2,300 Years Old First Complete Ancient Celtic Village and Roman Settlement Discovered in Munich

Munich, Germany, is well known for its rich history, stunning architecture, and vibrant culture. But the city's history just got a whole lot older and more intriguing with the recent discovery of an ancient Celtic village and a smaller Roman settlement, dating back an astonishing 2,300 years. Archaeologists have unearthed these fascinating sites in the northern suburbs of Munich, shedding light on the region's remarkable past.

The star of this archaeological endeavor is the 2,300-year-old Celtic village. This discovery marks a significant milestone, as it's the first entirely coherent Celtic village ever found in Bavaria, Germany's southernmost state. The village dates back to the late Iron Age, around 450 BC, when the Celts of the La Tène civilization thrived. The La Tène Celts lived in this settlement for a whopping millennium, with their presence stretching into 1000 AD. However, their era eventually gave way to the Romans, who integrated the region into their empire.

Late antique buckle, Lerchenauer Feld excavation area

This exciting find emerged during an archaeological investigation linked to the development of a new residential area. Researchers uncovered an unusually high number of house plans from past settlements, now visible as circular post holes in the gravel. These remnants offer a fascinating glimpse into the ancient past and provide compelling evidence that roughly 500 people inhabited Munich's Feldmoching district during the Iron Age. This was a sizable population for the time, emphasizing the historical significance of the area.

Carl Göderz, an archaeologist and the excavation manager, expressed how rarely they have the opportunity to examine such a vast construction site in one go. "Munich is and was big. People flocked here 2,000 years ago to settle in what was then the metropolitan region. So far, we have only been able to assume that there were large settlements everywhere in today's Munich urban area. The thorough investigation on the Lerchenauer Feld was able to confirm this and thus close a research gap," added General Conservator Professor Mathias Pfeil from the Bavarian State Office for Monument Preservation (BLfD).

Late antique Lavez vessel, Lerchenauer Feld excavation area

At the heart of this ancient Celtic village, a massive structure measuring 65 by 65 feet was discovered. It was surrounded by wooden arcades reminiscent of columns, possibly used for communal gatherings or even prayers. This central structure appears to have been a town hall for the Celtic people, where community matters and religious ceremonies might have taken place.

The houses in this settlement displayed diverse sizes and floor plans. Evidence of historical clay, still used as filling material in building houses, suggested that the residents dwelled in half-timbered wooden houses. This enduring settlement left behind two groups of graves, representing both the late Iron Age (450–15 BC) and the Roman Empire (3rd–4th century AD). These graves attest to the area's fertility and the long-standing practice of agriculture by its inhabitants.

Notable artifacts discovered in the graves include tableware, a plate, an almost intact handle jug, a drinking cup made of soapstone, and even a sickle blade, a rarity among grave finds. These burials belong to a scattered Roman settlement from the 3rd and 4th centuries, adding to the historical tapestry of Munich.

Late antique jug and plate, Lerchenauer Feld excavation area

Further discoveries at the excavation site revealed an enamel brooch, ceramics, and a beautifully wrought bronze buckle in one of the wells. These artifacts offer valuable insights into the daily lives and culture of the ancient inhabitants.

One intriguing mystery remains: why, at the end of the Roman Empire, did everyone suddenly depart the field, and why has no significant settlement existed in the area to this day? Researchers speculate that climate changes in the region may hold the answer, and the Feldmoching excavation provides vital data for various research disciplines seeking to unravel this enigma.

In summary, the discovery of the 2,300-year-old Celtic village and the Roman settlement in Munich is a significant archaeological breakthrough. It enriches our understanding of the city's historical roots and the coexistence of two remarkable civilizations. As researchers delve deeper into these findings, we can anticipate more revelations about the lives, customs, and eventual disappearance of these ancient communities. Munich's history is indeed a tale of many layers, and with each new discovery, its story becomes more captivating and complex.

Late period ceramic addition, Lerchenauer Feld excavation area

A Rare Medieval Tattoo from Africa's Forgotten Past

In the heart of the Bayuda desert, where the scorching sun and endless sands conceal a trove of historical treasures, a remarkable discovery has emerged from the depths of time. A Polish-Sudanese team of researchers, delving into the secrets of a medieval African monastery, has unearthed a relic that transcends the boundaries of history – a religious tattoo on an individual who lived 1,300 years ago. The revelation is nothing short of extraordinary, shedding light on the intricate tapestry of faith and culture in a region often overlooked by mainstream historical narratives.

The backdrop for this discovery is the medieval monastic site of Ghazali, situated in what is now Sudan but was known as Nubia during the Middle Ages. Located in the Wadi Abu Dom region, about 20 kilometers from the modern town of Karima, Ghazali is an archaeological jewel, preserving the rich heritage of Nubian Christianity that thrived from the 7th to the 13th century. Between 2012 and 2018, a dedicated team from the Polish Centre of Mediterranean Archaeology, University of Warsaw (PCMA UW), led by Professor Artur Obłuski, embarked on an ambitious mission to uncover the mysteries of this unique site.

Their work involved the excavation and examination of a medieval Christian monastery at Ghazali, as well as four cemeteries scattered throughout the area, each containing hundreds of graves. These human remains, meticulously studied by bioarchaeologist Dr. Robert J. Stark and his colleagues from the PCMA UW, have offered insights into the origins of the local population and the daily lives of those who rest in the sandy embrace of Ghazali.

In a twist of fate, the discovery of the rare tattoo emerged almost serendipitously during the photographic documentation related to doctoral research in the PCMA UW bioarchaeology lab. Kari A. Guilbault, hailing from Purdue University, was poring over the Ghazali collection when she stumbled upon a fascinating anomaly. The right foot of an individual interred in Cemetery 1 at Ghazali bore a tattoo, a symbol of profound spiritual significance. The tattoo displayed a Christogram and the Greek letters "alpha" and "omega."

The Christogram is a religious emblem, a visual synthesis of the Greek letters "chi" and "rho," forming a monogram that abbreviates the name of Christ. It stands as an enduring symbol of Christian faith, encapsulating the core belief in the divinity of Jesus. Accompanying the Christogram are the Greek letters "alpha" and "omega," the first and last letters of the Greek alphabet, symbolizing the Christian conviction that God is the Alpha and Omega, the beginning and the end of all things.

Kari A. Guilbault's initial encounter with this extraordinary find was nothing short of a revelation. "It was quite a surprise to all of a sudden see what appeared to be a tattoo when I was working with the Ghazali collection," she explains. "At first, I was not certain, but when the images were processed and the tattoo was clearly visible, any initial uncertainties were removed."

This remarkable find marks only the second instance where the practice of tattooing has been confirmed in medieval Nubia, offering a fascinating glimpse into the ancient tradition of adorning one's body with symbols of faith. The revelation raises an array of intriguing questions about the practice of tattooing in the region and its significance in the context of religious beliefs.

The Ghazali tattoo is not merely a mark on the skin; it is a portal to a bygone era, a testament to the enduring power of faith, and a testament to the intricate cultural tapestry of Nubia in the Middle Ages. As scholars and researchers continue to delve into the mysteries of this remarkable site, the tattoo serves as a reminder that history is far from being a static collection of facts; it is a vibrant, evolving narrative that continually surprises and enlightens us.

Discovering Knaresborough's Ancient Past: The 4,000-Year-Old Tribal Chief's Hand Axe

In a thrilling discovery that has ignited excitement among historians, archaeologists, and the local community, a 4,000-year-old ceremonial hand axe has emerged as the star attraction of Knaresborough's most extensive archaeology event to date. This ancient relic is set to take pride of place in an event that promises to narrate the town's history, spanning from prehistoric times to the modern era.

Months of dedication and effort by the Knaresborough Museum Association have culminated in the Community Archaeology Festival, an event that opens its doors to the public over the two half-term weekends. The festival, which will be hosted at the COGS Centre on Gracious Street in Knaresborough, promises to showcase a plethora of rare and unique artifacts.

Kathy Allday, Chair of Knaresborough Museum Association, expresses her excitement, saying, "It's a really exciting opportunity for visitors to look at a wide range of archaeological finds from the local area and find out what these tell us about the people who have lived in this area for generations."

The event will feature hundreds of artifacts, ranging from prehistoric times to the modern era, all found in Knaresborough and its surrounding villages. Visitors will have the opportunity to delve into the lives of the first inhabitants who came to hunt, live, and farm in Knaresborough. Moreover, the displays will illuminate the activities of the Romans, Vikings, and Saxons in Knaresborough while shedding light on the town's remarkable medieval history.

Another exciting discovery for Knaresborough Museum Association's forthcoming Community. Archaeology Festival. (Picture contributed)

However, perhaps the most significant exhibit within this archaeological treasure trove is a Neolithic hand axe found just outside the town. This hand axe is believed to have belonged to a tribal chief from ancient times and is an exceptional discovery in its own right. What makes it even more remarkable is that it is thought to be the only one of its kind ever discovered in Yorkshire.

According to Kathy Allday, "The hand axe was found in Hopperton, three miles from Knaresborough, and is between 4,000 and 5,000 years old. It's so exciting when you come across such a rare artifact." This polished hand axe, crafted from honey-colored stone, was a highly valuable commodity, distributed throughout the country. More intriguingly, it provides the earliest evidence of trade during prehistoric times.

What sets this particular hand axe apart is its unlikely purpose. Unlike typical hand axes that were used for practical tasks like cutting down trees and clearing land for agriculture, this one is made from relatively soft stone and was never intended for such laborious work. After extensive consultations with the Yorkshire Archaeological Society and the British Museum, the Knaresborough Museum Association is confident that this unique hand axe was primarily used for ceremonial purposes, likely by a tribal chief.

The KMA's Archaeology Festival is the result of months of research and the hard work of a dedicated team of volunteers in the town. It became possible thanks to a £10,000 grant from the Lottery Heritage Fund awarded to KMA earlier in the year. Kathy Allday emphasized the significance of this grant, stating, "Getting the lottery grant was wonderful news and a real boost for KMA. It allowed us to fund a training dig where our volunteers could learn about archaeological survey and recording skills."

Kathy Allday, Chair of Knaresborough Museum Association, said: “The festival is a really exciting opportunity for visitors to look at a wide range of archeological finds from the local area." (Picture Gerard Binks)

In addition to the archaeological dig, the Lottery grant also funded a geophysical survey of Priory Cottage Orchards on Abbey Road, where the Trinitarian Priory precinct once stood. Furthermore, it supports the Archaeology Festival itself.

The Knaresborough Community Archaeology Festival, held on October 28-29 and November 4-5 from 10 a.m. to 4:30 p.m., features interactive activities designed to engage local families and young enthusiasts. KMA encourages people to bring in any artifacts they have discovered in the local area, where a team of experts will be on hand to answer questions and provide insights into these items.

As the 4,000-year-old ceremonial hand axe takes center stage at Knaresborough's biggest-ever archaeology event, it offers a unique glimpse into the ancient history of the region and the remarkable people who once called it home. This archaeological extravaganza promises to connect the past with the present, bridging the gap between modern Knaresborough and its ancient ancestors, making history come alive for all who visit.

Ancient Passage Tomb in Sligo Vandalized: A Disturbing Act of Desecration

An unsettling incident of vandalism has recently shaken the archaeological and historical community in County Sligo, Ireland. A millennia-old Neolithic passage tomb in Carrowkeel, estimated to be around 5,300 years old, has been defaced by vandals who etched words and symbols into the ancient stones. The sacred and historically significant site was desecrated with the names of Norse and Greek gods, spirals, and other mysterious symbols. This act of destruction not only raises concerns about the preservation of Ireland's rich historical heritage but also prompts questions about the motivations behind such actions.

The discovery of this disturbing act of vandalism was made by Ken Williams, a photographer and prehistoric archaeology researcher, who had just attended a conference of the Sligo Neolithic Group. The gathering aimed to discuss the nomination of the Carrowkeel site as a potential World Heritage Site, underscoring its cultural and historical significance. During his visit to the site, Williams stumbled upon the scratchings on the interior walls of the farthest tomb from the entrance.

Spirals scratched into the stone at the passage tomb

The Deliberate Nature of the Vandalism

Ken Williams expressed his belief that the vandalism was not a random act but rather a deliberate one. He highlighted the inaccessibility of the tomb, which requires crawling on hands and knees through a wet and dirty passageway. This level of difficulty suggests that the vandals would have been aware of the tomb's significance and purposefully targeted it.

In addition to the scratched words and symbols, Williams noted that a stone, which formed the entrance to a cairn, had also been knocked over, further indicating that the vandals had a clear intent to deface the site. The etchings included names of Norse and Greek gods, along with spirals and other enigmatic symbols.

Some of the damage to the tomb

Possible Motivations

Williams pondered the motivations behind this vandalism, speculating that it might be linked to some form of occult practice or paganism. The etchings of Latin phrases and references to gods like Odin and Zeus indicate a potential connection to ancient belief systems. However, the exact nature of the motives remains unclear.

The vandalism appears to have been carried out recently, as Ken Williams noted the presence of dust particles that were disturbed during the etching process. This suggests that the act occurred within the last few weeks or possibly even on the day of his visit.

Ken Williams has reported the damage to both the Gardaí and the National Monuments Service, taking a proactive stance in seeking justice and restoration. He has also urged the public to come forward with any information that may assist the investigation.

Spirals scratched into the stone at the passage tomb

Trend of Vandalism

This incident of deliberate damage to a historic site is not an isolated one in Ireland. Such acts of vandalism have become a concerning trend, with an increase during the COVID-19 lockdowns, when individuals were restricted to a 5km radius around their homes. In August, the Deer Stone in Glendalough was also found damaged by fire, further highlighting the need for increased vigilance and protective measures to safeguard Ireland's invaluable historical heritage.

The recent vandalism of the ancient Neolithic passage tomb in Carrowkeel serves as a poignant reminder of the importance of preserving and protecting Ireland's rich archaeological and historical legacy. The deliberate nature of this act and the mysterious symbols etched into the stones raise questions about the motivations behind such actions. In a time when heritage sites are more vital than ever for connecting with our past and understanding our collective history, it is essential that we remain vigilant against acts of destruction and work collectively to ensure their protection and preservation for future generations.

Ancient Stone Bombs Found at Badaling Great Wall Shed New Light on Ming Dynasty Defenses

The Badaling Great Wall, located in Beijing's Yanqing District, has long been a symbol of China's rich history and remarkable architectural achievements. However, recent archaeological discoveries have provided new insights into the military history of this iconic structure. In a surprising find, over 50 ancient explosive weapons were unearthed at the Badaling Great Wall, giving us a glimpse into the military tactics employed during the Ming Dynasty (1368-1644).

Archaeologists were astonished when they discovered a cache of 59 stone bombs, neatly arranged along the western section of the Badaling Great Wall. Ma Lüwei, an archaeologist specializing in ancient Chinese military history, explained that these stone bombs were critical weapons used to defend the Great Wall against enemy invasions during the Ming Dynasty. "The bomb was often installed in medium-sized hollow bits of stone. These weapons were easy to make and convenient for soldiers to throw at invaders while standing on the Great Wall," Ma revealed.

Shang Heng, an associate research fellow at the Beijing Institute of Archaeology, pointed out that these stone bombs possessed significant explosive power and were favored by Qi Jiguang, a prominent Ming Dynasty military general known for his contributions to China's military strategies and innovations in weaponry.

What adds historical significance to this discovery is the fact that these 59 stone bombs were found inscribed with orders at one of the Great Wall's station houses, which were originally used for guarding against enemy incursions. This space was later identified as a weapons storage facility. Prior to this discovery, no similar "warehouses" had been found along the Beijing sections of the Great Wall.

In addition to the weapon storage, the archaeological project uncovered several other ancient structures along the Great Wall, including a "horse face" wall—a unique design used for soldiers to climb and shoot arrows. Notably, a stone fort that once supported cannons was discovered along the Beijing Great Wall for the first time. Archaeologist Wang Meng emphasized that these findings shed light on the functions and design planning of the Great Wall, providing a more comprehensive understanding of its historical significance.

These remarkable discoveries reflect China's ongoing research and conservation efforts regarding the Great Wall. Beijing, in particular, has seen over 110 preservation projects carried out between 2000 and 2022, aiming to protect this iconic structure. The Beijing section of the Great Wall is known for its complex buildings and geological conditions, making these preservation efforts particularly challenging.

Over the past 22 years, these preservation initiatives have yielded significant results. In 2021, a project aimed at rescuing the Liugou section of the Great Wall in Yanqing district provided valuable insights into how the Ming Dynasty Great Wall was constructed. A year later, everyday objects like plates, scissors, and bowls were discovered along the Jiankou section of the Great Wall, shedding light on the daily lives of the soldiers stationed along the wall.

"The Great Wall holds value not only for its remarkable architecture but also for its cultural and historical connections to ancient Chinese people's lives, their unity, and their spirit," historian Fang Gang emphasized.

Among these preservation efforts, the Great Wall National Cultural Park, set to be completed in 2035, is a key part of China's strategy to integrate Great Wall resources into a unified landscape. This endeavor aims to preserve the legacy of the Great Wall while extending its reach into fields such as cultural tourism. In 2023, 37 provincial-level planning projects have been carried out, with 16 already completed, including the establishment of Great Wall museums in Qinhuangdao, Hebei Province.

The recent discovery of stone bombs at the Badaling Great Wall not only adds to our understanding of the Ming Dynasty's defensive strategies but also underscores the importance of ongoing efforts to preserve and study this iconic piece of history. These archaeological findings remind us of the enduring cultural and historical significance of the Great Wall of China, a testament to the resilience and ingenuity of the ancient Chinese people.

A 3,000-Year-Old Necropolis Unearthed in Southeastern Türkiye

In a remarkable twist of fate, archaeologists from the Hasankeyf Museum Directorate stumbled upon a hidden treasure trove of history in the rugged cliffs overlooking the Tigris River in the Bağözü village of Batman's Gercüş district in the Southeastern region of Türkiye. The unsuspecting find turned out to be a 3,000-year-old necropolis, shedding new light on the ancient Assyrian civilization and the rich heritage of this region.

The journey to this astonishing discovery began when officials from the Hasankeyf Museum Directorate embarked on a mission to register some caves adorned with ancient paintings in the region. Little did they know that they were about to unearth a wealth of archaeological treasures. To reach the necropolis, they had to trek approximately five kilometers with security guards in tow, adding an air of adventure to their archaeological expedition.

150 Urn Graves, Rock Tombs, and Earthen Graves

In the initial stages of their exploration, archaeologists opened eight trenches, uncovering a necropolis sprawling across an area of about 100 square meters. Within this necropolis, they encountered close to 150 urn graves, rock tombs, and earthen graves, all of which are believed to have belonged to the Iron Age Assyrian civilization, dating back to the first millennium B.C.

What makes this discovery particularly captivating is the diverse range of artifacts that emerged from the urn graves. These items included spears, arrowheads, daggers, knives, swords, and various other tools related to combat and warfare. These remarkable findings provide a glimpse into the culture and practices of the people who lived during the Iron Age in this region.

The Assyrian Cylinder Seal

One of the most significant finds during the excavations was an Assyrian cylinder seal. This seal is expected to offer valuable insights into the history of the region. Notably, there has been a scarcity of historical information about whether the Assyrians ever resided in this part of Türkiye. The discovery of the cylinder seal is a crucial piece of evidence that may help researchers determine the extent of Assyrian presence in the area.

Sehmus Genc, the director of the Hasankeyf Museum and leader of the excavation team, emphasized the importance of the cylinder seal in shedding light on the Assyrians' presence. He remarked, "Among these gifts, we found spears, arrowheads, daggers, knives, swords, and many war tools."

Ongoing Excavations and Preservation

The excavation team, comprising dedicated archaeologists like Metin Ağrak, has been working tirelessly to uncover the secrets buried within the necropolis. Their daily work, beginning at sunrise and concluding in the afternoon, is a testament to their commitment to preserving and sharing this historical treasure. As Ağrak explained, the artifacts unearthed during the excavations are carefully transported to the Hasankeyf Museum Directorate, where they are meticulously cleaned and documented. After this painstaking process is completed, these valuable relics will be exhibited for the public to appreciate.

The unexpected discovery of the 3,000-year-old necropolis in the Cehennem Deresi region is not only a testament to Türkiye's rich historical heritage but also a testament to the dedication and perseverance of the archaeologists who brought this ancient site to light. As the restoration work continues and further analysis takes place in laboratories, we can expect to learn more about the Assyrian presence in this region and gain a deeper understanding of the cultural, social, and historical significance of this extraordinary find.

In the heart of Southeastern Türkiye, the past is being unveiled, piece by piece, revealing the stories of the Assyrian civilization and the intricate tapestry of history woven into the cliffs overlooking the Tigris River.

A virtual recreation shows the fangs of a 12-million-year-old primate skull

The findings suggest that Pierolapithecus shares similarities in face shape and size with both fossilized and living great apes, but it also possesses unique facial features not observed in other apes from the Middle Miocene. This distinct combination of characteristics indicates that Pierolapithecus could represent one of the earliest members of the great ape and human family.

The study's evolutionary modeling revealed that Pierolapithecus' cranium is closer in shape and size to the ancestor from which living great apes and humans evolved. In contrast, gibbons and siamangs, the "lesser apes," appear to be secondarily derived in relation to size reduction.

This research is crucial for understanding the evolutionary relationships between different primate species. Additionally, the study benefits from the rarity of having a cranium and partial skeleton belonging to the same individual ape, allowing scientists to more accurately place the species on the hominid family tree and gain insights into its biology, including its movement patterns in its environment.

However, challenges persist in the study of ape and human evolution due to the fragmentary and distorted nature of the fossil record. Many specimens are incomplete or damaged, making it difficult to reach a consensus on the evolutionary relationships of key fossil apes. Despite these challenges, continued research and innovative techniques enable scientists to unravel the mysteries of our evolutionary past.

Archaeologists searched the English Channel and discovered a "lost 8,000-year-old city"

The discovery of an 8,000-year-old submerged city in the English Channel is indeed a remarkable find. The city remains found at the bottom of the English Channel date back 8,000 years. This means that it existed during a time when the sea levels were lower, and the region was connected to continental Europe.

A National Geographic team, led by scientist Albert Lin and maritime archaeologist Garry Momber, embarked on this underwater expedition as part of the Lost Cities series in 2019. Diving in the English Channel can be challenging due to freezing temperatures and powerful tides. Despite these difficulties, the team ventured into the waters in search of the ancient city.

Albert Lin braved the baltic temperatures to visit the 'lost city'. Credit: National Geographic

During their dive, the team made fascinating discoveries. They found well-preserved wood, suggesting structures that might have been part of an ancient dock or platform. The wood had survived underwater for millennia due to the lack of oxygen and sediment covering it.

Garry Momber emphasized the international significance of such a find, highlighting that it's a rare discovery with structures that are 8,000 years old. He suggests that the site may have been used for boat building, fishing, hunting, and collecting reeds. Garry also speculates that this submerged area might have been the world's oldest boat-building site, where canoes and long boats were constructed for sailing.

He stumbled across a wooden structure on the English Channel's seabed. Credit: National Geographic

The presence of such structures at the bottom of the English Channel is unique and unprecedented in the country. It offers valuable insights into the activities and technology of an ancient civilization from a time when the sea levels were different.

This discovery sheds light on the history of human habitation in the region and the development of maritime activities. It is a testament to the ongoing efforts of scientists and archaeologists to uncover the hidden history beneath our oceans.

They took the 8,000-year-old wood back to the surface to analyse. Credit: National Geographic

7 Things You Should Do Every Morning (Stoic Routine)

Unlock the ancient secrets of Stoicism to supercharge your mornings and set a powerful tone for the day! Dive into a transformative 17-minute journey that unveils 7 Stoic practices to cultivate inner peace, resilience, and purposeful living. From the wise words of Marcus Aurelius to the empowering embrace of Amor Fati, this guide is your key to living in harmony with both triumphs and trials. Enjoy!

The 5 Most Incredible Archaeological Discoveries of Recent Times

There is no hard and fast guide to what a major archaeological discovery should look like, or how old it needs to be to be considered significant.

Predicting the future is difficult, but based on our research we have done some research on the archaeological discoveries and stories we might see in 2023. Here we have compiled the latest archaeological discoveries of 2023 for you. In this video we will explore archaeological wonders big and small, and we start now. Enjoy!

(300) The Real Xerxes & his Assassination | The God King of Persia

In this video, we'll explore the fascinating history of Xerxes the Great, the fourth king of the Achaemenid Empire and one of the most powerful rulers in ancient Persia. Known as the "God King," Xerxes was a complex figure who oversaw some of the most significant events in Persian history, including the construction of the famous Persepolis palace and the invasion of Greece.

But who was Xerxes really, and what motivated him to become such a powerful and influential leader? We'll delve into the historical records to uncover the truth about Xerxes' life, his reign, and his legacy. Along the way, we'll examine the cultural and political context of ancient Persia, and explore the fascinating stories and legends that have grown up around this enigmatic figure. So join us as we journey back in time to discover the real history of Xerxes the Great, the God King of Persia.

The Real Thor Is Not Who You Think He Is

The real Thor from Norse Mythology was not blonde. The real Thor was not rocking abs, nor would he win any beauty contest. The real Thor was quick to anger, and just as quick to smash everything to pieces with his hammer. In fact... the real Thor was more like Marvel’s Hulk than Marvel’s Thor in many ways: An angry, massive man that just wanted to fight and drink, and preferred not to think. Actually, God of War Ragnarok had a fairly accurate depiction of Thor, particularly in his appearance.

Mythology Thor being so different from the MCU Thor does not make Norse Mythology's God of Thunder any less interesting... if anything, it makes for more exciting stories. Watch the video to find out more!

Uncovering Neanderthal Culinary Intelligence: Evidence from Archaeological Excavations

In a remarkable revelation, recent excavations at the Gruta de Oliveira in central Portugal have shed new light on the culinary skills and intelligence of our ancient cousins, the Neanderthals. These findings, published in a groundbreaking study titled "Formation processes, fire use, and patterns of human occupation across the Middle Paleolithic of Gruta da Oliveira," further solidify the understanding that Neanderthals were far more sophisticated than previously believed.

Cooking with Fire: A Mark of Intelligence

Neanderthals, often portrayed as primitive beings in popular culture, have long been underestimated in terms of their intellectual capabilities. However, the discovery of intentionally constructed hearths inside the Gruta de Oliveira, where Neanderthals dwelled approximately 100,000 to 70,000 years ago, provides compelling evidence that they possessed the knowledge and skill to master fire.

Diego Angelucci, an archaeologist from the University of Trento and co-author of the study, emphasizes the significance of this discovery: "This confirms our observations and theories from previous studies. Neanderthals were capable of symbolic thought, artistic expression, body adornment, and a diverse diet. Moreover, our findings unequivocally demonstrate that they regularly cooked their food, establishing their culinary prowess on par with the Homo sapiens, who came much later."

Excavation in the Gruta de Oliveira. Credit: João Zilhão

Twenty Years of Meticulous Excavations

The Gruta de Oliveira, a part of the expansive Almonda karst system, served as a time capsule of Neanderthal life. Excavations carried out from 1989 to 2012, under the supervision of João Zilhão from the University of Lisbon, yielded a treasure trove of artifacts and remains spanning from approximately 120,000 to 40,000 years ago.

According to Angelucci, the site offered an extensive range of artifacts, from Lower Paleolithic relics to the Mousterian culture's chipped stones. However, the hearths found during these excavations have emerged as the most intriguing discovery, offering insights into the culinary practices of Neanderthals.

“Hearths and Food Remains”

Around a dozen hearths were meticulously unearthed at different stratigraphic levels within an excavation area of approximately 30 square meters and six meters deep. These circular, basin-like structures contained remnants of burnt bones, wood, and ash. Notably, the underlying rock showed signs of heat-induced discoloration, confirming the hearths' primary placement and long-term use.

These hearths were instrumental in cooking a diverse menu that included goats, deer, horses, aurochs (extinct bulls), rhinos, and even turtles, which were likely prepared on their carapaces and stewed on hot stones. Furthermore, previous excavations in Mediterranean caves near Cartagena (Spain) revealed remains of fish, mussels, mollusks, and roasted pine nuts, showcasing the breadth of Neanderthal cuisine.

The Mysteries of Fire Ignition

Despite these extensive findings, the methods employed by Neanderthals to start fires remain shrouded in mystery. Speculations point to techniques such as striking flint rocks together to create sparks on tinder, similar to methods discovered through the study of Ötzi, the Ice Man. However, no conclusive evidence has been found to substantiate these theories.

Nevertheless, the excavations provided an opportunity to compare Neanderthal life with that of Homo sapiens in Upper Paleolithic periods in the same region. Surprisingly, the results showed striking similarities in how both groups inhabited and utilized caves, suggesting that they were different human forms rather than distinct species.

Interdisciplinary Archaeology: A Key to Understanding

This groundbreaking study culminated in decades of dedicated work by archaeologists and researchers from various disciplines. Stone tools, bone remains, spatial analyses, stratigraphy, and microscopic studies were all employed to piece together this complex puzzle.

Diego Angelucci emphasized the importance of interdisciplinary archaeology, stating, "This type of archaeology is carried out with the most advanced methodologies. They require time and resources, and this is what we teach our students."

In conclusion, the Gruta de Oliveira excavations have shattered misconceptions about Neanderthals, highlighting their culinary prowess and intelligence. As the study unveils more layers of our ancient past, it becomes increasingly evident that our shared human history is far richer and more complex than previously imagined.

Ancient City of Magdala: A Historical Treasure Unearthed in Israel

The ancient city of Magdala, a name prominently mentioned in the Bible as the hometown of Jesus Christ's disciple Mary Magdalene, has recently resurfaced from the sands of time in the heart of Israel. Archaeologists and historians are hailing this discovery as "one of the most significant finds in the past 50 years." In this article, we delve into the intriguing history of Magdala, its stunning archaeological discoveries, and its profound cultural and religious significance.

Magdala's Rich History Unearthed

Nestled on the shores of the Galilee, Magdala was founded during Hellenistic times and evolved into a thriving fishing village by the time the Romans invaded the Galilee in 67 AD. Its prosperity was evident in its stone-paved streets and the presence of an elaborate first-century synagogue. However, the village gradually fell into disrepair over the centuries due to religious upheavals, military conquests, and the passage of time.

The resurrection of Magdala began with an unexpected vision by a Catholic priest from Spain in 2009. This priest envisioned establishing a religious retreat center on the site of ancient Magdala, sparking the excavation process. Construction workers, unaware of the historical treasure beneath their feet, stumbled upon stone walls and passageways that once served as the town's state-of-the-art fish processing facility. These walls contained stone-lined tanks with fresh running water, central to the town's bustling fish market.

Stunning Discoveries Beneath the Surface

The excavation, initiated by the chance discovery, soon revealed the magnitude of the historical riches hidden beneath Magdala's soil. Archaeologists unearthed coins dating back to between 5 and 63 AD, with one coin from 29 AD bearing an impression that evokes Jesus teaching in the synagogues, as recounted in the New Testament.

Intricate mosaics showcasing Greco-Roman influences during the Herodian period captivated archaeologists. A small mosaicked room on the synagogue's southern side is believed to have housed Torah scrolls, shedding light on the spiritual life of the community.

At the heart of the synagogue stood the remarkable Magdala Stone, an elaborately carved artifact depicting what experts believe to be the earliest representation of the Great Temple in Jerusalem, which fell to the Roman army in 70 AD. The stone showcases a menorah, believed to be the one that graced the temple before its destruction, making it the oldest known sculpture of a menorah.

The inside of the first-century AD synagogue at the ancient city of Magdala in Israel, one of only seven synagogues from that era in the country that are extant. The “Magdala Stone,” showing a representation of the Temple in Jerusalem, was also found there along with spectacular mosaics. Credit: עמוס גל/CC BY-SA 4.0

Yet, only about ten percent of the entire ancient town has been uncovered thus far, with excavations primarily concentrated to the side of the retreat center. Visitors to the center can peer down into the remnants of the town, including stone streets, passageways, and the once-grand synagogue.

Magdala's Name and Significance

In the Babylonian Talmud, the town was known as Magdala Nunayya, which translates to "Tower of the Fishes" in Aramaic. Some historical geographers suggest that this name may refer to the large fish processing areas in the town.

Modern-day Migdal, an Israeli municipality founded in 1910, has now expanded into the former village's area. Preliminary archaeological excavations dating back to 2006 revealed that Magdala's history spans from the Hellenistic period to the late Roman period.

The Migdal Synagogue, a significant discovery, stands as the oldest synagogue found in Galilee and one of the few synagogues from that era discovered in Israel.

Magdala's Connection to Mary Magdalene

Magdala is recognized as the birthplace of Mary Magdalene, as evidenced by texts dating back to the 6th century AD. Christian sources from the 8th and 10th centuries AD speak of a church in the village believed to be Mary Magdalene's house, where Jesus is said to have exorcised her of demons.

The "Life of Constantine" attributes the construction of the church to Empress Helena in the 4th century AD, precisely at the location where Mary Magdalene's house was believed to have stood. Historical records from the 13th century corroborate the existence of this church and Mary Magdalene's house.

Many Christian scholars concur that Mary Magdalene hailed from Magdala Nunayya, and it's also thought to be the location where Jesus landed, as recorded in the New Testament.

In conclusion, the unearthing of the ancient city of Magdala in Israel is a monumental archaeological discovery that has unraveled a wealth of historical and religious significance. With its rich history, intricate mosaics, ancient synagogue, and the enigmatic Magdala Stone, this site offers a window into the past that continues to captivate scholars and visitors alike, shedding light on a pivotal period in the region's history and its connection to figures like Mary Magdalene and Jesus.

Revealing the Environmental Wisdom of Our Stone Age Ancestors: The Astonishing Discovery of Half-a-Million-Year-Old Wooden Structures

In our fast-paced world, we often use the term "Stone Age" to describe outdated or primitive technologies, creating a disconnect between our modern selves and our ancient ancestors. However, a recent archaeological discovery challenges this perception. Led by archaeologist Larry Barham at the University of Liverpool, a team uncovered remarkable evidence of the earliest known use of wood technology, dating back to a staggering 476,000 years ago at Kalambo Falls, Zambia.

The archaeological site at Kalambo Falls is renowned for revealing traces of human cultural development that stretch back hundreds of thousands of years. Among the well-preserved artifacts discovered were a wedge, a digging stick, a log cut with precision tools, and a branch with a notch cut into it. These findings shed new light on the remarkable ability of early hominins (ancient human relatives) to source wood and craft it into tools and sophisticated wooden structures. While we cannot definitively identify the species responsible for this craftsmanship, candidates like Homo heidelbergensis or Homo naledi are under consideration.

This discovery holds profound implications for our understanding of sustainable materials in the Early Stone Age and the capabilities of our ancestors. To grasp the significance fully, we must appreciate the scarcity of wood in Early Stone Age deposits. Wood generally requires exceptional preservation conditions to avoid decay, such as the extremely dry or wet environments found in deserts or at Kalambo Falls, respectively.

Excavators found part of a structure formed by two overlapping logs. Barham et al. Nature (2023).

Our early ancestors would have undoubtedly utilized wood for various purposes, including crafting tools and constructing shelters. This newfound evidence confirms that wood was indeed an integral part of their technology toolkit. Previously, suspicions existed regarding the widespread use of wood by early hominins, but the absence of direct evidence prevented its acceptance as fact. Archaeology relies on tangible evidence, and the Kalambo Falls discovery transformed speculative ideas into established facts, reshaping our perception of technological history.

One of the challenges in acknowledging the use of wood in ancient times is the lingering notion of linear progress in human history. This view suggests that human technology and culture evolved from simple to complex, culminating in our modern world dominated by algorithms and advanced technology. However, the Kalambo Falls discovery challenges this narrative.

Early hominins, despite having smaller brain sizes than modern humans, displayed impressive craftsmanship and environmental consciousness. The intentionally-shaped wooden constructions found at Kalambo Falls highlight their design, technology, and creativity, reminiscent of what we now call "green technology." While modern construction materials may be nearly indestructible, they leave long-lasting and environmentally harmful ruins, with their manufacturing processes contributing to climate change through greenhouse gas emissions. In contrast, wood, despite its perishability, emerges as a more sustainable material.

Our ancestors would have used wood to make tools and structures for shelter. Professor Larry Barham, University of Liverpool.

Of course, wood is not without its risks, such as fire and decay, but in appropriate situations, it remains a reliable choice. The ancients may have been more progressive than we give them credit for, exhibiting a profound understanding of materials and their environment and making sound decisions that benefited the planet.

In conclusion, the evidence from Kalambo Falls suggests that early hominins were capable of utilizing materials beyond stone for their daily needs, including tool-making and shelter construction. They may have also harnessed resources from their environment for fuel and medicine. As we strive to uncover more direct evidence reaching back to the dawn of the Stone Age, discoveries like these might prompt us to reconsider history, leading us to rename the era the "Wood Age." In doing so, we acknowledge the incredible ingenuity and environmental wisdom of our ancient relatives, challenging our preconceived notions of progress and technology.

New Study Challenges Preconceptions: Prehistoric Women Were Hunters Too

In the annals of anthropology, there has long been a prevailing narrative that has shaped our understanding of prehistoric human societies. It is a narrative that portrays men as fearless hunters, stalking and capturing prey, while women are cast in the role of gatherers, foraging for fruits, nuts, and other resources. This division of labor, according to conventional wisdom, was determined by gender differences in anatomy and physical capabilities. However, a groundbreaking study published in Scientific American and the journal American Anthropologist is now challenging this long-held belief, suggesting that prehistoric women were hunters too.

The theory of men as hunters and women as gatherers gained prominence in 1968 when anthropologists Richard B. Lee and Irven DeVore published "Man the Hunter," a collection of scholarly papers presented at a symposium in 1966. This narrative has since been deeply ingrained in our understanding of early human societies. However, researchers from the University of Notre Dame decided to delve deeper into this narrative and examine the division of labor according to sex during the Palaeolithic era, which spans from approximately 2.5 million to 12,000 years ago.

Upon conducting a meticulous examination of contemporary archaeological findings and literature, the researchers made a startling discovery: there was limited substantiation for the notion of distinct gender-based roles. They also scrutinized female physiology and found that women exhibited physical capabilities suitable for hunting, along with scant evidence suggesting their exclusion from hunting activities.

One of the key findings that challenged the traditional view was the presence of instances of gender equality in various aspects of prehistoric life. These included evidence from ancient artifacts, dietary practices, artistic expressions, burial customs, and anatomical characteristics. Sarah Lacy from the University of Delaware remarked, "But from what evidence we do have, there appears to be almost no sex differences in roles."

The researchers also probed whether anatomical and physiological distinctions between men and women posed limitations on women's hunting capabilities. Their investigation revealed that men did possess certain advantages in activities requiring speed and power, such as sprinting and throwing. Conversely, women held an advantage over men in pursuits necessitating endurance, like long-distance running. This advantage, it turns out, may be linked to the hormone estrogen.

Estrogen, a hormone primarily associated with the female reproductive system, can increase fat metabolism. This gives muscles a longer-lasting energy source and can regulate muscle breakdown, thus preventing muscles from wearing down. Astonishingly, scientists have traced estrogen receptors, proteins that direct the hormone to the right place in the body, back to a staggering 600 million years ago. This revelation suggests that women are biologically equipped for endurance-based activities.

Professor Lacy emphasized this point, stating, "When we take a deeper look at the anatomy and the modern physiology and then actually look at the skeletal remains of ancient people, there's no difference in trauma patterns between males and females because they're doing the same activities."

In essence, the study concludes that for approximately 3 million years, men and women both participated in subsistence gathering for their communities, and the reliance on meat and hunting was a shared responsibility among both sexes. This groundbreaking research is poised to reshape our understanding of the dynamic roles played by prehistoric women, challenging the long-standing stereotypes that have framed our perceptions of ancient human societies.

This study not only highlights the importance of reevaluating historical narratives but also underscores the critical role of interdisciplinary research in shedding light on the complexities of our past. It serves as a reminder that our understanding of history is a dynamic process, continually evolving as new evidence and fresh perspectives come to light. The image of prehistoric women as hunters adds depth and nuance to our understanding of the ancient human experience, showing that the roles of men and women were far more complex and diverse than previously imagined.

As we continue to explore the mysteries of our past, it is vital to remain open to new discoveries and perspectives, for they have the power to reshape our understanding of who we are and where we come from. In the case of prehistoric women as hunters, it is a reminder that history is full of surprises waiting to be uncovered, challenging our preconceptions and enriching our knowledge of the human journey through time.

41 Old Photos of Beautiful Native American Women from the Old West

The historical photographs of Native American women from the Old West open a remarkable window into a rich and diverse cultural legacy. These powerful images capture more than just moments in time—they tell stories of resilience, tradition, and beauty that defined Native American communities during this era.

Through their expressions, attire, and surroundings, we glimpse a way of life deeply rooted in ancestral heritage and cultural identity, offering profound insights into the strength and spirit of these women. Dive into the video below to explore their enduring stories and celebrate this extraordinary legacy!

Workers Find Ancient Treasure That Could Change Britain's Past

A group of Workers have discovered an ancient treasure that has the potential to alter the historical narrative of Britain.

Though you might not realize it, the ground beneath your feet could be littered with historical riches, waiting to be rediscovered. For one group of London city workers, finding lost and buried relics of the past beneath busy city streets was all part of the job. Yet, after a new project led them to dig alongside one of history's most storied rivers, the workers stumbled upon an ancient secret that left them in awe. They'd never seen anything like it.

The 5 Most Incredible Archaeological Discoveries of Recent Times

There is no hard and fast guide to what a major archaeological discovery should look like, or how old it needs to be to be considered significant.

Predicting the future is difficult, but based on our research we have done some research on the archaeological discoveries and stories we might see in 2023. Here we have compiled the latest archaeological discoveries of 2023 for you. In this video we will explore archaeological wonders big and small, and we start now. Enjoy!

Why Did Ancient Greece Decline?

The decline of Ancient Greece was not solely attributed to moral decay, as modern explanations also point to the political subordination of Greek cities by Hellenistic kingdoms and the Roman Empire.

The establishment of kingdoms and empires brought stability to Greek politics by ending petty wars between city-states and promoting oligarchic regimes. Despite the devastating wars and distance from the courts of kings and emperors, some Greek cities, like Corinth, remained prosperous due to Roman patronage. The cities of Greece flourished under Roman control, thanks to support and efforts of local notables, showcasing the impact of Pax Romana on their prosperity.

Greek language and culture experienced a widespread influence during the Hellenistic and Roman eras, with Greek colonies established in various regions and the Greek classics highly revered by the Roman elite. The Greek culture that conquered the world was perceived as a finished thing, filled with unassailable classics. Classical Athens owed its astonishing creativity to abundant and enlightened patronage, political and cultural ferment, and the qualities of individual genius. Athens became a prisoner of its glorious past, leading to a cultural stagnation and embalmed culture.