A 1,800-Year-Old Roman Settlement Unearthed – The Gemstone Depicting Hermes and the Mysterious Knife

In the quiet countryside of northwestern Germany, an extraordinary archaeological discovery has captured the imagination of experts and the public alike. Deep beneath the surface of a modern residential development project in the Delbrück-Bentfeld area of Paderborn, researchers have uncovered the remains of a sophisticated Roman-era rural settlement dating back nearly 1,800 years.

Lea Rokus, a student involved in the excavation, recently presented a beautifully decorated pottery shard, estimated to be almost two millennia old—just one of the many remarkable finds shedding light on this once-forgotten corner of Roman influence in Germania.

A Settlement Revealed

The 20-centimeter knife with integrated bronze strips was found buried beneath the floor of the small building (Photo: LWL/A. Madziala).

The excavation, overseen by the Westphalia-Lippe Regional Authority (LWL), began in November 2024 and has since brought to light the remains of at least three rural settlements near the ancient Roman military camp of Anreppen. Among the most fascinating discoveries are a finely engraved gemstone bearing the image of Hermes—the Roman god of commerce and travel—and a mysterious knife buried in an unusual position beneath a dwelling’s floor.

Originally believed to house just a single isolated farmhouse, the area now reveals a far more complex and extensive pattern of habitation, challenging previous assumptions made during a preliminary study conducted eight years ago.

Traces of Everyday Life

Dr. Sven Spiong from LWL-Archäologie in Bielefeld highlights how the Lippe River basin is rich with traces of early post-Roman settlements. Through their excavations, archaeologists aim to analyze the spread and characteristics of these rural communities more precisely.

Among the key findings is the accurate dating of one farmhouse on the eastern edge of the site. Coins and pottery fragments suggest continuous occupation between the 2nd and 3rd centuries AD. Ground imprints also allow for partial reconstructions of buildings, including a large central residence and semi-subterranean annexes to the north and south, likely used for weaving or other domestic activities.

Water access, a critical need for any settlement, was secured via a shallow well dug down to the water table. Soil patterns indicate the well was originally reinforced with timber to aid in water collection.

Glimpses of Local Economy

In the southwestern section of the excavation zone, another farmhouse is under study. Here, archaeologists discovered evidence of a kiln, indicating that alongside textile production, the settlement may have supported metalworking—particularly copper smelting for decorative objects.

Fragments from the kiln walls, vitrified from intense heat and containing metal residues, leave little doubt about the presence of skilled craftsmanship in the area. Numerous coins scattered across the site further support accurate dating of the settlement phases, once they are restored and analyzed alongside recovered ceramics.

According to Dr. Spiong, one of the central research questions remains: Did these farmsteads coexist at the same time, or were they part of a single estate that shifted locations over time due to natural wear and decay of wooden structures?

The Gemstone of Hermes

Among the standout discoveries is a tiny gemstone measuring just 1.5 centimeters in diameter. Intricately carved, it features Hermes holding a money pouch in one hand and a caduceus in the other, while wearing his iconic winged helmet. Experts believe the gem was once set in a ring and suggest that its Roman origin serves as yet more evidence of ongoing trade between locals and regions under imperial control—even after Roman legions had left.

The Knife Beneath the Floor

Another object stirring intense curiosity is a 20-centimeter iron knife adorned with bronze inlays. It was found buried blade-up beneath the floor of a small underground structure at the western edge of the site.

What intrigues researchers most is how the knife was placed: carefully hidden, but not in a way that would harm anyone who might stumble upon it. This has led to speculation about a possible ritual function—perhaps a symbolic offering intended to protect the structure, or alternatively, a deliberately hidden object for safekeeping.

Experts have confirmed its Roman origin, reinforcing the idea that cultural and economic ties between Germanic communities and the Roman Empire were both long-lasting and significant.

A Window into the Past

The small precious stone featuring the god Hermes, which was originally attached to a ring, has been placed in an impressive frame (Photo: LWL/A. Madziala).

Delbrück’s mayor, Werner Peitz, has closely followed the progress of the excavation and stressed the importance of preserving these findings. "The archaeological study in the Schafbreite development area offers a unique opportunity to better understand our past. Each discovery is another piece of the puzzle, bringing us closer to the lives of our ancestors and preserving their stories for future generations," he stated.

While plans for urban development have limited exploration of a third farmhouse at the western end of the excavation site, surface findings strongly suggest that the settlement extended well beyond the current dig zone—part of a broader, interconnected network of villages along the Lippe River.

Even after the Roman camp at Anreppen was abandoned, the web of interactions between Roman and local populations appears to have endured for at least two more centuries, leaving a lasting imprint on the region’s history.

“And from the Earth Rose a Theater” – The Rediscovery and Systematic Excavation of the Ancient Theater of Lefkada

The ancient city of Lefkada, founded in the late 7th century BCE by the seafaring Corinthians on the northeastern tip of the island, was once a powerful city-state. Thanks to its strategic position on maritime routes to the North and West and its bustling harbor, Lefkada flourished economically and culturally. Rescue excavations carried out by the Ephorate of Antiquities of Aetolia-Acarnania and Lefkada, within the framework of public and private works, have unearthed significant archaeological remains, including segments of fortification walls, residential structures, cemeteries, and harbor installations.

The only systematic excavation on the island since the large-scale efforts of renowned archaeologist Wilhelm Dörpfeld took place in recent years. Its focus? To uncover Lefkada’s most iconic ancient monument—the theater. The theater is located about three kilometers south of modern Lefkada, nestled on the northeastern slope of the middle hill of Koulmos. Surrounded by olive groves, the site offers a panoramic view of the sea channel and the coastal plain where the ancient city once thrived.

Until 2015, very little was known about the theater. The only recorded traces came from trial trenches dug in 1901 by E. Kruger, a colleague of Dörpfeld, and documented in the book Alt Ithaka. After the initial digs were filled in, the exact location of the theater was lost to time, hidden beneath olive trees and temporary storage sheds. However, the area’s distinctive terrain and surface artifacts helped archaeologists from the 11th Ephorate of Prehistoric and Classical Antiquities relocate the site in 1997.

Under the leadership of Dr. Olympia Vikatou, systematic efforts to excavate the theater began in 2015. These efforts were made possible through a partnership with then-mayor Kostas Drakontaeidis and with the support of the nonprofit organization DIAZOMA. The first trial trenches, funded by the municipality, revealed stone seats, the orchestra, and the retaining wall of the stage.

In 2017, a full-scale excavation was launched by the Ephorate of Antiquities of Aetolia-Acarnania and Lefkada, financed jointly by the Region of the Ionian Islands (€100,000) and the Municipality of Lefkada (€100,000), under a formal agreement with the Ministry of Culture. Excavation began on land owned by the Mikronis family, who generously allowed work to proceed before the formal expropriation process was complete. Within just five excavation seasons, by 2023, the team had brought to light the grand and monumental theater of ancient Lefkada.

A Monument Emerges from the Olive Groves

The excavation—led by Dr. Vikatou and supported by a skilled team including archaeologists Vivian Staikou and Varvara Gkiza, surveyor George Lolos, architect Nikos Chatzidakis, and art conservator Aphrodite Tiligada—was especially challenging. It required the removal of numerous large olive trees, extensive soil clearing, the dismantling of modern structures, and the careful relocation of architectural fragments.

Today, the archaeological site reveals much of the theater’s cavea (seating area), orchestra, euripos (drainage channel), parodoi (side entrances), retaining walls, and a substantial portion of the stage building. While the upper parts of the cavea are poorly preserved—mainly due to both ancient and modern human activity—the lower sections retain key architectural elements.

The theater faces northeast/southwest and is divided by 13 staircases (0.72–0.78 meters wide) into 12 seating sections. The lower cavea still has well-preserved stone benches and presidential seats (proedria), especially at the center, along with limestone cover plates, stair risers, and paving slabs.

The main seating area has 21 rows of seats, and above the 21st row, there was likely a horizontal walkway (diazoma). Higher still, three rows were carved directly into the rock, with the rest of the epitheatron (upper cavea) appearing as a continuous slope—likely unfinished. At full capacity, the theater could host about 10,000 to 11,000 spectators, though the 24 rows alone could seat around 3,500.

Among the highlights of the excavation are three partially preserved stone thrones, intricately decorated with lion’s paws, dolphins, birds, and sirens, likely reserved for high-ranking individuals such as priests or officials of the city or the later Acarnanian League.

The orchestra—partially carved into bedrock—forms a complete circle with an outer diameter of 16.65 meters, encircled by a stone frame made of three layers of stones. The stones feature elegant decorative motifs such as wave patterns and bands.

The stage building measures approximately 20 meters long and 13 meters wide. Though only the foundations survive, many column fragments and pieces of the entablature suggest it featured an Ionic façade with 16 engaged columns. On either side of the colonnade were ramps, each nine meters long, leading to the logeion (the upper stage platform where actors performed). These ramps were enclosed at their entrances with gates, and a strong retaining wall located 13 meters behind the stage marked the eastern boundary of the structure.

A Theater Shaped by Time

The theater is believed to have been built during the 4th century BCE, a time of prosperity in ancient Lefkada, aligning with the construction of other major public buildings. However, certain architectural features indicate later renovations. During the Roman period, the city declined, especially after the founding of Nicopolis by Octavian Augustus in 31 BCE, when many residents of Lefkada were resettled there. The theater, like much of the ancient city, was eventually abandoned, and parts of its structure were repurposed for newer buildings, some of which were erected directly atop the seating area.

Despite centuries of wear and human intervention, the theater remains a striking and imposing monument, seamlessly integrated into the natural contours of the hill and overlooking the surrounding landscape, including the ancient city’s harbor and the Acarnanian coastline.

The upper part of the cavea and parts of the stage are scheduled for future excavation, pending the completion of land expropriations initiated by the Ministry of Culture following a 2020 visit by Minister Lina Mendoni. Restoration and stone conservation plans have already been prepared under the current Programmatic Agreement. Once approved by the Central Archaeological Council (KAS), the project will be ready for inclusion in a co-financed funding program.

Sincere thanks are extended to regional governors Spyros Galiatsatos, Rodi Kratsa-Tsagaropoulou, and Ioannis Trepeklis, as well as to mayors Konstantinos Drakontaeidis, Charalampos Kalos, and Xenofon Verginis, all of whom played key roles in advancing the agreement with the Ministry of Culture.

From a forgotten hillside covered in olive trees to a monumental rediscovery, the ancient theater of Lefkada stands once more—a testament to the island’s rich cultural legacy and its enduring connection to the dramatic arts.

Pompeii: Archaeologists Discover Two Nearly Life-Sized Statues

Archaeologists in Pompeii have made a striking discovery—two nearly life-sized statues, one of a man and one of a woman, believed to have adorned a large tomb in the ancient city.

The statues were uncovered during excavations at a monumental burial site within the Porta Sarno necropolis, one of the main gateways into ancient Pompeii. The tomb features multiple burial niches built into a wall, and these two statues likely held significant symbolic meaning for the people interred there.

Experts believe the female figure may represent an important local woman—possibly a priestess of Ceres, the Roman counterpart of the Greek goddess Demeter. This theory is supported by her elaborate jewelry and accessories, including earrings, rings, and bracelets, which suggest high status.

“These statues date back to the late Roman Republic,” said Gabriel Zuchtriegel, director of the Pompeii Archaeological Park. “The woman appears to be part of the local elite, and there’s a strong possibility she was a priestess of Ceres.”

The female figure is depicted holding what appear to be laurel leaves—symbols commonly associated with purification and the blessing of sacred spaces through incense and aromatic smoke. In Roman society, priestesses held a prominent role in religious and civic life. In fact, it was one of the highest public positions a woman could attain at the time.

Interestingly, while the statues were placed side by side, archaeologists aren’t certain they represent a married couple.

“Funerary sculptures didn’t always depict couples,” Zuchtriegel explained. “Sometimes they show two men, or even three individuals. This man could be her husband—or possibly her son. Without an inscription, it’s impossible to say for sure.”

Regardless of their exact relationship, the statues offer a rare and intimate glimpse into the lives—and afterlives—of Pompeii’s elite just before the city was frozen in time by the eruption of Mount Vesuvius.

Workers Noticed Something Strange in the Soil—And They Were Right: A 2,500-Year-Old Ancient Settlement Discovered by Accident

Archaeologists in Shaoxing, located in China’s Zhejiang Province, have uncovered a remarkably well-preserved ancient settlement dating back 2,500 years to the Yue State during the early Warring States period (475–221 BCE).

This significant discovery sheds new light on ancient Chinese construction methods and urban planning, offering rare insights into daily life on the outskirts of Yue’s capital.

A Curious Observation in the Soil

The accidental discovery occurred in June 2024, during construction work for a new development in the Shaoxing Binhai area. Workers noticed unusual soil layers, which led to a swift investigation by the Zhejiang Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology.

Researchers soon confirmed the presence of an ancient coastal settlement dating to the Warring States period, located roughly 4.47 km north of the old Cao River. The area, historically known as Baicaoyuan, was once a maritime and economic hub.

Remarkable Wooden Architecture

Among the most striking findings were the remnants of advanced wooden structures. Two major wooden buildings, each nearly 1,300 square meters in size, were identified.

• The first structure featured stilts, porches, and walls constructed from interlocking wooden stakes, topped with thatched roofing made of straw and reeds, all tied together with grass ropes.

• The second structure was built with ten parallel rows of wooden piles, horizontal beams, and layered logs—a complex and forward-thinking design that suggests three-dimensional architectural planning, rarely seen in constructions of that era.

The precise joinery techniques used in these buildings even resemble those found in later Chinese dynasties, showing a surprisingly high level of craftsmanship.

Dr. Zhou Xiaolong, an expert in ancient wooden architecture, emphasized the significance of the find, stating: "This wasn’t a random assembly—it was meticulously planned."

A Capital Suburb Revealed

Archaeologist Xu Tianjin explained that this location, along with the ancient cities of Tingshan and Nanshantou, formed a functional extension of Yue’s capital, aligning with historical accounts from the Yuejishu, a classical Chinese text that mentions the “great city of Shanyin.”

Techniques Ahead of Their Time

The site’s wooden foundation system was analyzed by Chen Zhiyong’s team from Harbin Institute of Technology, who found that the construction techniques surpassed even some used during the Tang Dynasty (618–907 CE).

Builders used a foundation system involving woven bamboo baskets and deep-set piles sunk into marshy soil—up to 2.3 meters deep. These methods predate similar Song Dynasty technologies by approximately 1,500 years.

Artifacts Unearthed

The excavation also revealed a treasure trove of artifacts, including:

• A primitive porcelain cup

• Red ceramic tripods

• Ash-glazed burial urns with decorative impressions

• Bronze drill bits

Remains of domesticated animals—especially dogs, pigs, and cattle—were also found, painting a picture of daily agricultural life.

Significantly, researchers uncovered a large volume of marine remnants, such as shells and tuna vertebrae, suggesting that sea-based activities played a key economic role and were likely tied to trade networks.

Ritual and Defense

One of the most intriguing findings was a set of ritual pig burials, with full skeletons aligned toward the ancient Cao River—possibly indicating religious or cultural traditions.

Archaeologists also discovered hydraulic infrastructure, hinting that naval defense strategies were once employed in the area.

More Discoveries in Jizhong

In July 2024, further excavations in Jizhong unveiled even more Yue-era structures. While Jizhong likely served as an administrative center, Baicaoyuan—in the outskirts—appears to have been a working-class settlement, home to craftsmen who salted fish and repaired ships by the waterfront.

Archaeologists also found 38 artifacts from the Six Dynasties period (220–589 CE), indicating that later settlers reused ancient materials for different purposes.

Preserving the Past for the Future

To protect these rare wooden structures, archaeologists and civil engineers are taking innovative steps. The most fragile architectural elements will be reburied under geo-textiles, creating China’s first "archaeological time capsule"—a preservation effort aimed at safeguarding the site for future generations.

Did You Know the Story of the Bee and Hagia Sophia?

According to legend, a humble bee—unwittingly—played a part in the construction of the most iconic church in Byzantine history: Hagia Sophia.

When Emperor Justinian began building Hagia Sophia in 532 AD, workers toiled day after day, hauling materials, mixing clay and lime, racing against time to complete the grand cathedral. The task was monumental, and precision was everything. Craftsmen blended the materials with the utmost care, as if they were preparing a sacred ritual.

One day, the story goes, a young apprentice left a mold filled with lime and water to the side while he went to assist on the walls. When he returned, the mold was gone. No one knew what had happened—until someone noticed a bee flying away, carrying tiny bits of the mixture. They followed it.

The bee disappeared through a crack in the foundation. The next day, they found it had built a small hive inside a niche, using clay and lime, shaped into a perfect hexagon. The workers paused, stunned into silence. To them, it was a divine sign.

The bee’s geometry, they said, surpassed that of even the most skilled artisan. And at that moment, the master builder declared:
“We will build this temple as the bee builds her hive—with harmony, wisdom, and humility.”

The legend spread by word of mouth—from the heart of Constantinople to Pontus and deep into Asia Minor. In some variations, it’s said that the bee protected a sacred object from the Divine Liturgy when the Ottomans entered the city and will return it when Hagia Sophia once again becomes a place of Christian worship. In others, the bee is seen as a guardian of the great dome—a small angel with wings made of wax.

A modest creature by nature, the bee came to symbolize divine wisdom. It works quietly, almost invisibly, yet it creates miracles. Just like Hagia Sophia, which was built not only with stone and marble—but with faith, patience, and… a touch of honey.

Turkey’s Euromos Zeus Temple Set to Regain Former Glory with Restored Columns

Archaeologists in the Milas district of Mugla province are working diligently to restore the 1,860-year-old Temple of Zeus Lepsynos, a once grand sanctuary that has suffered considerable structural damage over the centuries. Located in Selimiye, the temple dates back to the second century B.C. and is considered one of the best-preserved ancient sites in Türkiye.

Associate Professor Abuzer Kizil, the head of the Euromos excavation team from Mugla Sitki Kocman University’s archaeology department, highlighted the significance of the ongoing restoration project.

“The project has gained momentum under the ‘Heritage for the Future’ initiative. We have cataloged and documented nearly a thousand architectural blocks, laying the foundation for a meticulous restoration process,” Kizil explained.

An aerial view shows the columns of the Temple of Zeus Lepsynos in Milas, Mugla, Türkiye, being restored and made earthquake-resistant on March 26, 2025. (AA Photo)

North Columns Dismantled to Prevent Collapse

Kizil elaborated on the steps taken to ensure the safety of the temple during the restoration. Years of erosion and structural shifts had caused parts of the temple to become unstable. “In previous years, partial restoration work had been carried out. However, this year, we took a critical step by dismantling all the northern columns, which were leaning dangerously. A strong earthquake could have led to their collapse, causing irreversible damage,” he said.

The restoration team is carefully repairing and reinforcing damaged pieces before reassembling them in their original locations. “We are rebuilding the temple from its foundation to its roof. Our priority is to re-erect the northern façade first, ensuring its stability,” Kizil added.

A view of the Temple of Zeus Lepsynos in Milas, Mugla, Turkiye, being restored and made earthquake-resistant, March 26, 2025. (AA Photo)

Restoration Set to Continue Until 2028

As part of the “Heritage for the Future” initiative, the team aims to restore the remaining facades of the temple. “Our goal is to connect three sides of the temple structurally to enhance its earthquake resistance. We are following ancient construction techniques to maintain historical authenticity,” Kizil noted.

In addition to the temple, excavation and restoration efforts will also focus on other significant structures in Euromos, such as the theater, agora, and bath complex. “The restoration is expected to continue until 2028. Alongside the structural work, we will conduct excavations around the temple. Although the sanctuary dates from the Roman period, there are also layers from the Hellenistic and Archaic periods, which may provide valuable new archaeological insights,” Kizil explained.

Ongoing Excavations and Future Prospects

Excavations at Euromos are ongoing throughout the year, with experts from various archaeological disciplines involved, including geophysical surveys, mapping, and structural analysis. Once restored, the Temple of Zeus Lepsynos is expected to regain its former splendor, offering visitors a chance to experience the grandeur of Türkiye’s ancient heritage.

An aerial view shows the columns of the Temple of Zeus Lepsynos in Milas, Mugla, Türkiye, being restored and made earthquake-resistant on March 26, 2025. (AA Photo)

UK: Controversy Surrounds Fast-Food Ad – Over 1,000 Complaints Claim It "Mocks Christ's Baptism"

A fast-food advertisement by KFC has sparked outrage in the UK, with many accusing it of mocking Christian beliefs.

According to The Daily Mail, the Advertising Standards Authority (ASA), the UK’s independent advertising watchdog, received over 1,000 complaints about the commercial.

The ad, titled "All Hail Gravy," features a man being baptized in a lake of gravy, before transforming into a life-sized chicken wing. Hymns are heard in the background, and the commercial ends with the phrase "Believe in Chicken."

A Backlash Over Religious Sensitivity

The ASA announced that the complaints primarily came from individuals who claimed the ad ridiculed Christianity, praised cults and Satanism, and, in some extreme cases, even suggested it promoted cannibalism.

However, the independent UK authority decided not to launch an investigation into the matter, concluding that the advertisement did not violate any advertising rules.

In its decision, the ASA stated that the commercial depicted "a highly fantastical scenario, most likely to be interpreted as abstract or otherworldly rather than offensive." The watchdog further explained that the ad was unlikely to harm children, cause undue distress, or result in significant or widespread offense.

Christopher Nolan’s ‘The Odyssey’: Matt Damon’s Dramatic Transformation and Filming with Zendaya in Italy

Hollywood is buzzing with anticipation as Oscar-winning director Christopher Nolan takes on one of the greatest epics of all time: Homer’s Odyssey. At the heart of the project is Matt Damon, who has undergone a striking transformation to portray the legendary hero, Odysseus.*

A Hollywood Epic with a Mythical Cast

This cinematic retelling of The Odyssey boasts an all-star ensemble. Alongside Damon, the film features Tom Holland as Telemachus, Lupita Nyong’o as the enchantress Circe, Anne Hathaway as Penelope, Charlize Theron as Calypso, Robert Pattinson as Poseidon, and Elliot Page in a yet-to-be-revealed role.

The cast and crew recently completed filming key scenes in Greece, with locations including Methoni, Voidokilia, and Pylos—areas rich in both natural beauty and mythological significance. Production has now moved to Italy, where Zendaya—rumored to play the goddess Athena—has been spotted on set.

Damon’s Physical and Emotional Transformation

Newly released behind-the-scenes photos show a completely transformed Matt Damon, almost unrecognizable with long gray hair, a full beard, and a visibly muscular physique—complete with defined abs.

“I consider Odysseus to be one of the most complex and multifaceted characters ever written,” Damon shared in a recent interview. “My goal isn’t just to portray his strength, but also to explore the emotional and psychological journey he undertakes.”

Bringing Myth to Life

As expected, Nolan’s adaptation will focus on the cunning hero’s ten-year journey to return home to Ithaca following the fall of Troy. Along the way, Odysseus encounters legendary dangers and mythical creatures, including the Cyclops Polyphemus. For this scene, an elaborate 6-meter-tall set was constructed inside the Cave of Nestor, adding authentic depth to the production’s visuals.

A Film Shaped by Vision and Spectacle

While plot details remain under wraps, it’s clear that Nolan’s vision for The Odyssey combines dramatic storytelling with mythic grandeur. With a cast of this caliber, visually stunning locations, and a director known for pushing cinematic boundaries, the film is shaping up to be one of the most anticipated epics in recent memory.

Stay tuned for more updates, and check out new photos of Matt Damon and Zendaya on set in Italy as excitement continues to build around this mythological masterpiece.

UK to Return 17th-Century Painting Looted by Nazis to Jewish Collector’s Descendants

A powerful act of restitution is unfolding in the UK, as a rare 17th-century painting looted by the Nazis during World War II is being returned to the rightful heirs of Samuel Hartveld, a Jewish art collector.

The artwork, titled “Aeneas and His Family Fleeing Burning Troy,” was painted in 1654 by Henry Gibbs, an English artist. The painting depicts a dramatic scene from The Aeneid, Virgil’s epic poem chronicling the escape of the Trojan hero Aeneas from the burning city of Troy.

A Story of Loss and Survival

In 1940, the painting was seized by Nazi forces from a gallery in Antwerp, as Hartveld and his wife Clara Meijboom were forced to flee Belgium and seek refuge in the United States. The piece was one of 66 artworks in Hartveld’s gallery collection that were stolen.

After remaining missing for decades, the painting resurfaced in the collection of Tate Britain, where it had been held since 1994 after being acquired from a gallery in Brussels.

The decision to return the painting was made by the UK's Spoliation Advisory Panel, an independent government body established in 2000 to handle claims related to artworks looted by the Nazis. Since its creation, the panel has reviewed 23 claims and recommended the restitution of 14 works to their rightful heirs.

A Tragic Legacy

The story behind the collector adds a deeply human dimension to the case. The Hartvelds’ son, Adelin Hartveld, stayed behind in Belgium and joined the resistance movement. He was captured by the Nazis and executed. While Samuel and Clara survived the war, they were never able to recover the stolen pieces from their gallery—many of which are still believed to reside in European museums today.

A Symbolic Return

In May 2024, two of Hartveld’s great-grandchildren filed a formal request for the painting’s return through the Sonia Klein Foundation, named after their mother. Tate did not contest the claim. In fact, the museum’s handling of the case has been praised.

According to the panel, Tate “responded with honor and transparency.” Tate Director Maria Balshaw stated:

“It is a privilege to help reunite this work of art with the family to whom it rightfully belongs. While extensive provenance research was conducted in 1994, crucial details had not yet come to light.”

UK Culture Minister Chris Bryant described the restitution as “a model example of the panel’s important work,” stressing the importance of addressing the injustices of the Nazi era.

In a statement, the Sonia Klein Foundation said:

“This decision clearly acknowledges the Nazi persecution of Samuel Hartveld and the fact that the painting undeniably belonged to him—a Jewish Belgian collector and art dealer.”

The return of this artwork is more than a transfer of ownership. It is a recognition of historical truth, a tribute to those who suffered, and a step toward healing wounds left by one of history’s darkest chapters.

Ukrainian Soldiers Uncover 6th–5th Century BC Burial Site During Fortification Work in Southern Ukraine

While building defensive fortifications in southern Ukraine, servicemen from the 123rd Territorial Defence Brigade stumbled upon a remarkable piece of ancient history—a burial site dating back to the 6th–5th centuries BC.

An Accidental Discovery Turns into an Archaeological Treasure
The discovery began when an excavator operator named Mykola noticed a small amphora buried in the soil. Recognizing its potential significance, he immediately alerted his comrade Yevhen, a fellow soldier with a passion for history. Together, they carefully handed the artefact over to the Staroflotski Barracks Museum for further examination.

Museum experts later confirmed that the amphora was of Ionian origin, crafted in ancient Greece for ritual use during burial ceremonies. This type of amphora was not a common household item—it had ceremonial value, indicating the grave’s importance.

Further exploration of the site revealed that it was in fact a burial ground from the 6th–5th centuries BC. Among the other objects unearthed was an oinochoe—a traditional Greek wine jug with a single handle and three spouts. These vessels were typically used during symposia, social gatherings where men would drink wine, share stories, and enjoy entertainment.

Clues to Ancient Life and Status
“These are ritual objects specifically made for burials and brought here from Greece. The fact that they were found fully intact suggests the deceased were of high social status,” explained Oleksandr, a former archaeologist and lecturer at Vasyl Sukhomlynskyi Mykolaiv National University, who now serves in the military.

In addition to the vessels, human skeletal remains were recovered and passed on to specialists for further study. These remains could offer invaluable insights into the people who lived in the region over 2,500 years ago—their customs, beliefs, and way of life.

This extraordinary find not only sheds light on Ukraine’s deep-rooted historical ties with ancient Greece but also stands as a powerful reminder that even in times of war, the past continues to speak—sometimes from beneath our very feet.

Daredevil Monks: 9 Greek Monasteries That Seem to Hang from the Cliffs

Some monasteries in Greece defy logic, clinging to sheer cliffs and appearing to hang from the sky itself. These awe-inspiring sanctuaries not only challenge the imagination with their architectural feats, but also offer breathtaking views and deep spiritual resonance. Let’s explore nine of the most spectacular monasteries in Greece—spiritual havens carved into rock faces, balanced above gorges, and rooted in centuries of history.

1. Varlaam Monastery (Monastery of All Saints) – Meteora

Depositphotos

Perched atop a towering cliff in the Meteora region, Varlaam Monastery sits directly across from the Great Meteoron and stands at a height of 373 meters. It's one of the six active monasteries of Meteora, designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site since 1988.

The monastery takes its name from the ascetic monk Varlaam, who first scaled the rock in the 14th century. Its real history began in the early 1500s when two noble brothers from Ioannina, Nektarios and Theophanes Apsarades, established the monastery.

In the 18th century, monk Christophoros played a crucial role by organizing and copying the monastery’s valuable archive. Thanks to its economic strength, the monastery flourished spiritually and even played a part in Greece's national struggles in the years that followed.

2. Monastery of Timios Prodromos (St. John the Baptist) – Lousios Gorge, Arcadia

Hidden within a vertical cliff in Arcadia’s Lousios Gorge—often dubbed the "Mount Athos of the Peloponnese"—this monastery commands reverence. Built over 500 years ago, it once served as a base for revolutionary leader Theodoros Kolokotronis and even functioned as a field hospital during the War of Independence in 1821.

Set in a dramatic natural landscape where the river Lousios flows—a river said to be named after the infant Zeus who was bathed there by nymphs—the monastery remains a center of spirituality. With hundreds of books in its library, stunning canyon views, and seemingly floating balconies, it attracts pilgrims and visitors alike year after year.

Depositphotos

3. Holy Trinity Monastery – Meteora

Depositphotos

This is arguably the most iconic of Meteora’s monasteries—and also the most challenging to reach. Perched atop the highest rock of the complex, northwest of the Monastery of St. Stephen, Holy Trinity was once accessible only via rope ladders or supply nets.

Depositphotos

Today, a staircase of 140 steps (built in 1925) and a cable car provide access. Though it houses only four monks today, it has appeared on the big screen—most notably in the 1981 James Bond film For Your Eyes Only, and in the 2018 Greek TV series To Tatouaz.

4. Monastery of the Presentation of Christ (Ypapanti) – Meteora

Clinging like an eagle’s nest to a remote cliff edge, this lesser-known Meteora monastery offers a unique blend of isolation and history. Once reachable only by a hanging wooden ladder, its access improved significantly in 1930 thanks to a carved staircase—still in use today.

Depositphotos

In May 1948, part of the cliff collapsed, making the cave-like monastery more accessible. Today, visitors can climb 100 carved steps to discover a quiet space that once housed just a handful of monks and expanded through cliffside extensions.

5. Philosophou Monastery – Lousios Gorge, Arcadia

Depositphotos

The oldest monastery in Arcadia, dating back to the 10th century, Philosophou Monastery is tucked into the west side of the Lousios Gorge, about 11 km southwest of Dimitsana. Founded in 963 by Ioannis Lambardopoulos, a Byzantine imperial secretary nicknamed “the philosopher,” it’s one of Greece’s most important Byzantine monuments.

Built into the side of a wild ravine 200 meters above the riverbed, the monastery blends into the rock. It played a key role in preserving Greek education during Ottoman rule, even earning the nickname “Krifo Scholio” (Secret School). Although a new monastery was later built nearby, the original still stands, silent yet majestic.

Depositphotos

6. Elona Monastery – Mount Parnon, Arcadia

Depositphotos

Driving from Leonidio to Kosmas, the turnoff at the 10th kilometer always surprises—no matter how many times you’ve seen it. Nestled at 650 meters above sea level on the red cliffs of Mount Parnon, the brilliant white Elona Monastery leaves visitors in awe.

shutterstock

According to tradition, in the 14th century, shepherds saw a mysterious light on the cliff. Upon investigation, they discovered an icon of the Virgin Mary lit by an oil lamp. Miraculously, the icon later descended to a more accessible spot. Two hermits, Kalinikos and Dositheos, built the original wooden chapel and laid the foundation of what would become the monastery. Tragically, both were martyred during the Ottoman era—but the site became a place of deep devotion and legend.

7. Monastery of Proussos (Panagia Prousiotissa) – Evrytania

shutterstock

Known as the “Lady of Roumeli,” this monastery in Central Greece appears to hang from a cliff in the shadow of Mount Kaliakouda. It is revered for housing a miraculous icon of the Virgin Mary, said to have healed General Georgios Karaiskakis, who later adorned the icon with gold in gratitude.

The icon is believed to have originated in ancient Prusa (now Bursa, Turkey), painted by the Apostle Luke. During the iconoclasm period, it was smuggled into Greece and eventually lost—only to be found again in a cave where the monastery now stands. Legend says the icon “chose” to remain there, prompting the construction of the monastery.

shutterstock

The site later became a center of Greek education during Ottoman times and a base of operations for Karaiskakis. Visitors today can see the “towers of Karaiskakis” just outside the monastery, once used to guard the region.

8. Monastery of Kipina – Tzoumerka, Epirus

shutterstock

Perhaps one of the most breathtaking monastic structures in Greece, Kipina Monastery is carved directly into a vertical cliff above the Kalarrytikos River near the village of Kalarrytes in the Tzoumerka mountains.

Dating back to the 13th century and dedicated to the Dormition of the Virgin, its name may derive from the gardens the monks once cultivated despite the harsh terrain. The monastery is reminiscent of the famous Sumela Monastery in Pontus, both in structure and spiritual magnetism.

shutterstock

Inside, visitors can admire 17th-century frescoes and explore a cave that once served as a refuge during Ottoman rule. The combination of spiritual serenity and stunning alpine scenery makes this monastery an unforgettable experience.

9. Mega Spilaio (Great Cave Monastery) – Kalavryta

shutterstock

Located about 10 km northeast of Kalavryta in a natural cave in the Chelmos mountains, Mega Spilaio is one of Greece’s most historic and revered Orthodox pilgrimage sites.

Built into the mouth of a cavern 899 meters above sea level, this eight-story complex merges seamlessly with its dramatic surroundings. It’s believed to have been founded in the 4th century and holds one of the oldest icons attributed to the Apostle Luke.

Over the centuries, the monastery has withstood fires, earthquakes, and wars, yet it remains a powerful symbol of faith, resilience, and Greek heritage.

These awe-inspiring monasteries are more than just feats of architecture—they are living monuments to faith, endurance, and the indomitable spirit of those who chose to build closer to the heavens. Whether you’re a spiritual seeker, history enthusiast, or just a traveler looking to be amazed, these cliff-hugging sanctuaries promise a journey unlike any other.

Lost for Centuries! 300-Year-Old Shipwreck Uncovered Beneath Sand Dunes—Scientists Stunned by Mysterious Superfood Found in Its Cargo

A centuries-old maritime mystery has resurfaced—quite literally—near a coastal village where fierce winds recently shifted the landscape, unveiling the remains of a 300-year-old shipwreck long buried beneath sand dunes. While the ship’s sudden reappearance was astonishing in itself, what truly captivated scientists was what lay within its cargo: massive quantities of a nutrient-rich food that’s now hailed as a global superfood.

Uncovering the Ship's Origins

Initial research into the vessel’s structure points to an 18th-century origin. Experts believe the ship may have hailed from Russia—possibly from the Volga Basin or the Caucasus region—based on its distinctive design and shipbuilding methods.

A Closer Look at the Wreckage

Archaeologists have unearthed a large, remarkably intact section of the ship, measuring approximately 28 meters in length. Among the preserved components are the keel, hull planking, wooden frames, bulkheads, and parts of two masts.

Inside the wreck, researchers also found seafaring tools and remnants of everyday life aboard the ship: ropes, mats, pieces of rope ladders, and most intriguingly, three baskets filled with botanical material—offering rare insight into the ship’s original cargo.

The Superfood Surprise

An archaeobotanical analysis revealed that the baskets contained a mix of fruits and seeds from six plant families and five unique species. The overwhelming majority of the remains were buckwheat—a grain-like seed now considered a superfood thanks to its high nutritional value and versatility. Today, Russia stands as the world’s top producer of buckwheat, which adds an intriguing layer to the find.

Additionally, wood analysis showed that the ship was primarily constructed from Scots pine and spruce, while one tool recovered from the wreck was made of poplar—each material shedding light on the shipbuilders’ resource choices and craftsmanship.

A Window into 18th-Century Trade

According to a study published in the Journal of Maritime Archaeology, the shipwreck offers invaluable insight into historical trade routes and agricultural commerce in the Caspian region.

“The findings suggest that this vessel played a significant role in transporting agricultural goods along key trade routes in the region,” researchers concluded.

This extraordinary discovery not only deepens our understanding of 18th-century maritime networks but also highlights how essential crops—like buckwheat—have traveled, transformed, and endured through time. As archaeologists continue to investigate, the shipwreck may yet yield more secrets from the sands of history.

The Miracle of Ancient Greece: The World’s First "Metro" Lies Hidden on a Greek Island

Revealing the source of the Eupalinian Tunnel—still flowing after 2,500 years into an ancient reservoir beneath a small chapel in the village of Agiades, Samos. A timeless feat of engineering brilliance.

Zach Marshall / CC BY-SA (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0)

If ancient civilizations had their version of the subway, it would undoubtedly be on the island of Samos.

Back in the second half of the 6th century BCE, the ancient Greeks, guided by the brilliant Megarian engineer Eupalinos, carved a 2.5-kilometer-long tunnel through a mountain—starting from two opposite sides. Incredibly, the two teams met in the middle with nearly perfect precision. Not a single significant deviation. It remains one of the most astonishing technical achievements of antiquity.

The Eupalinian Aqueduct: A Timeless Engineering Masterpiece

Moumouza at English Wikipedia / Public domain

To this day, the spring water still flows, collecting in an ancient aqueduct system that feeds into a reservoir located beneath a small chapel in the village of Agiades, Samos. This aqueduct was constructed to supply fresh water to the ancient city of Samos, situated on the southern slope of Mount "Kastro," from the powerful spring on the northern side.

GrigorisKoulouriotis, CC BY-SA 4.0 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0, via Wikimedia Commons

What Eupalinos built was more than just a tunnel—it was a complete water supply system stretching 2,385 meters in total, with 1,035 meters running through solid rock via the tunnel. And it worked flawlessly.

Mathematics Quench the Thirst of a City

A fascinating detail: the system includes two parallel tunnels. Initially, the spring's elevation was higher than the main tunnel, allowing gravity-fed flow. But as construction progressed, the spring's water level dropped. Engineers had to adapt by carving a second, smaller tunnel at a lower elevation—connected via vertical shafts from the main tunnel above.

This adaptation highlights the flexibility and foresight of ancient Greek engineers, who weren’t just master builders—they were problem-solvers.

Precision and Geometry Meet Human Grit

Tomisti / CC BY-SA (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0)

What makes the Eupalinian Tunnel extraordinary is that it was excavated from both ends simultaneously. Meeting in the middle required exceptional mathematical understanding and surveying accuracy. It’s a geometric challenge that many wouldn't attempt even today without modern tools. Herodotus credits the project to the tyrant Polycrates of Samos, who entrusted the work to Eupalinos—whom he considered one of the greatest architects of his era.

The tunnel features a corridor and a trench, with depth varying from 3.80 meters to 8.90 meters, sloped at 0.6% to ensure the natural flow of water through clay pipes embedded in the floor. From there, water continued via an underground urban pipeline to supply the fountains and cisterns of ancient Samos—today’s Pythagoreio. Traces of this pipe system have been found along the modern road connecting the Eupalinian Tunnel to Pythagoreio.

A Tunnel Dug by Hand… from Both Ends

The tunnel was carved entirely by hand—hammer and chisel—by two teams working from opposite sides of the mountain. It’s estimated that the entire project took between 8 to 10 years to complete. Inside the pitch-black interior, workers relied on oil lamps for light, which not only dimly illuminated their path but filled the narrow space with smoke and fumes.

Eupalinos directed the digging with only basic tools—yet his calculations were so precise that the two teams met nearly seamlessly. Today, inscriptions, letters, and red markings on the walls—along with the names of some of the workers—still survive, silent witnesses to their incredible achievement.

Historical Context and Legacy

Herodotus writes:

“I’ve spoken much of the Samians, for they have accomplished three of the greatest feats of all the Greeks. On a mountain 150 orguia high, they built a tunnel, begun from two ends. Its length is seven stadia; its height and width are eight feet each. Through the entire length, another channel was cut, twenty cubits deep and three feet wide, through which water from a great spring is brought to the city. The architect of this tunnel was Eupalinos, son of Naustrophus, from Megara.”

Modern archaeological excavations, carried out by the German Archaeological Institute in the 1970s, confirmed these accounts. Today, after full restoration, the tunnel is open to visitors with three different routes available for exploration.

Watch the video: Walking through the Eupalinian Tunnel—an underground journey through one of the greatest engineering marvels of the ancient world.

The Kouros of Apollo: An Ancient Giant Watching Over Naxos for Centuries

For centuries, a colossal ancient statue has rested on a hillside on the Greek island of Naxos — a silent testament to the island’s rich history and artistic legacy.

By RAndrei shutterstock

A Marble Giant from the Past

By Nataliia Budianska shutterstock

Known as the Kouros of Apollo—and sometimes referred to as the Colossus of Dionysus—this unfinished statue stands at an impressive 10.7 meters (around 35 feet) tall and weighs approximately 80 tons. Carved from the island’s signature light gray Naxian marble, the statue has never stood upright. It remains exactly where ancient sculptors left it, lying unfinished on the slope where it was originally carved.

By Nataliia Budianska shutterstock

A Glimpse into the 5th Century BCE

By Paolo Trovo shutterstock

Dating back to between the 5th and 4th centuries BCE, the statue is located in the northern part of Naxos, near the charming fishing village of Apollonas. The Kouros features a frontal stance, with arms close to the torso and bent at the elbows. Notably, the left leg is slightly longer than the right, a detail that hints at its intended pose.

By Heracles Kritikos shutterstock

Not Your Typical Kouros

By Heracles Kritikos shutterstock

Traditionally, kouroi (plural of kouros) were statues representing youthful, nude male figures, usually standing straight with arms at their sides. However, the Kouros of Apollo breaks from this norm. It was designed to portray an older, bearded man—a rarity for the genre. Art historians believe the figure’s right arm was originally meant to extend forward, further distinguishing it from typical kouroi.

By RAndrei shutterstock

Because of the beard and mature features, scholars now suggest that this statue may not depict Apollo at all. Instead, many believe it represents Dionysus, the Greek god of wine, revelry, and fertility.

A Mystery of Abandonment

By Aphotog shutterstock

Why was such an ambitious statue never completed or moved? The answer may lie in its sheer scale. Experts believe that the statue’s immense weight made transportation nearly impossible using the methods available at the time.

Others speculate that during the carving process, structural flaws—such as cracks in the marble—were discovered too late, making it too risky to extract. Another theory suggests that the project was simply abandoned due to lack of payment or a change in political or financial priorities.

Today, the Kouros of Apollo remains an awe-inspiring sight — a massive remnant of ancient artistry lying peacefully in nature. It draws visitors from around the world, curious to stand beside a giant that never quite stood.

Watch the full video from Greek Sun for a closer look.

New York: African American Father Challenges School’s Spartan Mascot – “It’s a Symbol of White Supremacy”

A controversy is brewing on Long Island over a school mascot depicting a Spartan warrior—an image that has sparked strong reactions and led to legal action.

William King Moss III, an African American father of two daughters attending school in the area, has filed a lawsuit against the use of the Spartan mascot. He argues that the image represents a “slaveholding society” and is ultimately a symbol of white supremacy.

Moss’s criticism goes beyond personal opinion. It touches on broader cultural and historical questions—how we interpret ancient symbols, and what they mean in today’s multicultural society. According to Moss, the Spartan figure cannot be seen as neutral or innocent. He points out that the ancient Spartans were notorious for exploiting and oppressing indigenous populations, and for upholding a militaristic culture rooted in violence and subjugation.

Last year, the Brentwood School District was required to retire its previous mascot—the “Indians”—following a statewide directive banning public schools from using Native American names, logos, or imagery. In response, the district selected the Spartan as a replacement, representing a school community that serves approximately 18,000 students.

Now, however, a new debate has emerged: Does the Spartan truly offer a positive or even neutral symbol for a diverse school community with students from many different ethnic and cultural backgrounds?

Adding to his concerns, Moss has also voiced frustration over the fact that Spartan society excluded women from military service, viewing this as another outdated and discriminatory value embedded in the symbol.

The case raises important questions about which icons are appropriate in educational settings and how schools can better reflect the diversity and values of their communities.

The Painted Wooden Plaques of Pitsa: A Rare Testimony of Archaic Greek Art and Script

---

By Dimosthenis Vasiloudis

---

In 1934, in a cave above the modern village of Pitsa, near ancient Sicyon in Corinthia, an exceptionally important discovery for the history of Greek art and writing was made: four painted wooden plaques, the best preserved of which is now displayed at the National Archaeological Museum of Athens (No. 16464). [1] These plaques are the only surviving examples of large-scale Corinthian painting and are rich in linguistic and cultural data.

Religious Function and Iconography

The main plaque depicts a religious procession to an altar where a lamb is about to be sacrificed. The scene includes musical instruments: aulos and lyre, both integral elements of ritual experience. The presence of female figures leading the procession and a characteristic libation at the altar link the scene to dedications to the Charites (Graces), and the text mentions dedicator names such as Euthydika, Eukolis, and Etheloncha. [2]

These plaques were votive offerings to the Nymphs, local fertility deities worshiped within the cave. Although modest in size (31 cm long, 14.5 cm max height), the works are valuable for understanding Corinthian worship, folk religious art, and the techniques of the time.

Xerographic Technique and Colors

The plaques were painted using the xerographic method: mineral pigments applied to wood without the use of shading or gradation. The outlines of the figures are done in black or red, while the colors (white, red, blue, yellow, violet, brown, green, and black) are applied in pure tones, unmixed and unshaded. [3] Though simple, this technique allows for clear imagery and legible inscriptions.

Inscriptions and Names: Placement and Reading

The inscriptions are written in the upper section of the plaque, above the heads of the figures. They are arranged in zones and sometimes extend to the side of the plaque. Notably mentioned are:

• Euthydika (ΕΥΘΥΔΙΚΑ Μ’)

• Eukolis (ΕΥΚΟΛΙΣ)

• Etheloncha (ΕΘΕΛΟΝΧΑ or variation)

The phrase "m' anetheken" (has dedicated me) is implied in the dedication. On the side of the plaque, the word KORINTHIOS (Corinthian) is preserved, likely indicating the origin of either the painter or the dedicator.

In another plaque, analysis through infrared reflection revealed inscriptions with the names of seven of the nine female figures: Telesoi, Leukippa, Kalyopsoi, and fragments of Hag[..], Thae[..], Kali[..], and [- - -]okratia. The name Teleso is the earliest known epigraphic instance, and Leukippa and Kalypso are identified with Oceanid nymphs, which supports the hypothesis that these figures represent nymphs performing a ritual dance before an enthroned goddess. [4] [5]

Local Variants of the Greek Alphabet and the Challenge of Reading

In Archaic Greece, a unified Greek alphabet did not exist. Instead, each region had its own local system. Corinth belonged to the "eastern" group of alphabets but had many unique characteristics:

• Use of the letter Qoppa (Ϙ) instead of Kappa (Κ) when the syllable involved back vowels like "O." [6]

• Use of the letter San (Ϻ) instead of Sigma (Σ) for the /s/ sound. [7]

• Theta (Θ) is graphically rendered as ⊕, possibly to distinguish it from similar symbols.

• A unique marking system for the vowel sounds /e/ and /ɛː/, using a B-shaped letter for both and E exclusively for the closed /eː/. Sicyon used its own variations of this system, while neighboring Tiryns had an even more complex one. [8]

Additionally, the letter Eta (Η) did not denote /ɛː/ as in the Ionic system but retained the meaning of /h/ or /eː/, depending on the region.

The Letter Koppa/Qoppa and Its Evolution

The letter Ϙ (Qoppa or Koppa) is among the most ancient in the Greek alphabet. In Corinth, it was extensively used to represent /k/ before back vowels. Although it was gradually abandoned by other regions in the 6th century BC, Corinth retained it for orthographic clarity. [9]

Later, the western Euboean variant of the Greek alphabet transmitted Qoppa to the Etruscans and from them to the Latin script. This gave rise to the letter Q in the Latin alphabet, which persists in English today.

Corinthian Script: A Unique Tradition

The Corinthian script was marked by a distinctive aesthetic and linguistic autonomy:

• The letter I was written is similar to Sigma (e.g., Σ, Ϲ, Ξ).

• The letter B had a unique form, distinct from the classical style.

• The writing was often boustrophedon or right-to-left, as writing direction was not yet standardized.

The inscriptions on the Pitsa plaques exemplify this uniqueness and pose challenges to modern scholars, as reading them requires familiarity with regional variations.

Conclusions

The Pitsa plaques are not only rare examples of painted art but also invaluable resources for the study of Archaic Greek writing, dialectical variation, and religious practices. The dedication to local deities, the musical accompaniment, the sacrificial scene, and the local script together depict a society where religion, language, and art coexisted harmoniously.

Furthermore, the discovery provides material for tracing the development of Greek scripts toward the standardized alphabet adopted in Athens in 403 BC and ultimately the transmission of characters such as Qoppa to Latin and modern European languages.

The plaques of Pitsa are not mere relics of antiquity—they are vivid documents of a world that was colorful, diverse, and richly expressive in word, image, and worship.

---

References

[1] National Archaeological Museum of Athens, Catalogue No. 16464.
[2] Jeffery, L.H., The Local Scripts of Archaic Greece. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1961.
[3] Boardman, John. Greek Art. London: Thames & Hudson, 1996.
[4] Infrared analysis in recent epigraphic editions; cf. Masson, BCH 99 (1975), and SEG IX.
[5] Delattre, Marie-Christine. The Painted Wooden Tablets from Pitsa: Religious Painting in Archaic Greece. Technè 33 (2011).
[6] Woodard, Roger D. Greek Writing from Knossos to Homer. Oxford University Press, 1997.
[7] Guarducci, Margherita. Epigrafia Greca. Vol. 1–4. Rome: Istituto Poligrafico dello Stato, 1967–1978.
[8] Powell, Barry B. Homer and the Origin of the Greek Alphabet. Cambridge University Press, 1991.
[9] Jeffery, op. cit., pp. 120–123.

30 English Words You Didn’t Know Come from Ancient Greek

The English language, like a tapestry woven from countless cultural threads, owes much of its vocabulary to the ancient Greeks. From the philosophical musings of Plato to the bustling democratic assemblies of Athens, Greek civilization has left its indelible mark not only on politics, science, and art—but also on the very words we use today. Below is a journey through time, exploring thirty English words that, though modern in sound, are rooted in the language of Homer, Aristotle, and Socrates.

---

1. Philosophy – φιλοσοφία (philosophía)

Literally, “love of wisdom” (φίλος = love, σοφία = wisdom). This word encapsulates the core of intellectual pursuit.

2. Democracy – δημοκρατία (dēmokratía)

From δῆμος (people) and κράτος (power), democracy is the quintessential Greek invention that has shaped political systems worldwide.

3. Politics – πολιτικά (politiká)

Derived from πόλις (polis = city), politics originally referred to affairs of the city-state, the heart of ancient Greek civic life.

4. Economy – οἰκονομία (oikonomía)

A term composed of οἶκος (house) and νέμω (to manage), economy once referred to household management, later expanding to larger economic systems.

5. History – ἱστορία (historía)

Meaning “inquiry” or “knowledge through investigation,” history was first systematized by Herodotus, often called the “father of history.”

6. Chaos – χάος (cháos)

A primordial void or abyss from which all things emerged—this word hints at the ancient Greeks’ cosmogonic narratives.

7. Cosmos – κόσμος (kósmos)

Originally signifying “order” or “adornment,” κόσμος came to mean the ordered universe—a concept central to Greek philosophical thought.

8. Atmosphere – ἀτμός (atmós) + σφαῖρα (sphaîra)

A poetic image: vapor (ἀτμός) encasing the world in a spherical shell (σφαῖρα).

9. Planet – πλανήτης (planētēs)

From πλανάομαι (to wander), planets were “wandering stars,” their movements distinct from the fixed stars.

10. Telescope – τῆλε (tēle) + σκοπέω (skopeō)

A modern coinage from Greek roots meaning “to see far,” embodying the fusion of ancient language and modern science.

11. Telephone – τῆλε (tēle) + φωνή (phōnē)

Literally “distant voice,” the telephone is another product of applying Greek etymology to new technology.

12. Cinema – κίνημα (kínēma)

Derived from κινέω (to move), cinema captures the Greek fascination with movement, drama, and storytelling.

13. Acrobat – ἄκρος (akros) + βαίνω (bainō)

Meaning “one who walks high,” acrobatics are as daring in origin as they are in execution.

14. Syntax – σύνταξις (syntaxis)

From σύν (together) and τάξις (order), syntax reflects the precise and logical structuring valued in Greek rhetoric.

15. Anatomy – ἀνατομία (anatomía)

Combining ἀνά (up) and τέμνω (to cut), this term evokes the meticulous dissections that furthered Greek medicine.

16. Dialogue – διάλογος (diálogos)

Through διά (through) and λόγος (word), the term implies the flow of ideas—a hallmark of Socratic teaching.

17. Idea – ἰδέα (idéa)

From ἰδεῖν (to see), the word carries Platonic weight: ideas are eternal forms, seen with the mind’s eye.

18. Drama – δρᾶμα (drâma)

Meaning “action” or “deed,” drama was both sacred ritual and artistic expression in the Greek world.

19. Music – μουσική (mousikē)

The art of the Muses, divine patrons of creativity and knowledge. All music, for the Greeks, was divine inspiration.

20. Tragedy – τραγῳδία (tragōidía)

Literally “goat song” (τράγος = goat, ᾠδή = song), this term hints at early Dionysian rituals—perhaps involving goat sacrifices or choral dances.

21. Hyperbole – ὑπερβολή (hyperbolē)

From ὑπέρ (beyond) and βάλλω (to throw), hyperbole literally means “to overshoot”—perfect for exaggeration.

22. Metaphor – μεταφορά (metaphorá)

μετά (beyond) + φέρω (to carry): metaphor is the carrying of meaning beyond the literal.

23. Epidemic – ἐπιδημία (epidēmía)

Composed of ἐπί (upon) and δῆμος (people), an epidemic is something that befalls the population—a concept well understood in ancient city-states.

24. Horoscope – ὡροσκόπος (hōroskopos)

Meaning “watcher of the hour,” it stems from Greek astrological practices and divination.

25. Autopsy – αὐτοψία (autopsía)

From αὐτός (self) and ὄψις (sight): “seeing for oneself.” The ancient Greeks valued empirical observation even in death.

26. Apocalypse – ἀποκάλυψις (apokálypsis)

Literally “uncovering” or “revelation,” this word took on profound eschatological meaning in early Christian texts.

27. Ethics – ἦθος (ēthos)

Referring to habit or character, ethics was central to Greek philosophy, especially in the works of Aristotle.

28. Theory – θεωρία (theōría)

From θεωρέω (to observe), theory is more than speculation—it is contemplation grounded in the act of witnessing.

29. Athlete – ἀθλητής (athlētēs)

Born from ἆθλος (contest), the athlete embodies the Greek ideal of competitive excellence.

30. Academy – Ἀκαδημία (Akadēmía)

Named after the grove of Akademos where Plato taught, the Academy became the prototype of educational institutions.

---

A Living Legacy

The richness of the English lexicon owes much to ancient Greek thought, reflecting a civilization that placed immense value on observation, logic, artistic expression, and the pursuit of knowledge. These words are more than just etymological relics—they are living traces of a worldview that continues to influence us.

Whether you’re discussing politics, pondering a theory, or writing a dialogue, you’re channeling the spirit of ancient Greece—one syllable at a time.

The Apollo Kouros: A Giant Ancient Statue on a Hill in Naxos Island for Centuries

A giant ancient statue has stood on a hill on the island of Naxos for centuries.

By RAndrei shutterstock

The Apollo Kouros, also known as the Colossus of Dionysus, is an incomplete statue measuring 10.7 meters tall, made from light gray Naxian marble and weighing around 80 tons.

By Nataliia Budianska shutterstock

It has never stood upright as originally intended, remaining incomplete in its current location to this day.

By Nataliia Budianska shutterstock

Dating back to the 5th or 4th century BC, the statue is located in the northern part of Naxos, in the picturesque fishing village of Apollo. The statue has a frontal pose, with its arms pressed against its sides and elbows bent. Additionally, the left leg is longer than the right.

By Paolo Trovo shutterstock

Typically, kouros statues depict young men standing nude, with their arms resting at their sides. However, it is clear that the Apollo Kouros was meant to represent an elderly man with a beard, and its right arm would have been outstretched in front of him.

By Heracles Kritikos shutterstock

Ancient kouros statues were usually interpreted as depictions of Apollo. However, due to the beard, the Apollo Kouros is often identified as the Greek god Dionysus.

By Heracles Kritikos shutterstock

Experts suggest that the ancient sculptors did not complete their plans for the statue’s final form, leaving part of it unfinished. Most believe that the statue was too heavy to be transported, which hindered its completion.

By RAndrei shutterstock

It has been speculated that during the production process, it was realized that the statue had several cracks. Alternatively, the ancient sculptors might have feared that the statue could break during the cutting process from the ground or that the sculpture was never paid for.

By Aphotog shutterstock

The Sets of "Odyssey" Left by Nolan in Messinia After Filming Wraps

Christopher Nolan has fulfilled the request of the residents of Messinia by leaving behind some of the sets used for the filming of "Odyssey", so they can be utilized for tourism purposes.

However, a significant portion of the filming was moved to Sicily, as the overall filming is not yet complete.

The Acrocorinth, the Castle of Methoni, Nestor's Cave, and the beaches of Voidokilia and Almyrolakka in Messinia were the locations chosen by the Hollywood director to bring the Homeric epic to life.

Below are photos of the sets in Messinia:

"How the Presence of Humans Affected the Earth and How the Earth Itself Influenced Human Civilizations"

Peter Frankopan, The Transformations of the Earth: Climate, Ecology, and History, translated by Nikos Ligris, published by Alexandria Press

Peter Frankopan is rightly regarded as one of the best historians in the world. His works have all contributed significantly to the analysis of global history, but more importantly, they have helped the general public better understand it. Among his works translated into Greek and published by Alexandria Press are The First Crusade: The Call of the East, The Silk Roads: A New History of the World, The New Silk Roads: The Present and Future of the World, and the book we will discuss here, The Transformations of the Earth: Climate, Ecology, and History.

It may seem somewhat cliché, but it’s worth mentioning: when as a reader you hold such a massive volume in your hands—707 pages, excluding references and other notes—it’s impossible not to admire the extensive research and study of so many diverse sources conducted by the author to present such a scientifically grounded work. And the fact that his observations in this book span the entire planet and cover a timeline from the origins of the world—approximately 4.5 billion years ago—up to the 21st century, makes the completion of such a monumental work even more impressive.

The truth is, most things and events in history—at least those we can know—have already been said. Therefore, today’s historians often turn to comparative studies and interdisciplinary approaches to their subjects, such as the one Frankopan uses in this book. The author examines how the climate, land transformations, and ecological changes influenced the development of human history. More specifically, he explores how climate change has dramatically contributed to both the rise and fall of civilizations over time.

The impetus for writing this book was undoubtedly the current climate change, which is driven by human activity and is now widely supported by 99% of scientists, according to the author. The truth is, this is the first time in history that a climate change affects the entire planet and is clearly visible across all continents. Previous climate periods, like the Roman Warm Period or the Medieval Warm Period, did not impact the entire world and did not have the same effects on all civilizations.

Frankopan examines human interventions in the environment, starting from prehistory through to the industrial era and the 20th century, when human interference with the natural world reached unprecedented and irreversible scales.

So, did the "invention" of agriculture result from a warmer climate? How did volcanic eruptions over the centuries affect the global climate? Were there laws in ancient times that prohibited deforestation? Can the rise and fall of Rome be explained by climate factors? How did the Little Ice Age in Europe impact the development of privacy? Did globalization begin in the 15th century? What exactly happened during the so-called "Columbian Exchange"? What is the biggest pollutant on our planet today? Are there sustainable solutions? These are just a few of the many questions the book addresses.

In conclusion, this is a book of knowledge that will make us reflect on how the presence of humans has affected our planet over the centuries—and how the earth itself has shaped human civilizations, as well as the uncertain future of our world.