of Finland's oldest known church at Ravattula offers invaluable insights into the spread of Christianity and the cultural practices of 13th-century Finns. Unearthed during excavations near Turku in 2013, these ruins have revealed a wealth of historical detail, shedding light on Finland’s transition from paganism to Christianity.

A Historic Discovery

Located on Ristimäki Hill, about four kilometers northeast of Turku, the church predates Finland’s formal parish system established by the Catholic Church. Thought to have been a private chapel or village church, it served the local community until the early 1200s. After its abandonment, the site’s memory faded, leaving behind only the name “Cross Hill” (Ristimäki).

Radiocarbon dating indicates the church was constructed shortly after the mid-12th century and was active until the mid-13th century. The wooden structure, about 10 meters long and 6 meters wide, was built on stone foundations and aligned on an east-west axis.

Debunking Myths: The Arrival of Christianity

For centuries, legends told of crusades in the 12th and 13th centuries that forcefully imposed Christianity on Finland. However, archaeologist Juha Ruohonen of the University of Turku explains that the spread of Christianity was a gradual process, starting as early as the 900s through personal interactions and missionary efforts rather than conquest.

By the mid-1100s, significant administrative changes formally integrated Finland into the Swedish realm and the Catholic Church, laying the groundwork for the parish system. These findings reshape previous understandings of the First Crusade’s role, emphasizing local ecclesiastical developments over military campaigns.

Community and Burial Practices

Excavations at Ristimäki uncovered not just the church but also a surrounding cemetery. Over 60 graves have been examined, revealing a blend of Christian rites and older pagan traditions. For instance, burials included coffins and personal items like jewelry, beads, and weapons—an indication of lingering pre-Christian beliefs.

Remarkably, well-preserved textile fragments from the graves provided a rare glimpse into 12th-century clothing. Interdisciplinary research allowed for the reconstruction of an authentic Ravattula costume, complete with bronze ornaments and woolen fabrics.

The Ongoing Legacy of Ravattula

Although excavations concluded in 2016, only a third of the site has been explored, leaving decades of potential research. Artifacts, including decorative glass beads, brooches, and even everyday items like nails, continue to provide new insights thanks to advancing archaeological methods.

Stored in the archives of the University of Turku, these finds deepen our understanding of early Finnish Christianity, medieval life, and cultural transitions.

A Glimpse into the Past

The Ravattula site serves as a vital window into Finland’s history, revealing how religion, culture, and community evolved during a transformative era. While much remains to be uncovered, each new discovery enriches our appreciation of Finland's rich and complex heritage.