In the following video we will explore the concept of the seven archangels. Using various religious texts and surrounding works we take a look at who they are and what exactly they represent. Enjoy!
Elizabeth I - English Monarchs Real Faces Recreation
A visit into renaissance England, and more specifically the reign of queen Elizabeth I, starting from teenage years to older, as well as her parents, Henry VIII and Ann Boleyn. Watch the video to find out more!
The Battle of Hastings Brought to Life in Stunning Animation: 1066
Join us as we take you on an epic journey through the Battle of Hastings, one of the most pivotal moments in English history. Our 3D animated documentary brings the medieval conflict to life, with stunning animation, realistic battle reenactments, and expert narration. Follow the events leading up to the historic battle between William the Conqueror and Harold Godwinson in 1066, and learn about the key players and tactics that shaped the outcome. Immerse yourself in the story of the Norman Invasion and its impact on Anglo-Saxon England. Perfect for history buffs and fans of medieval warfare alike. Don't miss out on this informative and visually stunning animation about the Battle of Hastings.
Portable sundial from the period 250–350 AD.
A Portable Sundial Adorns the Archaeological Museum of Philippi in Greece
The Ingenious Portable Sundial: A Testament to Hellenistic Innovation
In the heart of Macedonia, where history and archaeology intertwine, lies a hidden gem within the Archaeological Museum of Philippi: a portable sundial that takes us on a journey through time. Dating back to the period between 250 and 350 AD, this remarkable artifact offers a glimpse into the ancient world's fascination with measuring time, latitude, and the celestial heavens. Let us embark on a historical voyage to discover the secrets of this ingenious invention and its significance within the context of Hellenistic traditions.
The Portable Sundial's Unique Design
This portable sundial is unlike any other timekeeping device of its era. Comprising three interconnected flattened rings, it bears a striking resemblance to a spherical astrolabe. The beauty of this design lies in its versatility. Each of the three rings can be independently rotated a full 360 degrees, allowing for precise time measurements and astronomical observations.
Archaeological site of Philippi
On the outer curved side of the central ring, the names and latitudes of various cities are meticulously engraved in two half-rings. From Rome (ΡωΜΗC) to Alexandria (ΑΛΕΞΑΝΔΡΕΙΑC) and from Athens (ΑΘΗΝΑΙ) to Rhodes (ΡΟΔΟΥ), these inscriptions serve as geographical markers, facilitating latitude calculations.
Further enhancing its functionality, the sundial features month names engraved on both sides of the ring's thickness. These month inscriptions correspond to each city, with one side displaying January to June and the other July to December. This ingenious design allowed users to account for variations in daylight hours throughout the year, enabling more accurate timekeeping.
The innermost ring, found on the outer curved surface, contains a central optometric hole. This feature played a crucial role in determining the azimuth and altitude of celestial bodies, particularly the sun and stars. The inner domed side of this ring is divided into 12 sections by intricate engravings, enabling users to measure time with remarkable precision.
The Multifaceted Utility
This portable sundial is truly a marvel of ancient engineering. Its multifaceted utility is a testament to the ingenuity of the Hellenistic tradition. Beyond measuring time, this remarkable artifact allowed users to determine approximate latitude, chart the path of the sun or other celestial objects, and make calculations crucial for navigation and astronomy.
The Influence of Hellenistic Tradition
The roots of this portable sundial can be traced back to the Hellenistic tradition, a period marked by remarkable scientific and cultural achievements. However, it's important to note that the Byzantines, who succeeded the Hellenistic era, continued to cultivate these innovations under the influence of both Christianity and the Roman world. This blending of knowledge and ideas from different civilizations contributed to the refinement and development of devices like the portable sundial.
Visiting the Archaeological Museum of Philippi
For those fortunate enough to visit the Archaeological Museum of Philippi, this remarkable artifact is showcased among a wealth of historical treasures. On the first floor, visitors can explore archaeological and historical materials from the prehistoric settlement of Dikili Tash, as well as artifacts from the Hellenistic and Roman periods. The second floor offers a journey through the Christian city's history, from its early Christian prosperity to its eventual decline after the Ottoman conquest in the late 14th century.
The portable sundial from the period 250–350 AD, on display at the Archaeological Museum of Philippi, stands as a testament to the remarkable innovations of the Hellenistic tradition. Its intricate design and multifaceted utility speak volumes about the thirst for knowledge and precision that permeated the ancient world. As we marvel at this ancient timekeeping device, we are reminded of the enduring legacy of human curiosity and ingenuity that transcends the boundaries of time and place.
Castor and Pollux (Polydeuces), sons of Leda and Zeus, rape Hilaeira and Phoebe, the daughters of King Leucippus of Argos, shortly before their wedding.
Peter Paul Rubens - Bridgeman Art Library: Object 33380
The Rapture of the Leucippides
BY THE ARCHAEOLOGIST EDITOR GROUP
Of the myths about the first two Leucippides, Hilaeira and Phoebe, the most famous is the one that refers to the annulment of their marriage to their cousins, the Apharetids (the sons of Aphareus, Lygeus and Idas).
According to this myth, the Dioscuri, enraged by an earlier deception of the Apharetids in the distribution of the booty, kidnapped the two Leucippides. Their suitors pursued the Dioscuri to Taygetus, and in the ensuing battle Lygaeus and Castor were slain, while Zeus struck Ida with a thunderbolt. According to legend, these twins had the same mother, Leda, but different fathers: Castor was the earthly son of Tyndareus, King of Sparta, while Pollux was the divine son of Zeus, who seduced Leda in the guise of a swan. The brothers were set on marrying Hilaeira and Phoebe - the daughters of Leucippus - who were also known as the Leucippides. Unfortunately, they were already betrothed to the twin brothers Lynceus and Idas of Thebes, sons of Tyndareus's brother Aphareus. So to enforce their will, Castor and Pollux carried off the two women to Sparta, where they were duly married, and both gave birth to sons: Phoebe bore Mnesileos to Pollux; Hilaeira bore Anogon to Castor.
This myth to prevent consanguineous marriages inspired the ancient poets, who modified the myth in various ways, as well as numerous artists of antiquity and modern times. The Leucippides' tale actually adds to the conversation about how Greek women construct their own identities, the dynamic interactions between myth and society, the cultural significance of abduction tales and their relationship to marriage, as well as the dissemination, globalization, and context-specific reception of myth.
British Museum, London Catalogue No.London E224 Beazley Archive No.220497 Ware Attic Red Figure Shape Hydria Painter Attributed to the Meidias Painter Dateca 420 - 410 B.C. Period Classical
Apart from vase painting, in which the Rapture scene was a popular motif, such as the famous Meidius on a well-known vase in the British Museum, sculptors and painters also dealt with the same theme, for example in the reliefs of the Temple of Athena Chalcioecus and the Throne of Amyklaios Apollo, as well as in the Temple of Dioskouri in Athens (fresco by Polygnotos).
Among the more recent works, Peter Paul Rubens' painting "The Rapture of the Leucippides" (Alte Galerie, Munich) is famous.
The Origin of the Greek World
In the following video we will explain the origin of the Greek world. Enjoy!
Ancient Egyptians - Pharaohs - Real Faces Recreation
Another face recreation project focusing on ancient Egypt on some of its pharaohs and even normal people. This was done with the effort by observing the statues and separating myths, misconceptions from reality. Enjoy!
Japanese Mythology: The Essential - The Story of Amaterasu, Susanoo, Tsukuyomi, Izanagi and Izanami
In the video below we will analyze the essentials of japanese mythology. Watch the video to find out more about the story of Amaterasu, Susanoo, Tsukuyomi, Izanagi and Izanami. Enjoy!
How the British Monarchy Has Survived For So Long
It's a 1,200-year-old institution that has weathered wars, disease, and everything in between. But why has the British monarchy survived when so many others have faltered? The modern British monarchy can trace its roots back centuries, to the period when the island of Great Britain was a collection of disparate kingdoms in England, Scotland, and Wales. That changed over time, as these kingdoms consolidated into a single monarchy.
Why does the British monarchy still exist?
Warrior Societies of Bronze Age Europe
Could these warriors be related in some way to the Sea Peoples? And if so were they to blame for the Bronze Age Collapse?
Bronze Age mercenaries emerged in Europe in the 13th century BC. These men were part of a new highly mobile warrior class, equipped with innovative weapons and armour. They came from as far afield as Scandinavia, central Europe, Italy and the Balkans and they took service across Europe but especially in Mycenaean Greece, the eastern Mediterranean and even beyond.
Their emergence heralded a new militarism in Europe which immediately preceded the devastation of the twelfth century BC
Quetzalcoatlus | The Largest Animal To Ever Fly In North America
We all know that T. Rex was the king of land during the Late Cretaceous, while Mosasaurus was the king of the oceans. However, there was a third king, who ruled not land nor sea, but the sky, it was the Quetzalcoatlus. It was a giant pterosaur so mighty, that it was named after an Aztec God. It had a wingspan larger than a small plane, was taller than 3 people stacked on top of eachother, and had a taste for baby dinosaurs, making it one ferocious prehistoric beast.
Azores: The green wonder of Atlantic
Azores - an extremely green and isolated place, with a unique climate and ecstatic scenery.
In this episode we will travel to San Miguel, Faial, Flores Islands and see what the largest endemic collection of plants and birds in the world looks like. Enjoy!
Russell's Paradox - a simple explanation of a profound problem
This is a video lecture explaining Russell's Paradox. At the very heart of logic and mathematics, there is a paradox that has yet to be resolved. It was discovered by the mathematician and philosopher, Bertrand Russell, in 1901. In this talk, Professor Jeffrey Kaplan teaches you the basics of set theory (a foundational branch of mathematics dating back to the 1870s) in 20 minutes. Then he explains Russell’s Paradox, which is quite a thrilling thing if you are learning it for the first time. Finally, Kaplan argues that the paradox goes even deeper than Russell himself realized.
Joe Rogan: Secret Mammoth Boneyard Discovered Mining For Gold
Joe Rogan and John Reeves discuss how John found the boneyard that has yielded him thousands and thousands of bones, tusks, and skulls, all from prehistoric creatures 12,000 - 20,000 years ago.
John Reeves is an Alaskan gold miner who first came to public prominence on the 2012 National Geographic docu-series "Goldfathers." More recently, his ongoing search for gold uncovered the remains of thousands of Ice Age animals lying beneath the permafrost on his property. The discovery is featurted in the 2019 documentary "Boneyard Alaska".
100 Fascinating Ancient Greek Male Names And Their Meanings
BY THE ARCHAEOLOGIST EDITOR GROUP
Ancient Greece is recognized for its extensive history, dynamic culture, and continuing impact on a number of facets of contemporary life. This civilization's naming customs are remarkable since they frequently have significant significance and links to mythology, philosophy, and everyday life. Explore 100 alluring Ancient Greek male names that provide a window into antiquity in this blog post.
Here are the 100 ancient Greek male names along with their meanings:
Alexander - "Defender of the people"
Achilles - "Pain"
Ares - The Greek god of war
Agamemnon - "Very resolute"
Aristotle - "The best purpose" or "Excelling in virtue"
Apollo - The Greek god of music, arts, and healing
Antigonus - "Against birth" or "Opponent of birth"
Aristarchus - "Best ruler" or "Excellent leader"
Callisthenes - "Beautiful strength"
Cleisthenes - "Glory and strength"
Damon - "One who tames" or "To tame"
Demetrius - "Follower of Demeter" (goddess of agriculture)
Diogenes - "Born of Zeus" or "Of noble birth"
Dionysius - "Dedicated to Dionysus" (god of wine and celebration)
Epictetus - "Acquired" or "Gained"
Eudoxus - "Of good reputation" or "Well-praised"
Gorgias - "One who works the land"
Herodotus - "Gift of Hera" (goddess of marriage)
Hypatius - "Supreme" or "Above all"
Icarus - "Follow" or "To pursue"
Iphigenes - "Born strong"
Isocrates - "Equal power" or "Balanced strength"
Leonidas - "Lion's son" or "Lion-like"
Lysander - "Liberator" or "Freeing man"
Menelaus - "Strongly angered" or "Raging like a lion"
Odysseus - "Wrathful" or "Angry"
Orion - "Rising in the sky"
Pericles - "Surrounded by glory"
Plato - "Broad" or "Wide"
Pythagoras - "Thigh gatherer" or "Thigh master"
Socrates - "Whole power" or "Powerful whole"
Sophocles - "Wisdom and glory"
Strabo - "Squint-eyed"
Thales - "To blossom" or "To flourish"
Theocritus - "God's judge" or "Divine justice"
Thucydides - "God's glory" or "Divine fame"
Xenophon - "Foreign voice" or "Stranger's speech"
Zeno - "Gift of Zeus" or "God's gift"
Alcibiades - "Strength of Alcibiades"
Anaximander - "Defender of men" or "Protector of humanity"
Archimedes - "Master over the people"
Aristophanes - "Best appearance" or "Excelling in form"
Callimachus - "Beautiful battle" or "Lovely contest"
Chrysippus - "Golden horse"
Democritus - "Chosen of the people"
Diophanes - "Visible god"
Euphronius - "Joyful-minded" or "Well-disposed"
Hesiod - "He who sings" or "The one who utters"
Hyperion - "The high one" or "The one who goes above"
Iason - "Healer" or "To heal"
Lycurgus - "Ruler of the people"
Miltiades - "Grace of the people"
Nestor - "Wise one" or "Of great wisdom"
Orestes - "Of the mountains" or "Mountain-dweller"
Pausanias - "All-inclusive"
Peisistratus - "Son of Peisistratos"
Philostratus - "Lover of glory"
Polycarp - "Much fruit" or "Abundant harvest"
Pyrrhus - "Red-haired"
Solon - "Wisdom" or "One who thinks"
Themistocles - "Famous in law"
Theron - "Hunter" or "Chaser"
Xenocrates - "Foreign power" or "Stranger's might"
Zenodotus - "Gift of Zeus" or "God's gift"
Agathocles - "Noble victory" or "Good success"
Aeschylus - "Shame" or "Grief"
Agesilaus - "Honored by the people"
Alcaeus - "Strength" or "Mighty one"
Anaxagoras - "Master of affairs"
Aristides - "Best one" or "Excellence"
Asclepius - "To cut open" or "To dissect"
Bion - "Life" or "Vitality"
Callicrates - "Beautiful power" or "Exquisite strength"
Cimon - "Life" or "Alive"
Croesus - "Made of gold"
Damonides - "Son of Damon"
Epimenides - "Upon the moon" or "Attendant of the moon"
Euclid - "Good glory" or "Well-famed"
Glaucus - "Blue-green" or "Bluish-gray"
Hecuba - "Far off" or "Remote"
Heracles - "Glory of Hera" (Hera's fame)
Ibycus - "Herald" or "Messenger"
Isidorus - "Gift of Isis" (Egyptian goddess)
Leander - "Lion-man"
Lycomedes - "Wolf-like"
Meleager - "Care" or "Concern"
Menander - "Defending men"
Nicias - "Victory"
Onomacritus - "Interpreter of names"
Pancratius - "All-powerful" or "Mighty in all"
Parmenides - "Steadfast mind" or "Enduring thought"
Phidias - "Bright" or "Shining one"
Philemon - "Lover of kindness"
Ptolemy - "War-like" or "Aggressive"
Sappho - Possibly "Sapphire" or "Precious stone"
Silenus - "Rustic" or "Woodland deity"
Theron - "Hunter" or "Chaser"
Theophrastus - "Divine speech" or "God's eloquence"
Tyndareus - "Daughter of Tyndareus"
Xerxes - "Ruler over heroes" or "Hero's ruler"
These 100 ancient Greek male names offer a fascinating glimpse into the past, illuminating the variety of individuals who influenced ancient Greek culture, philosophy, and society. Each name holds a piece of history that still influences and inspires us now, whether it is connected to mythology, philosophy, or historical occurrences. We learn more about the complicated tapestry of ancient Greek society and the long-lasting effects it had on the world as we investigate these names.
The Enigma of Trojan Ethnicity: Unraveling the Identity
BY THE ARCHAEOLOGIST EDITOR GROUP
Few mysteries in the field of mythology and ancient history are as intriguing as the Trojans' ethnicity. Their cultural and ethnic roots have long been the topic of conjecture and discussion, with many believing they came from the fabled city of Troy. We set out on a mission to unravel the complex tapestry of the Trojans' ethnicity, delving into the depths of history and the remnants of myth.
Troy: A Crossroads of Civilizations Troy, known as Ilion or Ilios in ancient times, stood as a pivotal crossroads of civilizations. Its strategic location near the Dardanelles, a narrow strait connecting the Aegean Sea to the Sea of Marmara, facilitated the exchange of ideas, cultures, and peoples. As a result, the population of Troy was likely an amalgamation of various ethnic groups.
Luwians: A Plausible Connection One prevailing theory links the Trojans to the Luwians, an ancient Anatolian people who inhabited regions in modern-day Turkey. The Luwians are believed to have contributed to the cultural and linguistic tapestry of Troy. The Hittite-Luwian script, discovered in the ancient city of Hattusa (now Bogazkoy), provides insights into the Luwians' existence and their interactions with other societies.
Dardanians: A Local Element Another potential source of Trojan ethnicity is the Dardanians, a group associated with the region surrounding Troy. The Dardanians are thought to have been an indigenous population with close ties to the Trojan territory. Their presence in the vicinity lends credence to the possibility that the Trojans themselves were rooted in this local milieu.
Myth and Reality: The Aeneas Connection Adding to the complexity of Trojan identity is the legendary figure of Aeneas. In Roman mythology, Aeneas is depicted as a Trojan prince who survived the fall of Troy and eventually journeyed to Italy, where he became the progenitor of the Roman people. This connection between the Trojans and the Romans further blurs the lines of ethnicity, intertwining myth and historical interpretation.
The Homeric Challenge: Homer's epic poems, "The Iliad" and "The Odyssey," offer tantalizing glimpses into Trojan culture, but they are products of oral tradition and literary artistry. As such, they blend historical elements with mythological embellishments, making it challenging to extract definitive conclusions about Trojan ethnicity.
Ethnic Identity: A Multifaceted Legacy Ultimately, the question of the Trojans' ethnicity may remain forever shrouded in the mists of time. The city of Troy's diverse interactions and exchanges with neighboring civilizations defy easy categorization. The Trojans' legacy, whether shaped by Luwian roots, Dardanian influences, or a fusion of various cultures, underscores the richness and complexity of human history.
The Trojans serve as a reminder of the complex interplay of cultures and identities as we travel the winding roads of ancient history. Their narrative serves as a reminder that the tapestry that makes up human heritage is created from threads that come from many different origins, each of which adds to the rich variety of human experience.
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12 Alluring and Significant Names From Ancient Greece
BY THE ARCHAEOLOGIST EDITOR GROUP
The world is forever changed by the names that the Ancient Greeks introduced. These names not only have historical value, but they also have a classic allure that still enchants us now. This list will take you on a tour through some of the most alluring and significant names from ancient Greece, whether you're looking for inspiration for a new baby name, a character in your creative work, or are simply wondering about the rich history behind these names.
Athena: Named after the goddess of wisdom, courage, and inspiration, Athena is a name that exudes strength and intellect. It's a popular choice for parents who want their child to embody qualities of wisdom and courage.
Apollo: The name of the god of music, poetry, and prophecy, Apollo is synonymous with creativity and artistic prowess. Choosing this name for your child might signify a love for the arts and a free spirit.
Hermes: Representing the god of communication, travel, and commerce, Hermes is a name that speaks to a dynamic and adventurous personality. It's an ideal choice for those who seek to emphasize their child's ability to connect with others and explore the world.
Sophia: Meaning "wisdom" in Greek, Sophia is a name that has maintained its popularity across generations. Its elegant and timeless nature makes it a favorite among parents who appreciate classic names.
Alexandros: Derived from the Greek words "alexein" (to defend) and "aner" (man), Alexandros translates to "defender of man" or "protector." This name carries a noble and heroic aura, harkening back to great historical figures like Alexander the Great.
Daphne: Drawing from Greek mythology, Daphne was a nymph who transformed into a laurel tree to escape Apollo's advances. The name encapsulates natural beauty and a sense of self-preservation.
Nikos: Short for Nikolaos, Nikos means "victory of the people." It embodies strength and triumph, reflecting the resilient spirit of ancient Greek culture.
Thalia: Named after the Muse of comedy and idyllic poetry, Thalia is a name that evokes a sense of joy, playfulness, and creativity. It's perfect for those who wish to celebrate life's lighter moments.
Eirene: Meaning "peace" in Greek, Eirene is a name that holds deep significance. In ancient times, Eirene was the goddess of peace, making this name a beautiful choice for those who value harmony and tranquility.
Icarus: This name carries a cautionary tale from Greek mythology about the consequences of hubris. Icarus, son of Daedalus, flew too close to the sun despite his father's warnings, resulting in his wings melting. The name serves as a reminder of the perils of overambition.
Penelope: Known for her faithfulness and cleverness, Penelope was the wife of Odysseus in Homer's epic, "The Odyssey." The name symbolizes loyalty, patience, and resourcefulness.
Demetrius: Derived from "dēmētrios," meaning "devoted to Demeter" (the goddess of agriculture), Demetrius is a name that speaks to a strong connection to nature and the cycles of life.
It can be lovely to commemorate history, mythology, and the timeless values these names stand for by incorporating an old Greek name into your contemporary life. Every name carries a tale that ties us to the fascinating world of ancient Greece, whether you are drawn to the power of Athena, the creative spirit of Apollo, or the wisdom of Sophia.
Dark Secret Discovered Deep Within Belize's Great Blue Underwater Hole
An August 2018 expedition into a huge marine sinkhole in Belize became famous as "proof that humans are terrible."
According to the New York Post, the recently-viralized Great Blue Hole, which is around 124 meters (407 feet) deep and 318 meters (1,043 feet) broad, is a well-liked tourist destination off the coast of Belize. Due to technological difficulties, the site remained mainly underutilized until 2018.
The crew led by billionaire Richard Branson was the first to reach the bottom of the pit, and the findings there have since gained widespread attention as "proof that humans are terrible," according to NYP. The researchers found that around the 90-meter mark, life began to disappear as it made its way further into the pit.
The team gradually understood why everything was dying as they descended further down the hole: it was full of trash. It seems that everything was there, including a GoPro camera, a two-liter Coca-Cola bottle, and even the bodies of two divers who had perished on an earlier excursion.
Great blue hole off the coast of Belize. Caused by climate change. (A long tine ago) pic.twitter.com/5yV15TmjwI
— layne (@laynedurand) September 16, 2020
Branson claimed the crater was "one of the starkest reminders of the danger of climate change [he] had ever seen" for some unknown reason, the NYP reported.
Why Branson thinks the hole has anything to do with climate change is a mystery. Not at all. The hole is thought to have developed at some point over the past 14,000 years, a time of enormous climatological fluctuations that would cause any self-proclaimed climate activist to faint in fright.
Other than that, the garbage inside the hole has nothing to do with global warming. Branson might have meant to remark that it represents a type of "environmental degredation." But let's be honest, the garbage in the pit will only be found in ancient artifacts, thus it has no bearing on the climate.
Ring featuring a leaping bull © Ashmolean Museum, University of Oxford
Minoan World: Treasures from the Archaeological Museum of Heraklion and Athens travel to Oxford
The Ashmolean's first exhibition in 2023 focus on one of the most notorious classical myths and one of the most famous stories in modern archaeology: the myth of the Labyrinth and the Minotaur and the discovery of the Palace of Knossos. The exhibition includes more than 200 objects, over 100 of which are on loan from Athens and Crete and are being shown for the first time outside Greece.
They are presented together with the Ashmolean's incomparable collections and archives, which show the exciting moments during the unveiling of the Palace of Knossos between 1900 and 1905.
According to legend, the Labyrinth of Knossos housed the Minotaur, a mythical monster with the body of a man and the head and tail of a bull, who waited inside for his victims. This myth remains one of the most enduring in the ancient world, and of course, Knossos is now one of the most popular archaeological sites in Greece.
Ancient Greek silver coin © Ashmolean, University of Oxford
The exhibition traces the history of the excavations at Knossos in Crete. For centuries, travelers searched the island for the mythical labyrinth until 1878, when a Cretan businessman and scholar, Minoas Kalokairinos, discovered the ruins of an ancient building at Knossos. Local authorities prevented him from properly excavating the site because Crete was partially under the control of the Ottoman Empire and, until it gained independence, there was a danger that any significant finds would be taken to Constantinople. Summer's discoveries attracted international attention, and archaeologists from various countries began to bid for future excavation rights. In 1900, British archaeologist and director of the Ashmolean, Sir Arthur Evans (1851–1841), received permission from Cretan authorities to excavate.
Ancient Greek silver coin © Ashmolean, University of Oxford
Evans began his excavations convinced that this building was the legendary labyrinth. He quickly found colorful wall paintings, clay tablets indicating an early writing system, and a room with an intact stone throne where he believed the rulers sat. He called this labyrinthine building the "Palace of Minos" and was able to determine that it was about 4,000 years old and built in the Bronze Age. He coined the term "Minoan" to describe the culture of Crete during this period.
The exhibition features some of the finest Minoan artifacts discovered by Evans, from everyday objects such as decorated pottery to ornate sculptures, many of which are on loan from the Heraklion Archaeological Museum. They are combined with drawings made during the excavations from the Ashmolean's 'Sir Arthur Evans' archive. Some of the drawings show the process of reconstructing the site and its finds and provide insight into the controversial concrete restorations Evans carried out on the palace in the mid-20th century.
Video-still-from-Assassin's-Creed-Odyssey-©-Assassin’s-Creed™-&-©-Ubisoft-Entertainment
One of the highlights of the exhibit is a finely crafted marble shell that shows the skill of Minoan craftsmen and their special interest in marine life. Other objects show octopuses and Argonauts in the depths of the sea, or bulls, sometimes with people doing acrobats sitting on them. Evans saw them as the origin of the Minotaur myth.
The exhibition also features two immersive experiences inspired by Knossos. A Restoration (2016) by Turner Prize-winning artist Elizabeth Price will be on view. The 15-minute digital video is a fictional work spoken by a "chorus of museum curators," who use Evans' archives to virtually reconstruct the Palace of Knossos on the museum's computer. In the second room, visitors are taken on a unique virtual tour of the Palace of Knossos as it was in the 5th century B.C., at the time of the Peloponnesian War, thanks to the digital representation of the site in the video game "Assassin's Creed Odyssey". Ubisoft created the film specifically for the exhibition to showcase the research underlying the game.
Cockerel vessel © Hellenic Ministry of Culture and Sports, General Directorate of Antiquities and Cultural Heritage, Heraklion Archaeological Museum (1)
Due to the size and scope of the site of Knossos, excavations were able to continue into the 20th century. The last room of the exhibition presents the discoveries of the post-war period as well as numerous more recent finds. These include artifacts proving that Knossos is the site of the earliest known agricultural settlement in Europe, founded around 7000 BC, as well as incredible artifacts found in cemeteries and religious sanctuaries in the area, showing that Knossos flourished for thousands of years before being largely abandoned around 800 BC. Among the most recent finds is an impressive Bronze Age dagger with gold and silver hilts, the first of its kind found in Crete.
The exhibition concludes with a find that points to a ritual human sacrifice. It is the revelation of the human sacrifice in Anemospilia by the eminent archaeologist Giannis Sakellarakis in 1979, who spoke openly about a human sacrifice in the Minoan era, causing a stir in the scientific community.
Evans endowed the Ashmolean Museum with the largest and most important collection of Minoan archaeology outside of Crete, and his archives have played a central role in understanding the site of Knossos.
The exhibition offers both an exploration of Minoan culture and Greek myth, as well as a deeper look at British archaeological history and a reconsideration of Evans' interventions in their historical context.
Dagger with inlaid griffin © Hellenic Ministry of Culture and Sports, General Directorate of Antiquities and Cultural Heritage, Ephorate of Antiquities of Heraklion
What are the world's oldest languages?: The Experiment of Pharaoh Psamtik I
BY THE ARCHAEOLOGIST EDITOR GROUP
The ability to write their voice, or language, is one of the traits that set humans apart from other animals. Speaking has been a part of humankind for thousands of years. In actuality, several of the world's oldest languages are still in use today.
The Egyptian Experiment
Egypt was controlled by Pharaoh Psamtik I in the seventh century BC. The pharaoh was curious about the beginnings of language in humans. Is it inherited or learned? And which language is the oldest? A test started after that.
Two infants were given to a shepherd by Pharaoh to raise. The youngsters were to be raised in a silent environment. The shepherd actually provided the kids with plenty of milk, but he remained silent the entire time. The kids turned two years old. Then they uttered "bekos," a Phrygian word that means "bread," as their first word. Suddenly Pharaoh realized that the Phrygian language was actually the oldest, not the Egyptian language.
the world's oldest languages
Herodotus makes reference to the Psamtik experiment, and both its veracity and applicability are questioned. Nonetheless, both the general public and scientists in particular have expressed serious worry about the issue. We can identify the earliest written language, yet we cannot tell for sure which was the first language spoken on earth. For instance, Mesopotamian writing first appeared between 3,500 and 3,000 BC (modern Iraq). Egypt is the next nation, where writing first occurred approximately 3,200 BC, at the end of the third millennium. In 1,500 BC, the earliest written texts—those of the Olmecs—appeared on the other side of the globe, in the Americas.
The fact that some of the world's oldest languages are still used today, with small or significant alterations, is astounding.
The pyramids' written language
Egyptian is one of the oldest languages in the world; thus, even if the experiment could not prove it, Psamtik was really close to reality. In 2,690 BC, the first complete sentence in ancient Egyptian was written down. a language that has left behind literary works that resemble paintings. It was Champollion who, in 1822, was able to translate the complex writing system, making the language of hieroglyphics once again more widely recognized.
Coptic is a language that is still spoken today and is descended from the ancient Egyptians. Both the Coptic Catholic Church and the Orthodox Church use it in their worship.
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The posterior probability distribution of trees for the Indo-European family, visualized using DensiTree
Dev Vani, or Sanskrit, is the language of the gods
The second-oldest language in the world that is still used today is Sanskrit. The earliest Sanskrit writings date from almost 1,500 years before the birth of Christ. On the one hand, because it has not changed, it is regarded as a dead language. Yet, between 12,000 and 14,000 individuals can communicate on a daily basis in Sanskrit. Also, prominent religions like Hinduism and Buddhism use Sanskrit as their language of devotion.
The extensive family of Indo-European languages includes Sanskrit. William Jones, a judge in 18th-century India, was the first to research and identify Sanskrit's similarities to Greek and Latin. He pointed out that Latin and Greek, two of the world's oldest languages, share grammar patterns with Sanskrit.
The Vedas, Sacred Hymns, and Devotional Verse are the oldest works composed in Sanskrit. Sanskrit was also the language used to write the well-known epics Ramayana and Mahabharata, which served as inspiration for many later authors.
There are currently efforts underway to revitalize the Sanskrit language. It is available in schools as an elective topic. Although it may not be useful, knowing Sanskrit can aid in learning other languages like Bengali, Hindi, or Burmese.
The Journey of the Persian Language from Pahlavi to Arabic Script
The Persian language, also known as Farsi, boasts an illustrious history that positions it among the world's oldest languages. Rooted in the ancient tongues of the Achaemenid Empire, its evolution traces back thousands of years, echoing the sophisticated literature, art, and philosophies of the great Persian dynasties. Today's Modern Persian, though still bearing the linguistic richness of its ancestral form, is written in the Arabic script—a departure from its original Pahlavi and earlier alphabets. This shift in script occurred post-Islamization of Persia around the 7th century AD. Despite this change in orthography, the essence and phonetics of the language remain uniquely Persian, standing testament to the resilience and adaptability of a culture and its language through the annals of time.
One of the oldest languages in the world is Chinese
Mandarin is the language that is spoken by the most people worldwide, with 1.1 billion native speakers. But it also offers a second benefit. It is both the oldest spoken and written language still in use today. The earliest manuscripts were composed somewhere around 1250 BC.
Chinese today, of course, refers to a vast linguistic "umbrella" that encompasses a variety of dialects. Mandarin and Cantonese, two of the most common dialects, are the ancestors of Old Chinese.
The Greek language
Greek is the oldest language currently in use for daily communication and one of the oldest languages on the entire planet. The number of people who speak modern Greek is 13,000,000. It is unquestionably a descendant of Homer's language, despite significant changes since Ancient Greek.
The Iliad and the Odyssey, two of Homer's epics, were written in the eighth century BC. The earliest Greek manuscripts, however, were written several years before the founders of Greek and European literature. More specifically, roughly 1450 BC, or 700 years before Homer.
Clay tablets discovered in Pylos and other locations were successfully deciphered in 1952 by two Englishmen named Michael Ventris and John Chadwick. The script found on the tablets, known as Linear B, was from the Mycenaean era. The writing on the tablets had no artistic merit. These were a collection of palatial goods and crafts catalogs. They were also Greek, as was discovered through decipherment. Words with roots in Homer but also in earlier times, such as "ti-ri-po-de" (tripod).
Tamazight: Ancient Echoes in Modern Landscapes of North Africa
The Tamazight language, commonly known as Berber, stands as a testament to the deep-rooted histories and rich cultures of North Africa. With its origins tracing back to ancient times, this language employs the Tifinagh script—a unique and distinctive writing system that historians believe dates back to the 7th century BCE, making it older than even the revered Tamil language. A walk through the modern streets of nations like Morocco, Algeria, or Libya unveils the enduring legacy of the Tamazight language, with official signs and documents proudly showcasing the Tifinagh script. Such evidence not only highlights the language's longevity but also its continued significance in the contemporary landscapes of these nations.
The history of the individuals who spoke the world's earliest languages is not the only thing they preserve. Additionally, they influence other languages, mold the minds of their offspring, and enrich the literary legacy of human civilization.
