The Role of Pierre Montent in Egyptian Archeology

Pierre Montet was an interesting archaeologist. His excavation is one of the most amazing ones in the history of archaeology because he did it during World War II. There was a war raging around him; north Africa had a war going on, and he was excavating a royal tomb. Very difficult!

Excavation of Montet at Tanis 1940 Pierre Montet

Pierre Montent’s Early Life and Career

Montet started his career in the 1920s in the Levant (Lebanon, Syria), and he discovered many objects with the names of Egyptian kings. And he became interested in these foreign exchanges. So he decided to excavate in Egypt. 

Now where is he going to pick? The Delta. The Hyksos had been there, and now, the Libyans were there. So he goes to the Delta, and he excavates at Tanis. He excavated at Tanis because he wrongly believed that that was the biblical city of Ramses. Because it had all those big statues of Ramses. 

It was a reasonable guess. But they had been brought there from the last dynasty. They had been hauled there by the new dynasty. So he was wrong about that, but his selection of a dig spot was perfect.

Unveiling of Dynasty XXII

In 1939, he excavated at Tanis at the Temple of Amun. And he decides to pick up the paving stones of the temple itself. In other words, temples aren’t just built on mud. You have paving stones. He removes the paving stones, and he finds a tomb, a royal tomb. He enters the room, and he finds that it’s been robbed; it’s been plundered. But there in that tomb are the remains of the burials of the kings of Dynasty XXII. So there are many objects still there, and this is an important source about how we learn about this dynasty.

But the story doesn’t end there. Behind that plundered room was another room, intact. A hidden room. And when he entered, he found inscriptions on the walls that said it was the tomb of King Psusennes. And there was a solid silver coffin. But it wasn’t for Psusennes. It was for this next king that nobody knew anything about, Sheshonq II. 

Without Montet’s excavation, we’d know nothing about this king. But think about it; we have an intact royal burial coffin, solid silver. It has a gold mask inside. There are also little coffinettes. The internal organs were taken out and placed in Canopic jars. Tutankhamun had very special ones. His Canopic containers were little coffins—four of them for the liver, stomach, intestines, and lungs. Sheshonq II had exactly the same thing. Little coffinettes. 

Behind that tomb was another intact tomb. That’s where Montet found the intact burial of Psusennes I, the king. And it didn’t end there. Montet really found four virtually intact burials. When he got to Psusennes’s burial, he had to chip away a granite plug about five feet by five feet. It took him six days before he got into the tomb. They really wanted to prevent robbers from getting in, and they succeeded. 

Golden Temptation

There’s a funny ending to the story! He found this intact burial, and another chamber was still behind it. Now, he’s working pretty much in secret. He doesn’t have guards. There’s a war going on. He doesn’t want anybody to know he found gold and silver. He’s not broadcasting to the news media. Saying, “Come on in and take pictures,” is not like Tutankhamun.

But word gets out, of course. You can’t keep such a thing a secret; he’s got workmen. And who shows up on his excavation? King Farouk of Egypt. King Farouk arrives one day and gets a tour. Montet explains that there’s an intact tomb there, but he’s not ready for it because he’s got to consolidate what he’s got so far. Farouk says, “Open it.” It’s his country. Montet opens it. And it’s another intact tomb of the son of Psusennes, Amenemope. So he’s got another intact tomb. And it didn’t even end there. In 1946, he found still another intact tomb of a general.

So, Montet really supplies us with an awful lot of information about Dynasty XXI and Dynasty XXII. It’s a fantastic treasure that people just don’t know about. Montet only published it in French. You can’t get an English translation of his work. But if you want to see the treasures, go to the Egyptian Museum in Cairo, and on the second floor are these silver coffins, gold masks, and wonderful treasures rivaling Tutankhamun. But hardly anybody knows about them. It’s an amazing discovery.

Common Questions about the Role of Pierre Montent in Egyptian Archeology

Q: Why are most people unaware of Pierre Montent’s excavation?

Pierre Montent, a French archeologist who lived in the 20th century, conducted excavations during World War II. During his excavations, much of his work went unnoticed around the world due to the war; to this day, many don’t know of his great discoveries.

Q: How did Pierre Montent discover the four intact tombs of Dynasty XXII?

During his excavations, Pierre Montent visited Tanis in the Delta. He believed Tanis to be the biblical city of Ramses the Great, which was wrong. However, he decided to examine the paving stones of the temple of Amun, among which he found the four intact tombs of Dynasty XXI and XXII.

Q: Why did Pierre Montent become interested in excavating in Egypt?

Pierre Montent began his work in the Levant, in Lebanon, and found there many objects with the names of Egyptian kings. So he became curious how these objects had been exchanged between Lebanon and Egypt. To find the answer, he carried out the excavations in Egypt.

The US Authorities Kept This Secret for 80 Years! FINALLY Leaked!

Discovering that important information has been kept hidden from the public for decades can evoke a range of emotions, including frustration, betrayal, and curiosity. It's understandable to feel upset about being kept in the dark, especially when it involves matters that could have significant implications for society as a whole.

In the case of government secrecy surrounding places like Area 51, the secrecy has fueled speculation and conspiracy theories about what might be hidden within its confines. Learning that the government has been withholding information about such locations can leave one questioning the motivations behind the secrecy and wondering what else might be concealed from public knowledge.

Similarly, when it comes to ancient mysteries like Stonehenge, the lack of concrete answers can be both tantalizing and frustrating. For centuries, humans have been fascinated by the origins and purpose of this enigmatic monument, and discovering that the details surrounding its construction remain elusive can be both perplexing and intriguing.

However, despite the frustration of not having all the answers, there is also a sense of excitement in the ongoing quest for knowledge. Scientists and researchers continue to uncover new evidence and develop theories in their efforts to unravel these mysteries, and each new discovery brings us closer to understanding the truths that have long been hidden from view.

Ultimately, while it can be disheartening to learn that information has been withheld or obscured, the pursuit of knowledge and the quest for truth remain essential endeavors. As we continue to uncover the secrets of our past and present, we move closer to a more comprehensive understanding of the world around us.

80 Year Old serves only EDO Period food at 162 Year old Restaurant

The combination of a longstanding tradition and a dedication to preserving the culinary heritage of the Edo period is undeniably intriguing. It's not just about the food itself but also about experiencing a slice of history, tasting flavors and dishes that have stood the test of time.

The fact that the shop has been in business for 162 years speaks volumes about its quality and the enduring appeal of its offerings. And with an 80-year-old owner who has dedicated their life to this craft, you can bet that the food is made with skill, care, and a deep understanding of the traditions it represents.

Exploring the tastes of the Edo period through authentic ingredients and recipes sounds like a unique and enriching culinary adventure. It's a chance to step back in time and savor the flavors of a bygone era, experiencing firsthand the culinary legacy that has shaped Japan's gastronomic landscape.

History Etched in Stone The NASLA Rock Formation

Nestled in Saudi Arabia's Heartland lies the Nasla Rock Formation, a geological wonder that captivates the imagination and beckons explorers from far and wide. This natural marvel, resembling a colossal desert mushroom, boasts a remarkable formation—a hefty stone slab delicately balanced atop a slender, pointed base. Its origin remains a subject of ongoing scientific inquiry, with wind erosion emerging as a leading contender in the debate.

Yet, beyond its geological allure, the Nasla Rock Formation holds deeper significance within local communities. Regarded as a symbol of resilience and steadfastness, it stands as a testament to the enduring strength of the human spirit. To those who call this land home, it embodies a powerful narrative of perseverance, inspiring generations with its silent, steadfast presence.

As word of its splendor spreads, the Nasla Rock Formation has become a magnet for global travelers, drawn by its majestic beauty and enigmatic charm. But beyond mere spectacle, it serves as a convergence point for cultural narratives and scientific inquiry. Here, myths and legends intertwine with geological theories, creating a rich tapestry of lore that adds depth to its already captivating aura.

Each layer of this ancient structure tells a story millions of years in the making, offering invaluable glimpses into the Earth's geological past and providing clues to its ever-changing climate. The Nasla Rock Formation is not just a snapshot of nature's raw power—it is a window into our planet's storied history and a harbinger of its potential future.

In its towering presence, we find not only wonder and awe but also a profound connection to the mysteries of our world. The Nasla Rock Formation invites us to ponder the intricate dance of time and elements that have shaped our planet, reminding us of the delicate balance between resilience and fragility that defines our existence on this Earth.

The Global Swastika: Exploring Its Ancient Roots and Diverse Meanings

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By Dimosthenis Vasiloudis

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The Many Faces of the Swastika: Understanding Its Ancient Legacy and Modern Impact

The swastika is a symbol that transcends time, geography, and culture, embodying a myriad of meanings and significances across the globe. Its origins, deeply rooted in ancient civilizations, reveal a complex narrative of religious symbolism, cultural exchange, and historical transformation. It is an ancient symbol that has been found in various archaeological contexts across Europe, Mesopotamia, the Eurasian Steppe, and India, among other locations. Its presence in such a wide geographical area and its usage dating back to prehistoric times make it a subject of significant interest for historians, archaeologists, and scholars studying the spread of cultures and ideas. This exploration delves into the swastika's journey from its earliest appearances to its modern-day interpretations.

Oldest Known Artifacts and the ancient history of swastika

The swastika's story begins thousands of years ago, with some of the earliest known artifacts dating back to the Paleolithic era. A striking example is a bird figurine found in Mezine, near Kiev, Ukraine, adorned with a swastika pattern, estimated to be up to fifteen thousand years old. This discovery, among others, underscores the symbol's ancient roots and its widespread use in prehistoric times.

According to Joseph Campbell, the earliest known swastika is from 10,000 BCE – part of "an intricate meander pattern of joined-up swastikas" found on a late paleolithic figurine of a bird, carved from mammoth ivory, found in Mezine, Ukraine.

Other old, well-known artifacts bearing the swastika symbol date back to the Neolithic era. One of the earliest examples can be found in the Vinča culture, which flourished between 5500 and 4500 BCE in the Balkans, particularly in what is now Serbia, Romania, and Bulgaria. Artifacts from this era, including pottery and figurines, showcase the swastika's role in Neolithic societies, hinting at a deep-seated cultural significance that predates many contemporary interpretations.

Another early example comes from the Indus Valley Civilization, particularly from artifacts dated around 3000 BCE. This civilization spanned across what is now Pakistan and northwest India, and the presence of the swastika here indicates its early significance in South Asian cultures as well. In the Indus Valley Civilization, the swastika was a prominent symbol, evident on seals and pottery. This early appearance in South Asia illustrates the symbol's integral role in the religious and cultural practices of one of the world's earliest urban societies. The right-facing variant of the swastika, in particular, was associated with auspiciousness and well-being, reflecting its sacredness in the region's spiritual life.

All symbols represent in Vinca culture. Swastika in a red square.

The swastika's significance was not confined to any single interpretation. In Hinduism, the right-facing swastika symbolizes the sun, prosperity, and good luck, while its left-facing counterpart, the sauvastika, represents the night or tantric aspects of Kali. This duality underscores the symbol's complex role in Indian religions, where it remains a revered emblem of divinity and spirituality.

Buddhism and Jainism too adopted the swastika, imbuing it with representations of auspiciousness, eternity, and the spiritual journey. In Buddhism, it symbolizes the Buddha's footprints as a mark of sacredness and a guide to enlightenment. Jainism associates the swastika with the seventh Tirthankara, Suparshvanatha, highlighting its spiritual significance and the ethical principles it embodies.

The symbol's diffusion across cultures and continents is a testament to its universal appeal and adaptability. From its use in ancient Greek and Roman mosaics to its significance in Norse mythology as a representation of Odin, the swastika's geometric simplicity and symbolic depth facilitated its adoption by diverse cultures. This widespread use suggests a shared human inclination towards symbols that embody life, continuity, and the cosmic order.

Swastika seals from Mohenjo-daro, Pakistan, of the Indus Valley civilisation, circa 2,100–1,750 BCE, preserved at the British Museum.

The Navajo and other Native American groups used the swastika in ceremonial contexts, further demonstrating its universal appeal. These uses highlight the symbol's capacity to convey meanings of fertility, prosperity, and the cyclic nature of life, themes that resonate across different belief systems and geographical regions.

Interpretation and Diffusion

The widespread distribution of the swastika symbol across such diverse regions raises questions about its significance and the means by which it spreads. There are several theories regarding this:

• Indo-European Spread: One theory suggests that the diffusion of the swastika might be connected to the migrations of Indo-European peoples from the Eurasian Steppe. The Kurgan hypothesis, for instance, posits that the Proto-Indo-Europeans from the Pontic-Caspian steppe spread their culture and languages westward into Europe and eastward into Asia, potentially carrying with them symbols such as the swastika. This could explain its presence across a broad geographic area.

• Anatolian Neolithic Farmers: Another hypothesis argues for the spread of agricultural and cultural practices (including symbolic systems) from the Neolithic Anatolian farmers into Europe. However, the evidence of the swastika in both the Vinča culture and the Indus Valley Civilization predates significant Indo-European migrations, according to this theory, making a direct link less clear.

• Trade and Cultural Exchange: The diffusion of the swastika can also be attributed to extensive trade networks and cultural exchanges between ancient civilizations. These interactions would have facilitated the spread of symbols, ideas, and technologies without implying direct migration or conquest. The symbol’s presence in diverse cultures could therefore reflect shared human motifs or universals rather than the spread of a single cultural group.

The Samarra bowl, from Iraq, circa 4,000 BCE, held at the Pergamonmuseum, Berlin. The swastika in the centre of the design is a reconstruction. Dbachmann - Self-photographed

Twentieth-Century Ideological Turn

However, the symbol's appropriation by far-right Romanian politician A. C. Cuza before World War I as a symbol of international antisemitism and its subsequent adoption by the German Nazi Party as an emblem of the Aryan race dramatically altered its perception in the West. This appropriation has led to the swastika being predominantly associated with Nazism, antisemitism, white supremacism, and evil in the contemporary Western context. This shift has overshadowed the symbol's ancient and positive connotations, leading to its prohibition in several countries, including Germany, where its public display is restricted by law.

Trecutul in culori

The swastika's history took a final dark turn in the 20th century with its appropriation by the National Socialist Party in Germany. This adoption transformed the swastika into a symbol of racial hate and the atrocities of World War II and the Holocaust. The profound impact of this period has overshadowed the swastika's ancient and diverse heritage in much of the Western world, altering its perception and use significantly.

Cuza's use of the swastika was part of a broader European interest in ancient symbols and their meanings, which was intertwined with rising nationalist sentiments and the search for symbols that could represent national identity and purity. This period saw various nationalist movements across Europe exploring ancient symbols, including the swastika, to serve as emblems of their cause, drawing on their supposed connections to the ancient past and Indo-European heritage.

While Cuza's adoption of the swastika is a documented example of the symbol's use by a political movement before the Nazis, it did not have the same widespread impact or global recognition as the Nazi Party's appropriation of the symbol. The Nazis' use of the swastika from 1920 onwards, and especially during their rule from 1933 to 1945, firmly established the symbol as a representation of their ideology, leading to its stigmatization in the post-World War II era.

Despite its controversial modern history, the swastika continues to hold sacred significance in Hinduism, Buddhism, and Jainism. Its enduring presence in these religions underscores the complexity of symbols and their meanings, reminding us of the swastika's original connotations of well-being, auspiciousness, and spiritual depth. This duality highlights the importance of context and interpretation in understanding cultural symbols.

While the swastika's presence in prehistoric artifacts across Europe, Mesopotamia, the Steppe, and India is well documented, determining the oldest artifact definitively is challenging due to the variety of contexts in which the symbol appears. The diffusion of the swastika likely results from a complex interplay of factors, including migrations, cultural exchanges, and the spread of ideas and technologies through trade networks. Rather than proving a singular theory about Indo-European spread from the steppe or from Anatolian Neolithic farmers, the evidence suggests that connections and interactions between different cultures and regions played a significant role in the distribution of the swastika symbol. This complexity highlights the interconnectedness of ancient civilizations and the multifaceted nature of cultural transmission.

Archaeologists have unearthed the tomb of an ancient lord, brimming with gold treasures and containing the remains of multiple sacrificial bodies.

Unearthing the Enigmatic Legacy of Panama's Ancient Elite: The Discovery of the Lord of the Flutes

The grave is the ninth tomb excavated by researchers at the El Caño Archaeological Park, which is known for its richness in archaeological discoveries and lavish burial chambers. - Julia Mayo/Fundación El Caño

Panama, a land rich in cultural heritage and historical intrigue, has once again captivated the world with a remarkable archaeological find. In the heart of El Caño Archaeological Park, nestled within the lush landscapes of Coclé province, lies a treasure trove of ancient mysteries waiting to be unraveled. Here, amid the whispers of a bygone era, researchers have unearthed a burial chamber that sheds new light on the enigmatic civilization that once thrived in this region.

Dating back over 1,200 years, this newly discovered tomb unveils the final resting place of a revered figure, known simply as the Lord of the Flutes. Draped in gold and surrounded by a cache of ceremonial artifacts, this ancient leader offers a glimpse into a world steeped in tradition and ritual.

Led by Dr. Julia Mayo, the excavation team from the El Caño Foundation has meticulously pieced together the story of this illustrious individual. Standing at the pinnacle of society, the Lord of the Flutes held sway over his people, guiding them through the ebb and flow of life with wisdom and reverence. Yet, his legacy transcends mere mortal deeds, as his burial chamber serves as a testament to the enduring power of belief and ceremony.

Amidst the golden adornments and sacred relics, lies evidence of a profound spiritual connection that bound the ancient inhabitants of El Caño. Animal bone flutes, intricately crafted pectorals, and ornate jewelry speak to a culture steeped in reverence for the divine. For the Lord of the Flutes was not merely a ruler but a custodian of sacred traditions, entrusted with the solemn duty of bridging the mortal realm with the divine.

Yet, his journey to the afterlife was not a solitary one. As researchers delved deeper into the tomb, they uncovered the remains of his companions, laid to rest in a solemn procession. These sacrificial offerings, buried alongside their esteemed leader, speak to the intricate tapestry of social order and spiritual devotion that defined ancient Panamanian society.

The significance of this discovery extends far beyond the confines of El Caño Archaeological Park. It offers a window into a world where the boundaries between the earthly and the ethereal blur, where gods and mortals walk hand in hand. Through meticulous analysis and scholarly inquiry, researchers strive to unravel the mysteries that lie buried beneath the sands of time, seeking to illuminate the path of those who came before us.

As we stand on the threshold of discovery, let us pay homage to the Lord of the Flutes and his companions, guardians of a legacy that transcends the ages. In their silent repose, they beckon us to explore the depths of our shared humanity, to embrace the richness of our cultural heritage, and to cherish the echoes of a past that whispers secrets yet untold.

Ancient Shipwrecks Have Been Discovered off the Coast of Kasos.

The maritime area surrounding Kasos island, nestled in the serene southeast Aegean, has recently yielded a trove of maritime history, with the announcement of the discovery of 10 shipwrecks. This remarkable revelation comes after the completion of extensive underwater archaeological research in October of the previous year.

Led by the National Research Foundation's dedicated research team, in collaboration with the esteemed Culture Ministry, this groundbreaking endeavor marks the culmination of four intensive research missions conducted on the island since 2019. Drawing upon a rich tapestry of archaeological and historical evidence, spanning from the epic verses of Homer's Iliad to more recent historical records, the team embarked on a quest to unveil the secrets hidden beneath the azure waters of the Aegean.

The shipwrecks discovered during these missions span a vast chronology, offering a glimpse into the maritime activities and voyages that traversed these ancient waters. Dating back as far as 3000 BC, the wrecks represent various epochs, including the Classical period (460 BC), the Hellenistic period (100 BC – AD 100), the Roman years (200 BC – AD 300), and the Byzantine period (AD 800-900). Each wreck, with its unique artifacts and historical context, contributes to our understanding of the maritime history of the region and its significance in the ancient world.

These discoveries not only shed light on the seafaring practices of ancient civilizations but also underscore the strategic importance of Kasos island as a maritime crossroads in antiquity. Situated amidst the Aegean Sea, the island served as a vital nexus for maritime trade and navigation, facilitating interactions between diverse cultures and civilizations.

A map shows the location of the island of Kasos, in the Dodecanese, Greece. Marine archaeologists working around the island have uncovered ten shipwrecks dating back to different historical periods.

The findings from these underwater excavations hold immense significance for scholars and historians, offering invaluable insights into ancient maritime commerce, navigation techniques, and shipbuilding practices. Moreover, they enrich our appreciation of the cultural heritage of the Aegean region, highlighting its enduring legacy as a cradle of civilization.

As the research team continues to analyze and interpret the wealth of data gleaned from these discoveries, the maritime area of Kasos island stands as a testament to the enduring allure of the Aegean Sea and the mysteries that lie beneath its shimmering surface. With each new revelation, the ancient maritime past of this storied region is brought to life, ensuring that its legacy continues to captivate and inspire future generations.

Marine archaeologists recover a vessel in the waters around Kasos, Greece. The research project has identified several "stray" finds in addition to 10 shipwrecks.N. KOUKOULAS/© MINISTRY OF CULTURE

A thousand-year-old bone skate has been found in the Moravian city of Přerov.

In a remarkable discovery, archaeologists from the central Moravian city of Přerov have unearthed a unique artifact—a bone ice skate dating back some 1,000 years. The find, made during excavations in the town center, sheds light on the winter activities and transportation methods of the early medieval period.

The bone skate, crafted from the shin bone of a horse, offers a fascinating glimpse into the ingenuity of our ancestors. Archaeologist Zdeněk Schenk describes the skate's distinctive features, noting its curved shape with drilled holes for securing a strap, which would have been used to attach the skate to a shoe or sled. This innovative design allowed for mobility on frozen surfaces, enabling individuals to traverse icy terrain with greater ease.

The discovery of the bone blade amidst fragments of pottery from the 10th and 11th centuries provides valuable insight into the historical context of the artifact. During this period, the area surrounding Přerov was home to a significant fortress, serving as a stronghold for Polish King Boleslav the Brave and his soldiers. The presence of such a fortified settlement suggests that the region was strategically important, with inhabitants adapting their tools and equipment to suit the harsh winter conditions.

Contrary to modern recreational skating, the bone skates found in Přerov were likely used primarily for practical purposes. Instead of leisurely gliding across frozen lakes, people of the time would have utilized these makeshift blades for transportation, shuffling along the icy surface with the aid of a stick or attaching the skates to sledges to transport goods.

The discovery of the bone skate is not an isolated incident in Přerov. Similar artifacts have been unearthed in the area over the years, reflecting the city's historical significance and its role as a hub of early medieval activity. The location of the Upper Square, situated on a hill overlooking the River Bečva, further underscores its importance as a focal point for settlement and trade.

Interestingly, comparable discoveries of bone skates have been reported in other parts of Europe, particularly in Viking settlements dating to the 10th century. This suggests a widespread use of such implements across different regions and cultures during this period, highlighting the universality of human adaptation to environmental challenges.

The thousand-year-old ice skate discovered in Přerov will soon be unveiled to the public, offering visitors a tangible connection to the past. As it takes its place among the exhibits at the city's castle, it serves as a poignant reminder of the enduring ingenuity and resilience of ancient civilizations in the face of adversity.

Metal detectorist planted coins he bought on eBay to claim glory and nearly changed history

In a tale that reads like a plot twist from a historical thriller, a metal detectorist's quest for glory takes a dark turn as he resorts to planting his own coins to fabricate a remarkable discovery. Michael Jones, eager for recognition and fame, orchestrated an elaborate ruse by purchasing rare silver deniers on eBay and strategically burying them in a field, only to feign astonishment at his supposed find during a metal detecting rally in Titley, Herefordshire.

The audacious scheme, however, quickly unraveled as suspicions arose among Jones's fellow detectorists, who found it peculiar that such valuable treasures had surfaced in an area devoid of similar artifacts. Archaeologists, too, were poised to rewrite history, noting the significance of the coins potentially being linked to the Knights Templar—an unprecedented revelation that could have altered our understanding of the Herefordshire region and the Welsh borders.

Yet, behind the facade of archaeological breakthroughs lay a web of deceit and deception. Peter Reavill, the finds liaison officer for the county, underscored the rarity and importance of the coins, emphasizing the far-reaching implications of their discovery. However, it was not long before the truth came to light, as a vigilant detectorist uncovered identical coins sold on eBay, casting doubt on Jones's purported find.

Upon investigation, authorities uncovered the damning evidence: the coins Jones claimed to have unearthed bore an uncanny resemblance to those he had purchased online. Confronted with irrefutable proof of his deception, Jones admitted to his wrongdoing, confessing to his desire for fame and bravado. His actions, he lamented, were driven by a moment of folly—a misguided attempt to elevate his status in the metal detecting community.

During the trial, testimonies painted a picture of calculated deceit and premeditated deception. Adrian Harris, a fellow detectorist, recounted the suspicious circumstances surrounding the discovery, noting Jones's lack of surprise upon uncovering the coins. The revelation sent shockwaves through the metal detecting community, prompting reflection on the ethics and integrity of the hobby.

Jones bought the rare Crusader coins on eBay (Picture: Leon McGowran)

In the end, Jones was acquitted of fraud by false representation, with the court citing insufficient evidence of financial gain. While justice may have been served in the eyes of the law, the incident serves as a cautionary tale—a sobering reminder of the pitfalls of unchecked ambition and the importance of upholding integrity in the pursuit of knowledge and recognition. As the dust settles on this extraordinary saga, the world of metal detecting grapples with the repercussions of one man's quest for glory.

12 Most Mysterious And Incredible Archaeological Finds That Really Exist

Finding something that was left behind by our ancient ancestors is just the beginning of the story as far as archaeologists are concerned. Once a discovery has been made, it has to be explained. Who made it? Where did it come from? What was it used for? All of these questions have to be considered, and sometimes the answers can’t be found. All the discoveries you’re about to see in this video come with questions that are yet to be answered.

Mystery Of Tarim Mummies Buried In Boats In A Chinese Desert Finally Solved

In the vast desert of Xinjiang province in China, you can find a secret treasure. Deep within lies a series of tombs holding numerous mummies, with some of them astonishingly well-preserved. These mummies stand out from the rest, as their features hint that they may not have originated from China, but from a distant land.

Ancient DNA reveals shocking Stone Age strategy for avoiding inbreeding

A genetic study of Stone Age burial sites in France has shown that blood relations and kinship were not all-important for hunter gatherer communities.

The research indicates that several distinct families lived together, probably as a deliberate method of avoiding inbreeding. The study, led by researchers from Ops Sola University in Sweden in collaboration with several French institutions, analysed the genomes of several Stone Age hunter gatherers who lived at the same time and place as newly arrived Neolithic farmers.

The remains dated back to the final stages of the Mesolithic, approximately 6,700 years ago. The study shows that the hunter gatherer groups mixed with other hunter gatherer groups, but not with the Neolithic farmers.

The coexistence of these groups has previously raised questions about the extent to which they interacted. Earlier studies had suggested that the last hunter gatherer communities deliberately assimilated women from the Neolithic farming community. However, the new study indicated that the hunter gatherer groups were made up of few individuals who were generally not closely related, and there were no signs of inbreeding.

History Summarized: The Maya, Aztec, and Inca

Welcome, curious traveler, to a realm of untold wonders and forgotten histories! While human sacrifice, smallpox, and the shadow of the Spanish empire may loom large in the annals of Mesoamerican lore, the tapestry of civilizations that once thrived in this vibrant region is far more intricate and diverse than commonly portrayed.

Prepare to embark on a journey of discovery as we delve into the rich tapestry of Mesoamerican cultures, each distinct in its traditions, beliefs, and societal structures. From the awe-inspiring pyramids of the Aztecs to the intricate city-states of the Maya, the landscape of Mesoamerica is adorned with the legacies of ancient civilizations that rose and fell like the tides of time.

Join us as we unravel the mysteries of these enigmatic cultures, exploring their art, architecture, mythology, and daily life. Peer into the sacred rituals of the Olmec, decipher the celestial wisdom of the Maya, and marvel at the engineering feats of the Teotihuacan.

But fear not, dear viewer, for this journey is not one of mere academia. Through the lens of exploration and discovery, we aim to breathe life into the stories of Mesoamerica, celebrating the resilience, ingenuity, and diversity of its peoples.

And as for our next adventure, well, let's just say the Iroquois Confederation awaits, promising another chapter in the saga of indigenous peoples whose legacies continue to shape the world around us.

So step forth, fellow traveler, and let us embark on a voyage of enlightenment, guided by the spirit of inquiry and the quest for knowledge. For in the tapestry of human history, every thread tells a tale, and it is our privilege to unravel them together.

This video was made possible with the generous support of the Boston University Undergraduate Research Opportunities Program, a testament to the power of collaboration and the pursuit of academic excellence.

This is the World’s Oldest Insult (and it’s still hilarious?)

The world's oldest insult has been discovered on a clay tablet and surprisingly, it was intended to teach language as well as morality. Written more than 4,000 years ago in Sumerian, the language of the elite in Acadian society, the insults were used to teach students the language and how to write, as well as ridicule the lazy and foolish. The tablet contains two insults: “Your husband has no clothes to wear. You yourself are wearing such rags that your butt sticks out of them” and “You have the intelligence of a monkey. Your house is like a pigsty. Your living room is like an oven”. The insults were believed to have been written by a student at the behest of a teacher, rather than behind their back. The goal of the Acadian teachers was to teach language and morality, and it seems that they used ridicule as a tool to teach the importance of hard work and intelligence. The insults were written in what is now Iraq a few years before the invention of air conditioning, making the insult “your living room is like an oven” particularly relevant for the time.

5000-Year-Old Book Found in Egypt REVEALS Horrifying Message About Human Existence

The 5000-year-old book of Enoch has just been found, and several have stated that the texts would cause an uproar among believers. There have been several debates on whether or not the book of Enoch should be regarded as one of the books in the Bible and fixed into the apocalyptic category. However, there have been doubts about its accuracy and how it contradicts the principles of the modern orthodox church. Since the translation of his texts, it has been discovered that he has influenced much of the New Testament, and several epistles have made several references to his book. At one time, it was accessible until it was banned by church fathers and the government for its contradicting views. Now that it has been reintroduced and made known to believers, what message does it pass?

4,000-year-old lipstick found in Iran may be the oldest in the world

4,000-Year-Old Lipstick: A Timeless Symbol of Beauty Unearthed in Iran

The carved chlorite vial containing the cosmetic preparation.

University of Padova and ISMEO, Rome

In a groundbreaking archaeological revelation, researchers have unveiled what is believed to be the world's oldest known lipstick—a small, ornate stone vial containing a deep red paste, discovered in southeastern Iran. Dating back to the Bronze Age, this remarkable artifact offers a glimpse into the ancient rituals of beauty and adornment, proving that the allure of a crimson lip knows no bounds across millennia.

The discovery, made possible by the 2001 flooding of the Halil River Valley, has captivated scholars and beauty enthusiasts alike. Carbon-dated between 1936 B.C. and 1687 B.C., the lipstick vial represents a tangible link to a bygone era—a time when civilizations thrived alongside the banks of ancient rivers and the echoes of history reverberated through the ages.

"We hypothesize a lip paint, rather than a solid lipstick because we have no certain idea about the original consistency or fluidity of the cosmetic substance," explained Massimo Vidale, one of the study's lead researchers and a professor of archaeology at the University of Padua in Italy. This revelation underscores the complexities of ancient cosmetic practices, offering insight into the materials and techniques employed by our ancestors in their quest for beauty.

The lipstick vial, crafted from chlorite stone, stands as a testament to the ingenuity and craftsmanship of ancient artisans. Measuring approximately two inches tall by three-quarters of an inch wide, it bears the hallmarks of meticulous handiwork, a testament to the reverence accorded to beauty and adornment in ancient civilizations.

Mineralogical composition of the cosmetic preparation. Enhanced in false colors, red, micro-stratified fragmented sheets of hematite pinacoid forms; pseudo-octahedral crystals of braunite in yellow; fragmented (ground) quartz particles in pink. Rare cubic crystals of galena appear in green.

University of Padova and ISMEO, Rome

But perhaps most striking are the mineral components of the lipstick artifact, which bear a striking resemblance to the recipes of contemporary lipsticks. Hematite, darkened with manganite and braunite, along with traces of galena and anglesite, form the basis of the vibrant red pigment, mixed with vegetal waxes and other organic substances—a composition that mirrors the ingredients found in modern cosmetics.

For Vidale, the discovery holds a deeply personal significance, offering a glimpse into the lives of women and children of ancient civilizations. "I've always felt closely connected to the people and civilizations of ancient Iran," he reflected. "And having a grown-up daughter, I've always been deeply intrigued when I came across material evidence that could be linked to women and children of that age and those cultures."

As we marvel at this ancient artifact, we are reminded of the enduring quest for beauty and self-expression that transcends time and space. From the banks of ancient rivers to the bustling streets of modern cities, the allure of a crimson lip endures—a timeless symbol of femininity, power, and grace.

Ancient Buddhist temple discovered in northern China

In a remarkable archaeological revelation, a Buddhist temple dating back to the illustrious era of the Northern Wei Dynasty (386-534 AD) has been unearthed in Shanxi Province, northern China. This captivating discovery sheds new light on the rich cultural and religious heritage of the region, offering a tantalizing glimpse into the spiritual practices of ancient civilizations.

According to reports from the Shanxi Archaeological Institute, the newly discovered temple stands as a testament to the architectural and artistic prowess of the Northern Wei Dynasty. Situated approximately 300 meters from the ruins of the dynasty's palace, this ancient monument is believed to have served as a royal temple, offering solace and sanctuary to worshippers and pilgrims alike.

Upon closer inspection, researchers were astonished to uncover a square hole at the heart of the temple, adorned with pearls and copper rings—a testament to the meticulous craftsmanship of the era. Within the temple's sacred confines lay a trove of treasures, including over 200 Buddhist statues, each imbued with spiritual significance and artistic splendor.

Among these statues, some bore traces of intricate paintings, while others shimmered with the luster of gold—an indication of the reverence and devotion accorded to Buddhist iconography during this period. It is believed that the walls of the temple were once adorned with vibrant murals, depicting scenes from Buddhist scriptures and legends, offering a visual tapestry of enlightenment and transcendence.

The discovery of this ancient Buddhist temple serves as a poignant reminder of the enduring legacy of Buddhism in China, tracing its roots back to a time of great dynasties and cultural flourishing. As researchers continue to unravel the mysteries hidden within its hallowed halls, the temple stands as a testament to the enduring quest for spiritual enlightenment and the timeless allure of ancient wisdom.

In the heart of Shanxi Province, amidst the tranquil landscapes of northern China, a piece of history has been unearthed—a sacred sanctuary that bears witness to the ebb and flow of time, beckoning us to explore its secrets and embrace the legacy of the past.

1,100-Year-Old Sword Unearthed in Oxfordshire River

A Rare Glimpse into Viking History

The 1,100-year-old sword was found in the River Cherwell

(Trevor Penny)

In a remarkable discovery that echoes with the echoes of ancient battles and tales of Norse warriors, a 1,100-year-old Viking sword has emerged from the depths of the River Cherwell in Oxfordshire. Unearthed by a magnet fisherman, the weapon, dating back to between AD 850 and 975, offers a rare glimpse into the tumultuous era of Viking raids and conquests.

The sword, pulled from the river's embrace last year, now rests in the care of the Oxford Museum, a tangible link to a bygone age of seafaring adventurers and fearsome warriors. Trevor Penny, the fortunate individual who stumbled upon this relic of the past, recounted the thrilling moment of discovery, a scene straight out of a Norse saga.

"I was on the side of the bridge and shouted to a friend on the other side of the bridge, 'What is this?'" Penny recalled. "He came running over shouting 'It looks like a sword!'" In that instant, history was brought to life, as the ancient blade emerged from its watery grave to bear witness to the passage of time.

The Viking Age, characterized by raids, exploration, and conquest, saw Norse warriors traverse the seas in search of riches and glory. From the infamous raid on Lindisfarne in 793 to the far-reaching expeditions across Europe, the Vikings left an indelible mark on history, their legacy woven into the fabric of British soil.

But the discovery of the Viking sword is not the only recent revelation to captivate the archaeological community. In Spain, archaeologists unearthed a 2,000-year-old lead projectile inscribed with the name of Julius Caesar—an artifact believed to have been used as propaganda during the general's civil war.

Trevor Penny discovered the 1,100-year-old Viking sword in the River Cherwell last year

(Trevor Penny)

Measuring 4.5 by 2 centimeters and weighing 71 grams, the lead projectile, known as a "glans inscripta," bears the inscription "IPSCA" on one side, likely referring to an unknown Spanish town, and "CAES" on the other, a nod to Caesar himself. This intriguing discovery hints at Indigenous Spanish support for the dictator during his tumultuous reign—a testament to the complexities of political allegiance and propaganda in ancient times.

As these remarkable artifacts continue to capture the imagination of historians and enthusiasts alike, they serve as reminders of the enduring power of the past to shape our understanding of the present. From Viking swords to Roman projectiles, each discovery offers a window into the rich tapestry of human history, inviting us to delve deeper into the mysteries of antiquity and uncover the untold stories of our ancestors.

Ancient Marvel Unearthed: Hidden Etruscan Tomb Revealed in Italy

In a landscape steeped in history, where the whispers of the past echo through time, a monumental discovery has emerged from the shadows of foliage—a giant, cube-shaped stone tomb, nestled within the ancient San Giuliano Rock Necropolis in central Italy. This captivating find, announced by Italian archaeology authorities, offers a tantalizing glimpse into the enigmatic world of the Etruscans, an ancient society that once flourished between the Arno and Tiber Rivers.

The necropolis, a sprawling testament to Etruscan civilization, lies ensconced within the Regional Park of Marturanum, near the municipality of Barbarano Romano, a mere 45 miles northwest of the eternal city of Rome. Accessible only through rugged ravines and overgrown forests, this hidden gem harbors secrets dating back to the 7th century B.C.E., offering a portal to a bygone era.

The unveiling of the newfound tomb, a collaborative effort between the esteemed firm Gentili Restauri and local authorities, marks a significant milestone in the ongoing exploration of this ancient site. Concealed behind a veil of foliage, the tomb remained partially obscured until recent clean-up operations and brush-clearing efforts revealed its imposing presence—a testament to the enduring allure of archaeological discovery.

Dubbed a "semi-cube" layout, the tomb boasts a distinctive architectural design, with one side left open while three sides are meticulously carved into the surrounding rock wall. Its proximity to the illustrious Queen's Tomb, a grand structure dating back to the fifth century B.C.E., adds to its intrigue, offering a juxtaposition of ancient splendor and timeless mystery.

The Queen's Tomb, a monumental edifice measuring an impressive 46 feet in width and 32 feet in height, stands as a testament to the grandeur of Etruscan funerary architecture. Adorned with side stairs leading to an upper terrace and adorned with semi-finished Doric doors, it offers a glimpse into the opulent rituals and traditions of a bygone era.

For the Etruscans, a society steeped in mystique and tradition, the necropolis served as a sacred repository for the departed, a final resting place where elaborate funerary rites and ceremonies unfolded. From painted murals adorning the walls of burial chambers to finely crafted pottery and bronze artifacts, each discovery offers a window into the rich tapestry of Etruscan culture.

As news of the discovery reverberates through the archaeological community, the Superintendency of Archaeology, Fine Arts, and Landscape in Southern Etruria has announced plans to inform the public of upcoming opening dates, inviting enthusiasts and scholars alike to witness the unfolding saga of this ancient marvel.

In the heart of Italy's verdant landscapes, where the past meets the present, the legacy of the Etruscans endures—a testament to the enduring spirit of exploration and the timeless allure of discovery.

16 new ancient rock art sites have been uncovered in Jalapão, Brazil

IPHAN identifies 16 new archaeological sites in Tocantins

Remnants are located in Jalapão, the eastern region of the state

Fotos: Rômulo Macedo/Iphan - TO

The archaeology team of the National Institute of Historic and Artistic Heritage (IPHAN) in Tocantins has concluded, in the past month, the identification and cataloging of 16 more archaeological sites in the Jalapão region, located in the east of Tocantins. The area consists of panels with pre-colonial rock art made by human groups approximately two thousand years ago.

"Among the symbols carved and painted on the rocks, human footprints, animal footprints such as deer and wild pig, and figures resembling celestial bodies stand out," explains the archaeologist from IPHAN in Tocantins, Rômulo Macedo. He led the missions carried out between 2022 and 2023 to investigate the existence of new sites in the region.

However, the archaeologist emphasizes that this cultural asset has been threatened by various factors. Wind erosion, vandalism, forest fires, and deforestation are among the main threats to the identified sites. To minimize these impacts, IPHAN has initiated conservation and Heritage Education actions in the region, aiming to protect and promote this Brazilian cultural heritage.

Archaeological heritage of Tocantins

The recent discoveries expand Tocantins' archaeological heritage. The state has great potential for archaeological research, with numerous sites registered by IPHAN. The newly discovered sites now form part of an archaeological complex located in Jalapão. Human occupations in those areas date back up to 12,000 years before the present and formed archaeological sites during the pre-colonial period, until the contact with European colonizers. Structures related to historical archaeology can also be found, significant of the occupation of this contact area between the Amazon Rainforest and those of the Central Brazil, the Cerrado biome.

With the expansion of infrastructure works in the Amazonian states, Tocantins is experiencing a significant increase in archaeological research conducted within the scope of environmental licensing, which has allowed the collection of data on previously unknown archaeological areas. In this context, archaeological activity is carried out by companies involved in salvaging heritage in areas impacted by economic ventures. Two actions are considered priorities: the systematization and socialization of knowledge about the found assets and the integration between archaeological and environmental licensing.