The largest flying animal in the world, Quetzalcoatlus, has a wingspan of up to 52 feet (15.9 m)

The climate was warmer during the Late Cretaceous period, about 100 to 66 million years ago. All of the continents saw the emergence of several new species, including the enormous Quetzalcoatlus that inhabited North America.

The Quetzalcoatlus compared to a man, car, and pterodactyl. Source Pinterest

One of the biggest known flying animals ever, Quetzalcoatlus has a wingspan that can measure up to 15.9 m (52 ft). This enormous creature was given the name Quetzalcoatl in honor of the feathered serpent god of Mesoamerica, who was well-known there under various titles.

He was referred to as Kukulkan by the ancient Maya and Quetzalcoatl by the Aztecs.

In the Maastrichtian Javelina Formation at Big Bend National Park in Texas, the United States, the first Quetzalcoatlus fossils were found in 1971 by Douglas A. Lawson. Later, Lawson found the partial skeletons of even smaller people at a different location.

It was how we discovered the existence of this enormous flying creature.

Despite not being a dinosaur, Quetzalcoatlus coexisted with them. The most well-known azhdarchid, or flying reptile, family member was Quetzalcoatlus.

"From earlier reptilian life forms, the pterosaurs and dinosaurs appear to have developed along different paths. It also becomes obvious that pterosaurs did not turn into birds.

The anatomy is similar to that of a wing in this sense. The fourth finger of each forelimb was noticeably longer in pterosaurs. It held up the leading edge of a membrane that reached all the way from the body's flank to the tip of the finger. The remaining fingers were little, reptilian, and ended in a pointed claw.

The main strut of a bird's wing is its second finger, and most of the wing is made up of feathers, according to Wann Langston.

Despite the fact that Quetzalcoatlus is frequently portrayed as having feathers, scientists believe it actually had pycnofibres instead of animal hair. Quetzalcoatlus was more than five meters (16.4 ft) tall, weighed 250 kilograms, and was as tall as a giraffe when it was standing on the ground.

As Quetzalcoatlus flew through the air, it was able to observe numerous other enormous species moving about our world. Then, everything came to an end since around three-quarters of Earth's plant and animal species became extinct 65 million years ago.

Because it happened at the transition between the Cretaceous (K) and Tertiary (T) periods, this event is known as the K-T mass extinction. The Quetzalcoatlus did not survive, and the dinosaurs were the most famous creatures to perish.

Source: https://www.ancientpages.com/2023/04/18/me...

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When Francesco della Rovere ascended to the papacy as Sixtus IV in 1471, his reign quickly became synonymous with nepotism, unchecked ambition, and an enduring impact on the cultural landscape of Renaissance Italy. His tenure as pope remains one of the most controversial periods in the history of the Catholic Church, characterized by his blatant favoritism toward his family and allies, struggles for power, and a complex legacy that intertwines corruption with significant contributions to art and infrastructure.

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Upon assuming the papal throne, Sixtus IV wasted no time in using his newfound authority to lavish wealth and privileges on his family. His sisters, who previously led modest lives, were granted luxurious homes in Rome, complete with every conceivable comfort. His nephews benefited even more extravagantly. Pietro and Giuliano della Rovere, despite their lack of qualifications, were made cardinals almost immediately. Pietro’s rapid rise continued as he became Bishop and later Archbishop of Florence in 1473. His influence within the papacy grew until his sudden death that same year, leaving a vacuum that was filled by other members of the della Rovere family.

Giovanni della Rovere was appointed Lord of Papal Lands in Senigallia and Mondavio and secured a strategic marriage to a daughter of the powerful Montefeltro family, further cementing the della Rovere’s influence. However, Girolamo Riario, perhaps the most favored of Sixtus’ nephews, enjoyed the greatest rewards. As Captain-General of the Church, Girolamo controlled the papal military, and he was granted lordship over Imola and later Forlì. His marriage to the daughter of the Duke of Milan underscored Sixtus’ determination to build alliances through familial ties.

Sixtus’ nepotism extended beyond his family. Francesco Salviati, a personal friend, was made Archbishop of Pisa, despite widespread criticism of his qualifications. Over the course of his papacy, Sixtus created 34 cardinals, many of whom were appointed based on personal loyalty rather than merit. This widespread favoritism drew sharp criticism from contemporaries, such as Stefano Infessura, who accused Sixtus of prioritizing greed, vanity, and personal indulgences over the spiritual responsibilities of his office.

Controversy and Criticism

The shadow of scandal hung over Sixtus’ papacy, with rumors suggesting that his appointments of cardinals were motivated not only by nepotism but also by personal relationships. Some critics speculated that Sixtus was a closeted homosexual who rewarded his lovers with high-ranking positions in the Church. While there is no definitive evidence to support these claims, they reflect the pervasive dissatisfaction with Sixtus’ conduct as pope.

Beyond personal controversies, Sixtus’ papacy was marked by his relentless pursuit of power. He clashed with the King of France over royal interference in papal decrees, a conflict that underscored his yearning for the unchallenged authority of earlier popes. Sixtus’ ambitions extended to grandiose plans, such as launching new crusades and reuniting the Catholic and Orthodox churches. Yet, these efforts yielded little success, leaving a legacy of lofty but unfulfilled aspirations.

Contributions to Rome and the Renaissance

While his governance of the Catholic Church was fraught with corruption and failure, Sixtus IV’s impact on the city of Rome and the broader cultural sphere was undeniably significant. Recognizing the need for urban renewal, he invested heavily in infrastructure projects, including paving roads and constructing bridges that improved transportation and connectivity in the city. He also undertook the restoration of numerous churches, enhancing the spiritual and architectural heritage of Rome.

As a patron of the arts, Sixtus played a pivotal role in the Renaissance. He supported renowned artists such as Sandro Botticelli and fostered scientific and academic advancements. His papacy saw the creation of the Vatican Library, a monumental institution dedicated to the preservation and dissemination of knowledge. Sixtus’ influence extended beyond Italy, as evidenced by his approval of Sweden’s first university in Uppsala.

A Complex Legacy

Pope Sixtus IV’s reign epitomizes the contradictions of Renaissance popes. On one hand, his blatant nepotism and power struggles tarnished the spiritual integrity of the papacy, drawing the ire of contemporaries and historians alike. On the other hand, his patronage of art, science, and infrastructure left an indelible mark on Rome and the broader Renaissance movement.

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