An Ancient Greek Woman Brought to Life After 3,500 Years

Thanks to cutting-edge facial reconstruction technology, a woman who lived in Greece more than 3,500 years ago has been digitally brought back to life. Her face, once buried in a Mycenaean royal cemetery, has now been reconstructed in striking detail—and the result is both haunting and unexpectedly modern.

As reported by The Guardian, the digital reconstruction is based on a facial mold dating back to the 16th century BCE, from a burial site discovered in the legendary city of Mycenae—once the stronghold of King Agamemnon. The woman was around 30 years old at the time of her burial in what is believed to have been a royal tomb. The site was first uncovered in the 1950s.

Dr. Emily Hauser, the historian who commissioned the digital reconstruction, described the result as “breathtaking.” Speaking to The Observer, she remarked, “It took my breath away. For the first time, we can see the face of a woman from a kingdom tied to figures like Helen of Troy and Clytemnestra—she could be imagined as their sister.”

The reconstruction was created using a clay mold crafted in the 1980s by researchers from the University of Manchester, and brought to life through digital artistry by Juanjo Ortega G.

Dr. Hauser—whose upcoming book “Mythica: A New History of Homer’s World, Through the Women Written Out of It” publishes next week—highlighted how advancements in forensic anthropology, DNA analysis, carbon dating, and 3D printing have transformed our ability to reimagine the ancient world. “For the first time, we can truly look the past in the eye,” she said.

A Burial Rich with Clues

What makes the discovery even more significant is what was found alongside the woman’s remains. Among the grave goods were a gold-electrum mask and three swords—initially believed to belong to a man buried beside her, thought to be her husband. But recent DNA analysis revealed that the two individuals were not spouses, but siblings. And the swords? They were likely hers.

“The traditional assumption is that when a woman is buried next to a man, she must be his wife,” Hauser explained. “But DNA confirmed they were brother and sister. This woman was in that royal tomb because of who she was—not who she married.”

Her presence in such a prestigious burial, combined with the weapons found by her side, signals a radical shift in how historians view women’s roles in the Late Bronze Age. New data shows that in some tombs from this period, “warrior kits” appear more frequently beside women than men, prompting scholars to rethink long-held assumptions about gender and warfare in the ancient world.

A Glimpse Into Her Life

Analysis of her skeleton also revealed signs of arthritis in her spine and hands—likely from years of intensive textile work. “It’s a reminder of the physical toll on women at the time,” Hauser noted, referencing Helen in The Iliad, who is famously described as weaving.

This extraordinary reconstruction does more than reveal a face—it reshapes our understanding of an entire era. Through science and storytelling, the ancient world is speaking once again, and the voice we hear now is, for once, a woman’s.

Is Alexander the Great Buried in Venice? The Theory of Andrew Michael Chugg

BY DIMOSTHENIS VASILOUDIS

The burial site of Alexander the Great continues to captivate historians, archaeologists, and enthusiasts alike. Despite his monumental role in shaping the ancient world, his final resting place remains elusive. After his death in Babylon in 323 BCE, historical accounts mention the elaborate transportation of his body and a politically charged burial in Egypt. Ancient sources suggest it was first interred in Memphis and later transferred to Alexandria, a city he founded and where he supposedly wished to be buried. His tomb became a place of pilgrimage for centuries—visited by emperors such as Augustus and Caracalla—until, at some point, it vanished from historical records, leaving behind one of the greatest archaeological riddles of the ancient world.

This absence of concrete information has given rise to various theories, ranging from secret relocations to deliberate concealment. Among these, Andrew Michael Chugg’s theory stands out for its originality and the way it attempts to reconcile two separate historical traditions: the mysterious disappearance of Alexander’s tomb and the sudden appearance of Saint Mark’s relics in Christian sources. Chugg’s central premise is provocative yet intriguing—that the body now venerated as Saint Mark in Venice may in fact be that of Alexander the Great, preserved under a Christian guise to ensure its survival during a period of intense religious transformation.

The Disappearance of the Tomb

Historical references to Alexander’s tomb gradually fade by the end of Late Antiquity. The most telling account comes from John Chrysostom, writing in the late 4th century CE, who remarked that the tomb of Alexander had already vanished in his time. This loss coincided with the Christianization of Alexandria, a period during which many pagan sites and relics were destroyed, repurposed, or simply neglected. The shift in religious ideology brought an end to the public veneration of figures like Alexander, whose legacy was deeply tied to polytheism and heroic cults. Thus, the disappearance of his tomb may have been not just a result of natural decay or looting, but a deliberate move to suppress or obscure a powerful pagan symbol.

Moreover, there is little to no archaeological or literary evidence from after this period to suggest the tomb’s continued existence. The ancient Soma—Alexander’s mausoleum in the heart of Alexandria—had likely fallen into ruin, been plundered, or been buried under centuries of urban development. Yet, the enduring fascination with Alexander’s body, which was said to have been miraculously preserved and revered even by the Romans, raises questions. If the body had indeed remained intact by the 4th century, what happened to it? Chugg’s theory posits that this was precisely the moment when Alexandrian Christians, seeking to protect the corpse from desecration, rebranded it under a new religious identity.

The Body of Saint Mark

The sudden emergence of Saint Mark’s relics in the 4th century is one of the most curious elements in the theory. While Saint Mark is traditionally considered to have founded the Church of Alexandria and to have been martyred there, his remains are notably absent from earlier Christian writings. It is only in the mid-4th century that references to his body appear, a temporal coincidence that Chugg finds significant. The idea is that during a time of political and religious upheaval, Alexandrian authorities or Christian leaders may have seen the need to “preserve” a revered body—possibly that of Alexander—by attributing it to a more theologically acceptable figure.

This reinterpretation would have served both practical and ideological purposes. By presenting the mummy as Saint Mark, Christians could preserve a sacred relic without incurring theological suspicion or imperial interference. In this context, the reidentification of the body could be seen as a form of religious repurposing. The name and narrative changed, but the reverence remained. If this hypothesis holds, it suggests that early Christian Alexandria may have knowingly participated in a remarkable transformation of pagan heritage into Christian sanctity—a phenomenon not uncommon in Late Antiquity, where symbols and sites of former cults were often absorbed rather than destroyed.

Jacopo Tintoretto - St Mark's Body Brought to Venice, c. 1562-1566, Galleria dell’Accademia

Transfer to Venice

In the 9th century, Venetian merchants supposedly smuggled the body of Saint Mark from Alexandria to Venice, concealing it in barrels of pork to avoid detection by Muslim authorities. The relic was enshrined in the newly built Basilica di San Marco, which became one of the city’s most sacred religious centers. This transfer was part of Venice’s broader ambition to establish itself as a spiritual and political rival to older Christian powers like Rome and Constantinople. Possession of a major apostolic relic not only enhanced the city’s prestige but also gave it a powerful symbol of divine legitimacy.

If Chugg’s theory holds true, however, the body that arrived in Venice was not that of the Evangelist, but of the Macedonian conqueror. The reinterment of Alexander under the guise of Saint Mark would mean that his preserved remains continued to be venerated, albeit under a different name and tradition. This would make Venice the unexpected custodian of one of history’s most iconic figures. From this perspective, the sanctity attributed to the relic may stem not only from its supposed Christian identity but also from an ancient cultural memory surrounding the legendary figure of Alexander the Great.

Clues Supporting the Theory

Two key clues offer intriguing, though inconclusive, support for Chugg’s hypothesis. The first comes from the 13th-century Venetian chronicler Martino da Canale, who claimed to have seen the body of Saint Mark in 1275 and described it as being mummified. This is highly unusual, since mummification was not a practice associated with early Christianity. If the body were indeed embalmed in the Egyptian style, this would align more with Hellenistic or pharaonic funerary traditions, such as those applied to Alexander’s remains, rather than with Christian martyr relics, which were typically skeletal or incorrupt in a miraculous sense.

The second clue concerns an ancient stone relief found in the crypt of the Basilica of Saint Mark. This artifact, reportedly adorned with Macedonian symbols, appears to have no connection to Saint Mark but might relate to Alexander’s cultural background. Its presence suggests that objects accompanying the body to Venice may have had non-Christian, possibly Hellenistic, origins. While such artifacts could theoretically have been acquired by chance or as spoils, their symbolic alignment with Alexander’s heritage adds a layer of mystery that supports Chugg’s argument. If the crypt's contents include cultural markers of Macedonia, this could point to an origin far different from what tradition claims.

St Mark square.

The Mystery Endures

Despite its ingenuity, Chugg’s theory remains speculative and controversial. Like many theories surrounding the final fate of Alexander the Great, it is built upon circumstantial evidence and interpretative connections rather than direct archaeological proof. Historians and archaeologists are divided: some view it as an imaginative reconstruction lacking firm basis, while others appreciate it as a creative attempt to make sense of historical gaps. The theory certainly highlights how little we truly know about the fate of Alexander’s body and how intertwined ancient history and religious tradition can become.

A definitive resolution would require physical examination of the relic held in Venice, most notably through DNA analysis. However, such a possibility is remote. The body is considered sacred by the Roman Catholic Church, and exhumation or scientific testing is highly unlikely under current conditions. Even if permission were granted, the success of such tests would depend on whether viable DNA can be extracted and compared with ancient Macedonian remains—something that presents its own methodological challenges. Until such breakthroughs occur, the question of whether Venice is home to the greatest conqueror of antiquity will remain an enthralling historical enigma.

Archaeologists Uncover Massive 2,200-Year-Old Pyramid in the Judean Desert

In a groundbreaking discovery near the Dead Sea, archaeologists have unearthed a massive pyramid-shaped structure and an ancient roadside station dating back approximately 2,200 years, to the time of the Ptolemies and Seleucid rulers in Judea. The excavation is taking place north of Nahal Zohar in the Judean Desert, led by the Israel Antiquities Authority (IAA) and the Ministry of Heritage, with volunteers from across the country taking part.

At the site of the Zohar Fortress, close to the Dead Sea, researchers have uncovered an array of remarkable artifacts, including fragments of papyrus scrolls, bronze coins from the reigns of Antiochus IV and the Ptolemaic kings, weapons, wooden items, and pieces of ancient textiles.

The excavation team—Matan Toledano, Dr. Eitan Klein, and Amir Ganor of the IAA—described the six-meter-tall pyramid as one of the most fascinating and significant finds in the Judean Desert.

"This is one of the richest and most exciting archaeological digs in the region. The structure we've uncovered is monumental, built from hand-carved stones, each weighing hundreds of kilograms," they stated in an official announcement.

“During just the first week, volunteers uncovered historical written records, rare bronze artifacts, and remarkably well-preserved ancient furniture—thanks to the desert’s dry climate. This area holds immense promise. New discoveries are emerging constantly, and we’re eager to see what the next three weeks will bring,” the archaeologists said.

Protecting a Desert Treasure Trove

The Nahal Zohar excavation is part of a wide-scale operation aimed at protecting archaeological treasures in the Judean Desert from looting. This national program, launched eight years ago, is jointly funded by the Ministry of Heritage, the Archaeology Unit of the Civil Administration, and the Israel Antiquities Authority.

A dedicated research team from the IAA’s Theft Prevention Unit systematically scanned 180 kilometers of desert cliffs, identifying around 900 caves. Using climbing gear, advanced technology, and specialized documentation methods, they’ve unearthed thousands of rare artifacts, including ancient scrolls and scroll fragments, wooden tools, weapons, textiles, leather goods, woven carpets, and coin hoards.

“This excavation is reshaping our understanding of the region’s history,” said Toledano, Klein, and Ganor. “Contrary to earlier theories suggesting the structure belonged to the First Temple period, evidence now points to a later construction during the Hellenistic period, under Ptolemaic rule. Its original purpose remains unclear.”

“Was it a military outpost guarding a vital trade route for salt and asphalt transported from the Dead Sea to the coast? Or did this massive structure atop the mountain once serve as a burial marker or ancient monument? It remains a captivating historical mystery, and we’re thrilled that the public is helping us uncover the answers.”

A Call to Discover History

Eli Eskozido, Director of the Israel Antiquities Authority, called the discovery and excavation efforts “pioneering.”

“The research in the Judean Desert stands as one of the most important archaeological projects in our nation’s history. The findings are extraordinary, with immense historical and scientific value,” he said.

“As Passover and spring approach, I invite Israelis to join us. In these challenging times, a few days of exploration and discovery in the Judean Desert can be a unifying and rejuvenating experience for all,” Eskozido added.

A €1 Million Gem Used as a Doorstop for Decades

What looked like an ordinary stone and served as a humble doorstop for decades has now been revealed as one of the largest and most valuable amber specimens ever discovered. Estimated at approximately €1 million ($1.1 million), this extraordinary find is rewriting the story of one small Romanian village—and one very lucky household.

The Discovery of a Lifetime

The 3.5-kilogram (7.7-pound) stone was originally found by an elderly woman in the riverbed of southeastern Romania, in the Buzău region, an area known for its natural amber deposits. Unaware of its true value, she brought it home to her village of Colți and used it to prop open a door—where it remained, unnoticed and unappreciated, for years.

Ironically, the stone’s fate could’ve been very different. The house was once broken into, but the thieves, like everyone else, overlooked the “rock” that sat in plain sight.

After the woman passed away in 1991, a relative inherited the property. Noticing the unusual qualities of the stone, they began to suspect it might be more than just an attractive paperweight—and decided to have it examined.

A Rare Type of Amber

The stone was eventually handed over to the Romanian authorities, who sent it to the History Museum of Krakow, Poland, for analysis. There, experts confirmed what few could have imagined: it was a rare form of amber known as rumanite, estimated to be between 38 and 70 million years old.

Amber, the fossilized resin of ancient trees, has long been prized for its color, clarity, and uniqueness. Rumanite, in particular, is known for its deep, reddish hues—making it one of the rarest and most sought-after types of amber in the world.

A National Treasure

The piece of amber.
Photo: Buzău County Museum

In 2022, the stone was officially declared a national treasure of Romania and is now proudly displayed at the Buzău County Museum. It’s not only the largest known piece of rumanite to date, but also a point of pride for the region and a reminder of the remarkable stories nature can hide in plain sight.

This isn’t the first time an everyday object has turned out to be extraordinary. In a similar case, a man in Michigan discovered that the heavy object he’d used for years to prop open his barn door was, in fact, a meteorite worth over $100,000.

Hidden Wonders in Plain Sight

Stories like these highlight how nature's treasures can be hiding in the most unassuming places. What appears to be a simple stone might just be a priceless relic of Earth’s ancient past—waiting for someone with a curious eye to uncover its true worth.

Scientists Discover a Mysterious Golden Orb on the Ocean Floor – Possibly the Eggs of an Unknown Species

An astonishing find beneath Alaska's deep sea

There’s still so much we don’t know about the depths of our oceans—and a recent discovery by scientists from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) proves just that.

During a deep-sea expedition off the coast of Alaska, NOAA's remotely operated underwater vehicle came across something truly bizarre: a mysterious golden sphere with a hole on one side, nestled against rocks 3,300 meters below the ocean’s surface—a place where sunlight and heat can’t reach.

“I don’t even know what to make of this,” one researcher remarked during a live stream of the discovery.

The strange orb appeared to be firmly attached to the ocean floor, and its unusual structure immediately sparked a flurry of speculation among the team.

“There’s a large hole in it. Something either went in or came out,” said another member of the mission.

“I just hope that when we examine it, nothing decides to crawl out—like the start of a horror movie,” joked one of the scientists, alluding to the eerie possibility that the team may have inadvertently discovered eggs from an unknown—and potentially dangerous—species, according to ScienceAlert.

“We Still Don’t Know What It Is”

Even now, the true nature of the object remains a mystery. Researchers have suggested it could be a previously unknown species of deep-sea sponge or coral.

“We want to study its structure. It appeared fleshy, with no clear anatomical features. There’s a hole that suggests something either entered or exited—but it doesn’t resemble any egg I’ve seen before,” said marine ecologist Kerry Howell from the University of Plymouth, speaking to The Guardian.

What they do know is that it’s not a fish egg—it’s far too large for that. But it is clearly of biological origin, and its soft, pliable texture further deepens the mystery.

Another curious detail? It wasn’t found in a cluster, as most marine animals tend to lay their eggs in groups. If it is an egg, its isolation is already fascinating—and unusual enough to raise new questions about what else might be lurking in the uncharted abyss of Earth’s oceans.

This discovery highlights how much of our planet’s underwater world remains unexplored—and hints that the deep sea may still be hiding secrets we've only just begun to uncover.

Earth’s Oceans Weren’t Always Blue, Study Reveals

A recent study by researchers from Nagoya University in Japan suggests that Earth’s ancient oceans may have once been a vivid shade of green—thanks to their high iron content. Published in Nature Ecology & Evolution, the findings not only offer a fresh perspective on our planet’s distant past but could also reshape the way we search for life on other worlds.

Led by researcher Taro Matsuo, the team proposes that this green hue dominated Earth’s oceans for over 2 billion years—long before they took on the iconic blue we recognize today.

Why Were the Oceans Green?

According to the researchers, this unusual coloration stemmed from the interaction between ferrous iron—released by hydrothermal vents in the early oceans—and the oxygen produced by some of Earth’s first photosynthetic organisms.

This chemical reaction transformed the ferrous iron into ferric iron, an insoluble compound that precipitated out of the water as rust-like particles. These particles absorbed mostly blue and red wavelengths of light, allowing green light to scatter—giving the oceans a distinct green tint.

The Role of Cyanobacteria

The study also highlights the vital role played by cyanobacteria—tiny organisms among the first to perform oxygenic photosynthesis. These microbes, which appeared around 4 billion years ago, used a specialized protein called phycoerythrin to absorb green light, which was dominant in the iron-rich waters of that time.

Matsuo explained that this adaptation gave cyanobacteria a competitive edge in an otherwise hostile environment, allowing them to thrive and multiply.

Their emergence triggered one of Earth’s most pivotal events: the Great Oxidation Event, roughly 2.4 billion years ago. This era marked the gradual accumulation of oxygen in the planet’s atmosphere, laying the foundation for complex life.

Solving a Longstanding Mystery

Why cyanobacteria evolved the ability to absorb green light has puzzled scientists—until now. Genetic analysis conducted by Matsuo’s team suggests that this trait was a direct evolutionary response to the unique optical conditions of Earth’s ancient green oceans.

To support their hypothesis, the researchers carried out advanced computational chemical simulations, recreating ocean conditions from the Archean Eon—a period spanning 4 to 2.5 billion years ago. These simulations helped them analyze how light would have behaved underwater in an iron-rich environment. The results confirmed that iron particles would have significantly altered the way light scattered, making green the most visible wavelength.

Real-World Evidence in Japan

In addition to simulations, the team conducted field studies on Iwo Jima, part of Japan’s Satsunan archipelago southwest of Kyushu. The waters there, tinged green due to iron hydroxides, served as a real-world analogue of ancient oceans.

Observing these waters from a boat, Matsuo said, was a defining moment in the research—it visually confirmed what the models had predicted.

A Shift in Scientific Perspective

Matsuo admitted he was initially skeptical of the green ocean hypothesis. When he began exploring the idea in 2021, he found it hard to believe. But years of research and the fusion of geological and biological data gradually changed his mind.

“My skepticism turned into conviction,” he said, reflecting on how the pieces of the scientific puzzle began to fall into place.

Why This Matters for the Search for Life

This groundbreaking study doesn’t just illuminate Earth’s past—it challenges long-held assumptions about how we detect signs of life on other planets.

By expanding our understanding of the conditions that may have supported early life on Earth, scientists can refine their search for habitable environments elsewhere in the cosmos. The discovery that Earth’s earliest seas may have been green rather than blue opens new doors in the quest to understand life—both here and beyond.

The Exact Date Earth Will Cease to Exist Has Been Determined

One day, the world as we know it will come to an end. Just as everything has a beginning, so too must it have an end—including life on planet Earth.

According to scientists at NASA (the National Aeronautics and Space Administration), an estimated date has already been calculated for when everything on Earth will ultimately disappear. Fortunately for us, that day is still very far in the future.

While the idea of mass extinction may sound ominous, experts have long been exploring alternatives to extend human life beyond Earth. Among potential destinations, Mars remains the most promising candidate—its conditions making it the focal point of scientific exploration and planning for future colonization.

Why Will Earth Eventually Become Uninhabitable?

As researchers continue their search for a new home for Earth’s lifeforms, they’ve also pinpointed when a planetary move will become essential. The culprit? Our very own Sun.

At some point in the distant future, the Sun will expand dramatically, becoming so large and hot that it will destroy everything in its path—including the planets of our solar system. This isn’t a sudden event, but part of a well-understood stellar process. As the Sun ages, it will gradually increase in mass and emit higher levels of thermal energy.

In May of last year, NASA observed an unusual spike in solar activity, including a large number of solar flares and coronal mass ejections (CMEs). These powerful bursts of particles and magnetic fields were hurled toward Earth, sparking the most intense solar storm seen in over two decades. Events like these can significantly affect Earth’s atmosphere—gradually reducing oxygen levels and disrupting the planet’s delicate balance.

When Will Life on Earth Disappear?

Thanks to advanced mathematical models and simulations run by supercomputers, scientists have estimated how the Sun’s expansion will degrade Earth’s atmosphere and raise global temperatures to unlivable levels. The consensus? Earth will no longer support life around the year 1000002021.

Yes, you read that right—we still have approximately 999,999,996 years left. So, while the countdown has technically begun, humanity is in no immediate danger.

Still, experts emphasize that technological innovation could delay or even help us avoid such a scenario. Advances in artificial environments—like the ability to produce air and water in sealed habitats—could allow humans to survive in space or on other planets for extended periods.

The Takeaway

The end of life on Earth may be written in the stars, but the timeline gives us ample opportunity to evolve, innovate, and prepare. As our Sun continues its natural course, we may eventually need to say goodbye to our home planet—but with enough time, ingenuity, and determination, humanity might just find a new world to call home.

Blowing Up Ancient Tombs with Dynamite – The Operation of the Smuggling Ring Dismantled

A smuggling ring involved in illicit excavations and the trafficking of archaeological treasures has been dismantled in Northern Greece. One of the key figures in this operation, a 63-year-old man, was responsible for coordinating the export of these ancient artifacts abroad.

For years, the members of this ring had allegedly been "mapping out" archaeological sites and gathering information, either from official Archaeological Directorates or from individuals familiar with remote areas across Northern Greece.

During late-night hours, they would target areas that had not yet been excavated or even break into officially designated archaeological sites. Equipped with specialized metal detection machines, they would scan these locations and then proceed with their illegal activity—extracting ancient treasures.

Last week, Greek police from the Northern Greece Organized Crime Unit arrested 23 individuals in the cities of Ptolemaida, Serres, Kilkis, and Thessaloniki for engaging in illegal excavations at archaeological sites. Reports suggest that even the famous Kasta Tomb and the wider Amphipolis region were on their radar.

After the large smuggling ring was dismantled in Macedonia last week, Realnews spoke with officials from the Archaeological Service, who have a deep understanding of the actions of these illegal excavators.

Experienced archaeologists highlight that these criminals go as far as using dynamite to blow up ancient tombs, causing severe damage to these monuments. “They invade archaeological sites at night, digging when no one is around. They operate like criminal gangs, and their activities have no boundaries. The worst part is that even when they are caught, they are often released shortly afterward and continue their illegal work,” an official from the Northern Greece Archaeological Directorate stated.

Three Smuggling Gangs

According to the evidence, the 23 individuals arrested were involved in three different smuggling networks—two based in Serres and one in Thessaloniki. They have been charged with organized crime, illegal antiquities trafficking, illegal excavation, and the theft of monuments.

Among the items seized from their possession were an Illyrian-style helmet, a clay head, a small silver statue, a cross, 18 rings, three bracelets, 17 jewelry pieces, three figurines, an Ottoman-era tombstone, 27 vessels, thousands of coins, and religious icons.

Police also found explosive TNT materials, metal detection devices, a revolver, and a blank-firing pistol in the homes of the suspects, indicating they were preparing to continue their illegal activities.

“The destruction of archaeological material is inevitable from illegal excavations and it has been a long-standing issue across the country. However, the situation seems worse in Macedonia. The items are often mutilated, losing their historical value and entering illegal trading circuits. We are losing a major part of our cultural heritage,” stated an archaeologist and director of an archaeological museum, who has faced the destructive behavior of treasure hunters throughout her career.

The smuggling rings' operations extended beyond Thessaloniki and Serres to regions like Larissa, Karditsa, Arcadia, and Halkidiki, which led to the involvement of police officers from the relevant Police Departments.

The "Appraiser"

At the heart of these three smuggling rings was a 63-year-old man, described as the leader and coordinator. According to the evidence, he was acting as an appraiser and a liaison, helping to send the stolen artifacts to collectors and auction houses abroad.

The 63-year-old had been arrested in 2011 for possession of antiquities, and again in April 2023 when he tried to send ancient coins via courier hidden inside an oil container.

In January of this year, he was also implicated in attempting to sell 2,456 ancient coins, 14 rings, and Byzantine bracelets that were in the possession of a 34-year-old Russian man. The coins were confirmed to be from various periods, including the classical era (5th–4th centuries BCE), the Kingdom of Macedon (4th–3rd centuries BCE), Greek cities in Macedonia, the Hellenistic period, Roman times, the Byzantine period, and the middle Ottoman period.

The encounter between the 63-year-old and a 65-year-old employee of the Serres Archaeological Directorate led authorities to dismantle the entire smuggling ring. The 65-year-old had been arrested in December 2023 at the "Macedonia" airport, attempting to smuggle ancient coins sewn into his jacket lining. Two years earlier, he had been arrested for possessing a large number of coins.

The Legal Drama

“Most of the 14 suspects arrested in Thessaloniki were released with restrictions, and if needed, they will provide further testimony to the investigating judge. Their involvement was minimal or nonexistent. They all had contact with the leader but did not know each other personally,” said the lawyer representing the 65-year-old.

The lawyer for the 65-year-old’s defense stated, "My client denies any involvement in an organization or any association with these kinds of crimes."

Authorities claim that the 65-year-old employee of the Archaeological Directorate held a strategic position, with direct access to sensitive information about archaeological sites. He was involved in evaluating excavation sites and findings, and he would provide guidance to the smuggling group.

In one of his conversations about the metal detector's ability to locate coins, a conversation partner asked if it could detect gold, to which the 65-year-old responded, "If it had gold, wouldn't I have found it? Oh, the questions you ask..."

The defense lawyer for the 65-year-old argued that there was no evidence of illegal excavations or monument theft. “The conversations were misinterpreted by the police. In essence, there were no solid proofs,” he said. “My client was released with restrictions after his testimony. No excavation in ancient monuments took place, and no theft of monuments was proven.”

The Kasta Hill Connection

A revealing dialogue between two members of the Serres group illustrates their intentions: “I say we go on Sunday because the hunt is ending… It’s our last chance, and I'll take you to Kasta Hill, on the other side,” one says. The other responds, “Oh, I hope they don’t catch us.” Reports suggest that the group was planning an illegal excavation at Amphipolis but did not manage to carry it out.

The investigation into this operation continues as the authorities work to prevent further destruction of Greece's invaluable cultural heritage.

Archaeologists Uncover Over 300 Skeletons During Renovation of Shopping Center – Also Revealed: Brick Vaults

During renovation work on the building that once housed the Debenhams store in Gloucester, over 300 skeletons were discovered, shedding light on the area's historical significance. The landmark site, King’s Square, is set to open this summer as a new university campus for the city.

The University has tasked the Cotswold Archaeological Service with conducting excavations at the site, which may have once been the northeastern quarter of the ancient Roman city.

Photo: Shelley Fowler / Carmelo Garcia

A Church Built on Another’s Site

Among the discoveries, archaeologists uncovered the eight-meter foundations of the western rise and the courtyard of St. Aldate’s Church, which was constructed after the medieval period, around 1750. The church's name is believed to have been derived from the Bishop of Gloucester, who died in battle in 577.

On the site of this church, another church was built under the same name, which dates back to before the Norman Conquest of England. According to historians, the medieval St. Aldate's Church was demolished in the mid-17th century after suffering significant damage during the English Civil War.

On Sunday, March 23, journalists and members of the public who took part in a guided tour of the building learned that archaeologists had uncovered 317 skeletons and 83 brick vaults.

Photo: Shelley Fowler / Carmelo Garcia

Architectural Discoveries Unearthed

Archaeologists noted a similar window design in the eastern and southern wings of Gloucester Cathedral, constructed from local limestone sourced from the Painswick quarry.

In the building's basement, where the men's clothing section of the Debenhams store once stood, the Cotswold Archaeological Service uncovered Roman pottery from the 2nd century and the foundations of a Roman wall, possibly part of a house, just beneath the ground floor.

Additionally, they discovered a cobbled surface in the same area, which scholars believe may have been part of a Roman road, dating from the 2nd to 4th centuries, along with a significant amount of Roman roof tiles that could have been used in the construction of the road.

The Cotswold Archaeological Service also unearthed pillars, which they believe may have been from the nave of the now-demolished St. Aldate’s Church, built in the 18th century, following work on the site now occupied by the Debenhams postal department.

Photo: Carmelo Garcia

Everyday Finds

Other findings from the archaeological evaluation of the site include fragments of a tobacco pipe, possibly dating back to the 16th century, and pieces of a wine bottle dating from the post-medieval period.

Graves built with brick vaults and a crypt connected to the present-day demolished St. Aldate’s Church were also discovered within a subsidiary outdoor area at the site. This church replaced an earlier medieval church, complete with its own courtyard, the remains of which are likely to be buried beneath the ground.

Cliff Bateman, head of the archaeological project at the Cotswold Archaeological Service, commented:
“This site could significantly enhance public understanding of the Roman, medieval, and post-medieval development of this part of Gloucester.”

“Gloucester is an incredibly important archaeological site. Beneath the level where we found the 18th-century church and post-medieval burials, there will be Roman buildings.”

Evidence of Human Sacrifice Discovered in Ancient City - Why Teenage Girls of Lower Social Status Were Chosen

An aerial view of the Bronze Age settlement, Basur Höyük. Photo: Basur Höyük Excavation Project
At the threshold of written history, when the first civilizations began to take shape in Mesopotamia and Anatolia, society was undergoing radical changes in its structure, economy, and culture.

The Secrets Hidden in a Royal Cemetery
Basur Höyük, an ancient royal cemetery discovered in eastern Turkey, is one of the most revealing finds from this period of dramatic change.

A recent study reveals that this archaeological site provides valuable insight into understanding the origins of inequality during the Bronze Age, on the fringes of Mesopotamia.

Located in the Şırnak province of modern-day Turkey, Basur Höyük is recognized as a significant settlement during the third millennium BCE.

The site of Başur Höyük on the Upper Tigris. Photo: D. Wengrow et al.
Archaeological research has uncovered grand tombs belonging to the local elite. These tombs contain extraordinary grave goods, including weapons, prestigious items, and offerings, all indicating a clear social stratification among the inhabitants of the region.

The study, based on excavations and detailed archaeological analysis, suggests that Basur Höyük was a center of local power with strong ties to the major cities of Mesopotamia.

Although it was not part of the great empires of the time, this enclave became a hub for wealth and prestige, reflected in the tombs of the settlement’s ruling elite.

The site of Başur Höyük on the Upper Tigris. Photo: D. Wengrow et al.

Evidence of Human Sacrifice
One of the most striking discoveries at Basur Höyük is evidence of human sacrifice, a phenomenon recorded in other ancient civilizations as well.

In certain tombs, archaeologists found the remains of multiple individuals who were likely buried alongside the rulers in a ritual symbolizing the transition to the afterlife and the maintenance of social order even after death.

Such practices were common in highly hierarchical societies, where leaders used these rituals not only as displays of power but also as mechanisms to reinforce faith and the structure of authority.

A collection of metal grave goods made of copper from Başur Höyük. Photo: D. Wengrow et al.
According to bioarchaeological analyses, the victims of these sacrifices were primarily teenage girls, deliberately chosen for the ritual.

The grave goods discovered at Basur Höyük are another key element supporting the idea of growing inequality in the area during the Bronze Age.

The elite tombs contain copper knives, spearheads, cylindrical seals, intricate gold and silver jewelry, and other luxury items, all suggesting privileged access to goods and advanced technologies for the time.

Collection of metal grave goods made of copper from Başur Höyük. Photo: D. Wengrow et al.

Social Inequality as a Result of a Systematic Plan
These findings support the theory that social inequality did not arise spontaneously but was likely the result of a gradual process driven by the need to establish power, control resources, and institutionalize class differences.

The analysis of this royal cemetery contributes to a better understanding of how human societies transitioned from egalitarian systems to strictly hierarchical structures. Basur Höyük was situated between the cities of Mesopotamia and the tribal populations of Anatolia, which gave it a key role in the diffusion of ideas, technologies, and power structures.

From the study of this site, researchers have identified patterns similar to those observed in other parts of the world, where emerging elites used war, trade, and religious rituals to solidify their dominance over the rest of the population.

Archaeological evidence shows that inequality was not an “inevitable byproduct” of cultural development, but a deliberate mechanism for organizing power.

Ancient Inscription May Reveal the Truth About the Iliad – Challenging What We Know About the Trojan War

The Trojan War is undoubtedly one of the most famous stories in Greek mythology. However, its historical authenticity has been the subject of scholarly debate for years. Recently, a remarkable discovery from the archives of the Hittites is shaking the foundations of our interpretation of this mythic conflict.

Published under the supervision of Michele Bianconi from Oxford University, a recently deciphered tablet, Keilfischurkunden aus Boghazköi 24.1, reveals striking written connections between the Late Bronze Age in Anatolia and the epic tradition, culminating in Homer’s Iliad.

For years, scholars had not reached a definitive conclusion regarding the existence of Troy itself, until Heinrich Schliemann’s excavations in 1873, which confirmed its historical presence. However, the question of whether the Trojan War actually took place still remains under scrutiny.

Some scholars believe that certain texts from the Hittites provide evidence supporting the occurrence of the Trojan War. But what do these archives reveal, and how do they connect with the stories found in Homeric epics?

The Trojan War

Map of the Hittite Empire and Ahhiyawa (Photo: Wikipedia).

According to ancient Greek texts, the Trojan War was the conflict between the Greeks and the Trojans on the northwestern edge of Anatolia. The Greek army, led by King Agamemnon of Argos, fought against the Trojans under the elderly King Priam. It was a massive conflict, with over a thousand ships participating from Greece.

The Trojans did not fight alone, but alongside many allies from across western Anatolia, including the Lydians and Phrygians. Over the course of the ten-year war, the Greeks launched raids against various cities along the Anatolian coast. The vast scale of the conflict makes the confirmation of the war as a historical event necessary.

The Hittite Empire and Its Archives

Achilles cares for the wounded Patroclus. Painting on an Attic red-figure kylix.

The Hittite Empire, which dominated much of Anatolia during the traditional dating of the Trojan War (around 1200 BCE), is at the heart of scholarly interest in seeking evidence for the war’s historical basis.

Among the most important findings in Hittite texts is the mention of the nation of Ahhiyawa. Linguists generally agree that this term refers to the Achaeans, the Greeks as described in Homer’s Iliad. These archives suggest that the kingdom of Ahhiyawa was a powerful nation to the west of the Hittite Empire, likely corresponding to the Mycenaean civilization.

One of the most significant records is the Tavagalawa Letter, dated to 1250 BCE. This letter refers to a dispute with Wilusa, which most scholars agree is Ilium (Troy), as described by the Hittites.

The letter reads: “The king of the Hittites convinced me about the issue with the land of Wilusa, and that both he and I were enemies and should reconcile.” This excerpt has been interpreted as evidence of a conflict between the Hittites and the Greeks over Troy, leading many scholars to consider it as confirmation of the Trojan War. However, the letter does not use the Hittite word for war but refers generally to hostilities.

The Bridge Between the Hittites and the Iliad

The Mykonos vessel (750 to 650 BCE), featuring one of the earliest known depictions of the Trojan Horse and the faces of the hidden warriors on the side of the horse (Source: Wikipedia).

The recent discovery of the Keilfischurkunden aus Boghazköi 24.1 tablet adds another piece to the puzzle of understanding the narrative of the Trojan War. The text not only strengthens the geopolitical dynamics of the late Bronze Age but also provides an unprecedented literary fragment suggesting that a native poetic tradition from the Luwians, dealing with the fall of Troy, existed centuries before Homer.

Specifically, the tablet mentions a Hittite monarch and a Pariyamuwa, likely a local king or warlord from Wilusa (Troy). It also references a well-known figure from the Hittite archives – Atarsiya of Ahhiyawa – and his sons.

The narrative aligns with earlier descriptions where Atarsiya is depicted as a powerful leader of the Achaeans in western Anatolia. The truly striking part is the inclusion of a Luwian poetic fragment at the end of the tablet, which appears to describe the fall of Troy.

The rhythmic verse bears a striking similarity to the opening lines of the Iliad:
“Sing, O goddess, the anger of Achilles son of Peleus, that brought countless ills upon the Achaeans, many a brave soul did it send hurrying to Hades.”

The inscription provides pioneering evidence for the poetic tradition in Luwian, recording what seems to be the earliest mention of the sack of Troy. Although the text is fragmented, it reveals a rhythm that suggests it was written for oral recitation.

The dactylic or spondaic rhythm, strikingly similar to the Homeric hexameter, may point to a broader epic tradition in the courts of Anatolia, possibly predating the composition of the Iliad in the 8th century BCE.

The verse from the Luwian poem seems to echo the divine wrath and destruction, suggesting thematic and structural similarities with the Greek epic tradition. Given that Troy was located in Anatolia, a region inhabited by a diverse, bilingual (or even multilingual) population, including the Hittites, Luwians, and various Indo-European groups, it is plausible that a local narrative tradition regarding the fall of Troy existed, supported now, albeit tentatively, by these findings.

Myth and History in the Trojan Horse

Exploring the Trojan Horse, especially through the lens of recent Hittite discoveries, invites us to rethink the intricate relationship between myth and history. The recently deciphered tablet (Keilfischurkunden aus Boghazköi 24.1) enriches our understanding of the geopolitical landscape of the late Bronze Age, but also challenges us to reassess the narratives that have shaped our perceptions of this mythic conflict.

By analyzing Hittite texts, we encounter striking hints of a poetic tradition predating Homer, suggesting that the story of Troy is not a product of the Greek imagination, but a tale rooted in the collective memory of the peoples of Anatolia.

References to Wilusa and the interactions between the Hittites and the kingdom of Ahhiyawa form the historical backdrop that may have inspired the Homeric epics we associate with the Trojan War.

However, it is crucial that these findings be interpreted with a critical mindset. While the Tavagalawa Letter and other Hittite documents provide valuable clues, they do not offer irrefutable proof of the war depicted by Homer.

The Mykonos vase (750 to 650 BCE), featuring one of the earliest known depictions of the Trojan Horse and the faces of the hidden warriors on its side, is another fascinating artifact linking myth to material culture.

The peaceful resolution mentioned in the letter stands in stark contrast to the violent destruction of Troy as described in the Iliad. This difference raises important questions about the evolution of myths over time, often shaped by the cultural narratives and the needs of the societies that perpetuate them.

The Trojan Horse serves as a powerful reminder of the intertwining of history and myth, resulting in a rich mosaic of storytelling that reflects the values, fears, and aspirations of ancient civilizations.

As we continue to uncover new evidence and reinterpret existing texts, we must remain open to the possibility that the reality of the Trojan Horse was more complex than the simple story of hero versus villain.

The story of Troy is not just a war epic about a siege for a woman; it is a story about human strength—the struggles, the triumphs, and the art of storytelling.

Ilium echoes in clay inscriptions and oral traditions, reminding us that history is not a static record but a living narrative that constantly evolves.

By piecing together the fragments of the past, we not only understand the events that shaped our world but also craft the timeless themes that unite humanity.

Three-Year-Old Discovers Ancient Seal at the Site of David's Battle with Goliath, According to the Bible

A three-year-old has discovered a Canaanite scarab while walking near the archaeological site of Tel Azeka, a location that, according to the Bible, is where David fought Goliath.

The significance of the scarab in ancient Egypt

Scarabs—used as amulets—originated in ancient Egypt, where these beetles were revered as sacred symbols of rebirth.

The ancient Egyptians believed that the scarabs embodied new life, as they laid their eggs in dung, thus creating life out of decay.

"During this period, scarabs were used as seals and amulets," explains Dr. Daphna Ben-Tor, an expert in Egyptian symbols and especially scarabs, in her statement. "We have found them in tombs, public buildings, and private homes. Sometimes, they were symbols reflecting religious beliefs or social views."

Dr. Ben-Tor studied the artifact discovered in the Tel Azeka area and concluded that it has cultural ties to the Canaanites, an ancient people mentioned in the Bible and in historical records over 3,500 years ago. This kingdom existed in the eastern Mediterranean with a city-state structure, also linked to older archaeological finds.

Tel Azeka is mentioned in the Bible as the site of the iconic battle between David and the Philistine giant Goliath (1 Samuel 17:1). Excavations have been ongoing at this location for the last 15 years, led by scholars from Tel Aviv University.

"The findings from the excavation show that, during the Middle and Late Bronze Ages (2000 – 1000 BC), one of the most important cities in the Judean Plain was thriving here at Tel Azeka," explains Professor Oded Lipschits of Tel Aviv University, who is also the lead archaeologist for the excavation.

"The scarab found by Zin incorporates the long history of Egyptian and Canaanite finds discovered here, which demonstrate the close ties and cultural influences between Canaan and Egypt during this period."

The scarab will be featured in a special exhibition by the Israel Antiquities Authority this Passover at the Jay and Jeanie Schottenstein campus, alongside other ancient artifacts from Egypt and Canaan.

A toddler has discovered a Canaanite seal at the site where David fought Goliath, according to the Bible. Photo: Israel Antiquities Authority

"In our public tours, we will present, for the first time, impressive artifacts, including Pharaoh seals, Egyptian statues, ritual vessels, and evidence of the cultural influence of Egypt on the land of Israel," says Eli Escusido, Director of the Israel Antiquities Authority, in his statement.

Three-year-old Ziv Nitzan was awarded an honorary distinction by the Israel Antiquities Authority.

A 1,800-Year-Old Roman Settlement Unearthed – The Gemstone Depicting Hermes and the Mysterious Knife

In the quiet countryside of northwestern Germany, an extraordinary archaeological discovery has captured the imagination of experts and the public alike. Deep beneath the surface of a modern residential development project in the Delbrück-Bentfeld area of Paderborn, researchers have uncovered the remains of a sophisticated Roman-era rural settlement dating back nearly 1,800 years.

Lea Rokus, a student involved in the excavation, recently presented a beautifully decorated pottery shard, estimated to be almost two millennia old—just one of the many remarkable finds shedding light on this once-forgotten corner of Roman influence in Germania.

A Settlement Revealed

The 20-centimeter knife with integrated bronze strips was found buried beneath the floor of the small building (Photo: LWL/A. Madziala).

The excavation, overseen by the Westphalia-Lippe Regional Authority (LWL), began in November 2024 and has since brought to light the remains of at least three rural settlements near the ancient Roman military camp of Anreppen. Among the most fascinating discoveries are a finely engraved gemstone bearing the image of Hermes—the Roman god of commerce and travel—and a mysterious knife buried in an unusual position beneath a dwelling’s floor.

Originally believed to house just a single isolated farmhouse, the area now reveals a far more complex and extensive pattern of habitation, challenging previous assumptions made during a preliminary study conducted eight years ago.

Traces of Everyday Life

Dr. Sven Spiong from LWL-Archäologie in Bielefeld highlights how the Lippe River basin is rich with traces of early post-Roman settlements. Through their excavations, archaeologists aim to analyze the spread and characteristics of these rural communities more precisely.

Among the key findings is the accurate dating of one farmhouse on the eastern edge of the site. Coins and pottery fragments suggest continuous occupation between the 2nd and 3rd centuries AD. Ground imprints also allow for partial reconstructions of buildings, including a large central residence and semi-subterranean annexes to the north and south, likely used for weaving or other domestic activities.

Water access, a critical need for any settlement, was secured via a shallow well dug down to the water table. Soil patterns indicate the well was originally reinforced with timber to aid in water collection.

Glimpses of Local Economy

In the southwestern section of the excavation zone, another farmhouse is under study. Here, archaeologists discovered evidence of a kiln, indicating that alongside textile production, the settlement may have supported metalworking—particularly copper smelting for decorative objects.

Fragments from the kiln walls, vitrified from intense heat and containing metal residues, leave little doubt about the presence of skilled craftsmanship in the area. Numerous coins scattered across the site further support accurate dating of the settlement phases, once they are restored and analyzed alongside recovered ceramics.

According to Dr. Spiong, one of the central research questions remains: Did these farmsteads coexist at the same time, or were they part of a single estate that shifted locations over time due to natural wear and decay of wooden structures?

The Gemstone of Hermes

Among the standout discoveries is a tiny gemstone measuring just 1.5 centimeters in diameter. Intricately carved, it features Hermes holding a money pouch in one hand and a caduceus in the other, while wearing his iconic winged helmet. Experts believe the gem was once set in a ring and suggest that its Roman origin serves as yet more evidence of ongoing trade between locals and regions under imperial control—even after Roman legions had left.

The Knife Beneath the Floor

Another object stirring intense curiosity is a 20-centimeter iron knife adorned with bronze inlays. It was found buried blade-up beneath the floor of a small underground structure at the western edge of the site.

What intrigues researchers most is how the knife was placed: carefully hidden, but not in a way that would harm anyone who might stumble upon it. This has led to speculation about a possible ritual function—perhaps a symbolic offering intended to protect the structure, or alternatively, a deliberately hidden object for safekeeping.

Experts have confirmed its Roman origin, reinforcing the idea that cultural and economic ties between Germanic communities and the Roman Empire were both long-lasting and significant.

A Window into the Past

The small precious stone featuring the god Hermes, which was originally attached to a ring, has been placed in an impressive frame (Photo: LWL/A. Madziala).

Delbrück’s mayor, Werner Peitz, has closely followed the progress of the excavation and stressed the importance of preserving these findings. "The archaeological study in the Schafbreite development area offers a unique opportunity to better understand our past. Each discovery is another piece of the puzzle, bringing us closer to the lives of our ancestors and preserving their stories for future generations," he stated.

While plans for urban development have limited exploration of a third farmhouse at the western end of the excavation site, surface findings strongly suggest that the settlement extended well beyond the current dig zone—part of a broader, interconnected network of villages along the Lippe River.

Even after the Roman camp at Anreppen was abandoned, the web of interactions between Roman and local populations appears to have endured for at least two more centuries, leaving a lasting imprint on the region’s history.

“And from the Earth Rose a Theater” – The Rediscovery and Systematic Excavation of the Ancient Theater of Lefkada

The ancient city of Lefkada, founded in the late 7th century BCE by the seafaring Corinthians on the northeastern tip of the island, was once a powerful city-state. Thanks to its strategic position on maritime routes to the North and West and its bustling harbor, Lefkada flourished economically and culturally. Rescue excavations carried out by the Ephorate of Antiquities of Aetolia-Acarnania and Lefkada, within the framework of public and private works, have unearthed significant archaeological remains, including segments of fortification walls, residential structures, cemeteries, and harbor installations.

The only systematic excavation on the island since the large-scale efforts of renowned archaeologist Wilhelm Dörpfeld took place in recent years. Its focus? To uncover Lefkada’s most iconic ancient monument—the theater. The theater is located about three kilometers south of modern Lefkada, nestled on the northeastern slope of the middle hill of Koulmos. Surrounded by olive groves, the site offers a panoramic view of the sea channel and the coastal plain where the ancient city once thrived.

Until 2015, very little was known about the theater. The only recorded traces came from trial trenches dug in 1901 by E. Kruger, a colleague of Dörpfeld, and documented in the book Alt Ithaka. After the initial digs were filled in, the exact location of the theater was lost to time, hidden beneath olive trees and temporary storage sheds. However, the area’s distinctive terrain and surface artifacts helped archaeologists from the 11th Ephorate of Prehistoric and Classical Antiquities relocate the site in 1997.

Under the leadership of Dr. Olympia Vikatou, systematic efforts to excavate the theater began in 2015. These efforts were made possible through a partnership with then-mayor Kostas Drakontaeidis and with the support of the nonprofit organization DIAZOMA. The first trial trenches, funded by the municipality, revealed stone seats, the orchestra, and the retaining wall of the stage.

In 2017, a full-scale excavation was launched by the Ephorate of Antiquities of Aetolia-Acarnania and Lefkada, financed jointly by the Region of the Ionian Islands (€100,000) and the Municipality of Lefkada (€100,000), under a formal agreement with the Ministry of Culture. Excavation began on land owned by the Mikronis family, who generously allowed work to proceed before the formal expropriation process was complete. Within just five excavation seasons, by 2023, the team had brought to light the grand and monumental theater of ancient Lefkada.

A Monument Emerges from the Olive Groves

The excavation—led by Dr. Vikatou and supported by a skilled team including archaeologists Vivian Staikou and Varvara Gkiza, surveyor George Lolos, architect Nikos Chatzidakis, and art conservator Aphrodite Tiligada—was especially challenging. It required the removal of numerous large olive trees, extensive soil clearing, the dismantling of modern structures, and the careful relocation of architectural fragments.

Today, the archaeological site reveals much of the theater’s cavea (seating area), orchestra, euripos (drainage channel), parodoi (side entrances), retaining walls, and a substantial portion of the stage building. While the upper parts of the cavea are poorly preserved—mainly due to both ancient and modern human activity—the lower sections retain key architectural elements.

The theater faces northeast/southwest and is divided by 13 staircases (0.72–0.78 meters wide) into 12 seating sections. The lower cavea still has well-preserved stone benches and presidential seats (proedria), especially at the center, along with limestone cover plates, stair risers, and paving slabs.

The main seating area has 21 rows of seats, and above the 21st row, there was likely a horizontal walkway (diazoma). Higher still, three rows were carved directly into the rock, with the rest of the epitheatron (upper cavea) appearing as a continuous slope—likely unfinished. At full capacity, the theater could host about 10,000 to 11,000 spectators, though the 24 rows alone could seat around 3,500.

Among the highlights of the excavation are three partially preserved stone thrones, intricately decorated with lion’s paws, dolphins, birds, and sirens, likely reserved for high-ranking individuals such as priests or officials of the city or the later Acarnanian League.

The orchestra—partially carved into bedrock—forms a complete circle with an outer diameter of 16.65 meters, encircled by a stone frame made of three layers of stones. The stones feature elegant decorative motifs such as wave patterns and bands.

The stage building measures approximately 20 meters long and 13 meters wide. Though only the foundations survive, many column fragments and pieces of the entablature suggest it featured an Ionic façade with 16 engaged columns. On either side of the colonnade were ramps, each nine meters long, leading to the logeion (the upper stage platform where actors performed). These ramps were enclosed at their entrances with gates, and a strong retaining wall located 13 meters behind the stage marked the eastern boundary of the structure.

A Theater Shaped by Time

The theater is believed to have been built during the 4th century BCE, a time of prosperity in ancient Lefkada, aligning with the construction of other major public buildings. However, certain architectural features indicate later renovations. During the Roman period, the city declined, especially after the founding of Nicopolis by Octavian Augustus in 31 BCE, when many residents of Lefkada were resettled there. The theater, like much of the ancient city, was eventually abandoned, and parts of its structure were repurposed for newer buildings, some of which were erected directly atop the seating area.

Despite centuries of wear and human intervention, the theater remains a striking and imposing monument, seamlessly integrated into the natural contours of the hill and overlooking the surrounding landscape, including the ancient city’s harbor and the Acarnanian coastline.

The upper part of the cavea and parts of the stage are scheduled for future excavation, pending the completion of land expropriations initiated by the Ministry of Culture following a 2020 visit by Minister Lina Mendoni. Restoration and stone conservation plans have already been prepared under the current Programmatic Agreement. Once approved by the Central Archaeological Council (KAS), the project will be ready for inclusion in a co-financed funding program.

Sincere thanks are extended to regional governors Spyros Galiatsatos, Rodi Kratsa-Tsagaropoulou, and Ioannis Trepeklis, as well as to mayors Konstantinos Drakontaeidis, Charalampos Kalos, and Xenofon Verginis, all of whom played key roles in advancing the agreement with the Ministry of Culture.

From a forgotten hillside covered in olive trees to a monumental rediscovery, the ancient theater of Lefkada stands once more—a testament to the island’s rich cultural legacy and its enduring connection to the dramatic arts.

Pompeii: Archaeologists Discover Two Nearly Life-Sized Statues

Archaeologists in Pompeii have made a striking discovery—two nearly life-sized statues, one of a man and one of a woman, believed to have adorned a large tomb in the ancient city.

The statues were uncovered during excavations at a monumental burial site within the Porta Sarno necropolis, one of the main gateways into ancient Pompeii. The tomb features multiple burial niches built into a wall, and these two statues likely held significant symbolic meaning for the people interred there.

Experts believe the female figure may represent an important local woman—possibly a priestess of Ceres, the Roman counterpart of the Greek goddess Demeter. This theory is supported by her elaborate jewelry and accessories, including earrings, rings, and bracelets, which suggest high status.

“These statues date back to the late Roman Republic,” said Gabriel Zuchtriegel, director of the Pompeii Archaeological Park. “The woman appears to be part of the local elite, and there’s a strong possibility she was a priestess of Ceres.”

The female figure is depicted holding what appear to be laurel leaves—symbols commonly associated with purification and the blessing of sacred spaces through incense and aromatic smoke. In Roman society, priestesses held a prominent role in religious and civic life. In fact, it was one of the highest public positions a woman could attain at the time.

Interestingly, while the statues were placed side by side, archaeologists aren’t certain they represent a married couple.

“Funerary sculptures didn’t always depict couples,” Zuchtriegel explained. “Sometimes they show two men, or even three individuals. This man could be her husband—or possibly her son. Without an inscription, it’s impossible to say for sure.”

Regardless of their exact relationship, the statues offer a rare and intimate glimpse into the lives—and afterlives—of Pompeii’s elite just before the city was frozen in time by the eruption of Mount Vesuvius.

Workers Noticed Something Strange in the Soil—And They Were Right: A 2,500-Year-Old Ancient Settlement Discovered by Accident

Archaeologists in Shaoxing, located in China’s Zhejiang Province, have uncovered a remarkably well-preserved ancient settlement dating back 2,500 years to the Yue State during the early Warring States period (475–221 BCE).

This significant discovery sheds new light on ancient Chinese construction methods and urban planning, offering rare insights into daily life on the outskirts of Yue’s capital.

A Curious Observation in the Soil

The accidental discovery occurred in June 2024, during construction work for a new development in the Shaoxing Binhai area. Workers noticed unusual soil layers, which led to a swift investigation by the Zhejiang Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology.

Researchers soon confirmed the presence of an ancient coastal settlement dating to the Warring States period, located roughly 4.47 km north of the old Cao River. The area, historically known as Baicaoyuan, was once a maritime and economic hub.

Remarkable Wooden Architecture

Among the most striking findings were the remnants of advanced wooden structures. Two major wooden buildings, each nearly 1,300 square meters in size, were identified.

• The first structure featured stilts, porches, and walls constructed from interlocking wooden stakes, topped with thatched roofing made of straw and reeds, all tied together with grass ropes.

• The second structure was built with ten parallel rows of wooden piles, horizontal beams, and layered logs—a complex and forward-thinking design that suggests three-dimensional architectural planning, rarely seen in constructions of that era.

The precise joinery techniques used in these buildings even resemble those found in later Chinese dynasties, showing a surprisingly high level of craftsmanship.

Dr. Zhou Xiaolong, an expert in ancient wooden architecture, emphasized the significance of the find, stating: "This wasn’t a random assembly—it was meticulously planned."

A Capital Suburb Revealed

Archaeologist Xu Tianjin explained that this location, along with the ancient cities of Tingshan and Nanshantou, formed a functional extension of Yue’s capital, aligning with historical accounts from the Yuejishu, a classical Chinese text that mentions the “great city of Shanyin.”

Techniques Ahead of Their Time

The site’s wooden foundation system was analyzed by Chen Zhiyong’s team from Harbin Institute of Technology, who found that the construction techniques surpassed even some used during the Tang Dynasty (618–907 CE).

Builders used a foundation system involving woven bamboo baskets and deep-set piles sunk into marshy soil—up to 2.3 meters deep. These methods predate similar Song Dynasty technologies by approximately 1,500 years.

Artifacts Unearthed

The excavation also revealed a treasure trove of artifacts, including:

• A primitive porcelain cup

• Red ceramic tripods

• Ash-glazed burial urns with decorative impressions

• Bronze drill bits

Remains of domesticated animals—especially dogs, pigs, and cattle—were also found, painting a picture of daily agricultural life.

Significantly, researchers uncovered a large volume of marine remnants, such as shells and tuna vertebrae, suggesting that sea-based activities played a key economic role and were likely tied to trade networks.

Ritual and Defense

One of the most intriguing findings was a set of ritual pig burials, with full skeletons aligned toward the ancient Cao River—possibly indicating religious or cultural traditions.

Archaeologists also discovered hydraulic infrastructure, hinting that naval defense strategies were once employed in the area.

More Discoveries in Jizhong

In July 2024, further excavations in Jizhong unveiled even more Yue-era structures. While Jizhong likely served as an administrative center, Baicaoyuan—in the outskirts—appears to have been a working-class settlement, home to craftsmen who salted fish and repaired ships by the waterfront.

Archaeologists also found 38 artifacts from the Six Dynasties period (220–589 CE), indicating that later settlers reused ancient materials for different purposes.

Preserving the Past for the Future

To protect these rare wooden structures, archaeologists and civil engineers are taking innovative steps. The most fragile architectural elements will be reburied under geo-textiles, creating China’s first "archaeological time capsule"—a preservation effort aimed at safeguarding the site for future generations.

Did You Know the Story of the Bee and Hagia Sophia?

According to legend, a humble bee—unwittingly—played a part in the construction of the most iconic church in Byzantine history: Hagia Sophia.

When Emperor Justinian began building Hagia Sophia in 532 AD, workers toiled day after day, hauling materials, mixing clay and lime, racing against time to complete the grand cathedral. The task was monumental, and precision was everything. Craftsmen blended the materials with the utmost care, as if they were preparing a sacred ritual.

One day, the story goes, a young apprentice left a mold filled with lime and water to the side while he went to assist on the walls. When he returned, the mold was gone. No one knew what had happened—until someone noticed a bee flying away, carrying tiny bits of the mixture. They followed it.

The bee disappeared through a crack in the foundation. The next day, they found it had built a small hive inside a niche, using clay and lime, shaped into a perfect hexagon. The workers paused, stunned into silence. To them, it was a divine sign.

The bee’s geometry, they said, surpassed that of even the most skilled artisan. And at that moment, the master builder declared:
“We will build this temple as the bee builds her hive—with harmony, wisdom, and humility.”

The legend spread by word of mouth—from the heart of Constantinople to Pontus and deep into Asia Minor. In some variations, it’s said that the bee protected a sacred object from the Divine Liturgy when the Ottomans entered the city and will return it when Hagia Sophia once again becomes a place of Christian worship. In others, the bee is seen as a guardian of the great dome—a small angel with wings made of wax.

A modest creature by nature, the bee came to symbolize divine wisdom. It works quietly, almost invisibly, yet it creates miracles. Just like Hagia Sophia, which was built not only with stone and marble—but with faith, patience, and… a touch of honey.

Turkey’s Euromos Zeus Temple Set to Regain Former Glory with Restored Columns

Archaeologists in the Milas district of Mugla province are working diligently to restore the 1,860-year-old Temple of Zeus Lepsynos, a once grand sanctuary that has suffered considerable structural damage over the centuries. Located in Selimiye, the temple dates back to the second century B.C. and is considered one of the best-preserved ancient sites in Türkiye.

Associate Professor Abuzer Kizil, the head of the Euromos excavation team from Mugla Sitki Kocman University’s archaeology department, highlighted the significance of the ongoing restoration project.

“The project has gained momentum under the ‘Heritage for the Future’ initiative. We have cataloged and documented nearly a thousand architectural blocks, laying the foundation for a meticulous restoration process,” Kizil explained.

An aerial view shows the columns of the Temple of Zeus Lepsynos in Milas, Mugla, Türkiye, being restored and made earthquake-resistant on March 26, 2025. (AA Photo)

North Columns Dismantled to Prevent Collapse

Kizil elaborated on the steps taken to ensure the safety of the temple during the restoration. Years of erosion and structural shifts had caused parts of the temple to become unstable. “In previous years, partial restoration work had been carried out. However, this year, we took a critical step by dismantling all the northern columns, which were leaning dangerously. A strong earthquake could have led to their collapse, causing irreversible damage,” he said.

The restoration team is carefully repairing and reinforcing damaged pieces before reassembling them in their original locations. “We are rebuilding the temple from its foundation to its roof. Our priority is to re-erect the northern façade first, ensuring its stability,” Kizil added.

A view of the Temple of Zeus Lepsynos in Milas, Mugla, Turkiye, being restored and made earthquake-resistant, March 26, 2025. (AA Photo)

Restoration Set to Continue Until 2028

As part of the “Heritage for the Future” initiative, the team aims to restore the remaining facades of the temple. “Our goal is to connect three sides of the temple structurally to enhance its earthquake resistance. We are following ancient construction techniques to maintain historical authenticity,” Kizil noted.

In addition to the temple, excavation and restoration efforts will also focus on other significant structures in Euromos, such as the theater, agora, and bath complex. “The restoration is expected to continue until 2028. Alongside the structural work, we will conduct excavations around the temple. Although the sanctuary dates from the Roman period, there are also layers from the Hellenistic and Archaic periods, which may provide valuable new archaeological insights,” Kizil explained.

Ongoing Excavations and Future Prospects

Excavations at Euromos are ongoing throughout the year, with experts from various archaeological disciplines involved, including geophysical surveys, mapping, and structural analysis. Once restored, the Temple of Zeus Lepsynos is expected to regain its former splendor, offering visitors a chance to experience the grandeur of Türkiye’s ancient heritage.

An aerial view shows the columns of the Temple of Zeus Lepsynos in Milas, Mugla, Türkiye, being restored and made earthquake-resistant on March 26, 2025. (AA Photo)

UK: Controversy Surrounds Fast-Food Ad – Over 1,000 Complaints Claim It "Mocks Christ's Baptism"

A fast-food advertisement by KFC has sparked outrage in the UK, with many accusing it of mocking Christian beliefs.

According to The Daily Mail, the Advertising Standards Authority (ASA), the UK’s independent advertising watchdog, received over 1,000 complaints about the commercial.

The ad, titled "All Hail Gravy," features a man being baptized in a lake of gravy, before transforming into a life-sized chicken wing. Hymns are heard in the background, and the commercial ends with the phrase "Believe in Chicken."

A Backlash Over Religious Sensitivity

The ASA announced that the complaints primarily came from individuals who claimed the ad ridiculed Christianity, praised cults and Satanism, and, in some extreme cases, even suggested it promoted cannibalism.

However, the independent UK authority decided not to launch an investigation into the matter, concluding that the advertisement did not violate any advertising rules.

In its decision, the ASA stated that the commercial depicted "a highly fantastical scenario, most likely to be interpreted as abstract or otherworldly rather than offensive." The watchdog further explained that the ad was unlikely to harm children, cause undue distress, or result in significant or widespread offense.

Christopher Nolan’s ‘The Odyssey’: Matt Damon’s Dramatic Transformation and Filming with Zendaya in Italy

Hollywood is buzzing with anticipation as Oscar-winning director Christopher Nolan takes on one of the greatest epics of all time: Homer’s Odyssey. At the heart of the project is Matt Damon, who has undergone a striking transformation to portray the legendary hero, Odysseus.*

A Hollywood Epic with a Mythical Cast

This cinematic retelling of The Odyssey boasts an all-star ensemble. Alongside Damon, the film features Tom Holland as Telemachus, Lupita Nyong’o as the enchantress Circe, Anne Hathaway as Penelope, Charlize Theron as Calypso, Robert Pattinson as Poseidon, and Elliot Page in a yet-to-be-revealed role.

The cast and crew recently completed filming key scenes in Greece, with locations including Methoni, Voidokilia, and Pylos—areas rich in both natural beauty and mythological significance. Production has now moved to Italy, where Zendaya—rumored to play the goddess Athena—has been spotted on set.

Damon’s Physical and Emotional Transformation

Newly released behind-the-scenes photos show a completely transformed Matt Damon, almost unrecognizable with long gray hair, a full beard, and a visibly muscular physique—complete with defined abs.

“I consider Odysseus to be one of the most complex and multifaceted characters ever written,” Damon shared in a recent interview. “My goal isn’t just to portray his strength, but also to explore the emotional and psychological journey he undertakes.”

Bringing Myth to Life

As expected, Nolan’s adaptation will focus on the cunning hero’s ten-year journey to return home to Ithaca following the fall of Troy. Along the way, Odysseus encounters legendary dangers and mythical creatures, including the Cyclops Polyphemus. For this scene, an elaborate 6-meter-tall set was constructed inside the Cave of Nestor, adding authentic depth to the production’s visuals.

A Film Shaped by Vision and Spectacle

While plot details remain under wraps, it’s clear that Nolan’s vision for The Odyssey combines dramatic storytelling with mythic grandeur. With a cast of this caliber, visually stunning locations, and a director known for pushing cinematic boundaries, the film is shaping up to be one of the most anticipated epics in recent memory.

Stay tuned for more updates, and check out new photos of Matt Damon and Zendaya on set in Italy as excitement continues to build around this mythological masterpiece.