Modern Humans Out of Afrika 86,000 Years Ago, Upending Evolution

A recent find of 86,000-year-old human bones from a cave in Southeast Asia suggests that attempts to leave Africa were unsuccessful. According to the study, the new data indicates that before the last successful expansion, modern humans made several attempts to grow.

However, if this was an unsuccessful Out of Africa attempt, how is it possible that modern humans arrived in a very remote cave located high on a mountain in Southeast Asia? This appears to be yet another effort to maintain a theory that is becoming more and more implausible. In fact, compared to Eurasia, Africa has a weaker paleontological foundation for the theory of human evolution.

Afro-Eurasia is the name given by some geographers to the super-continent that includes Eurasia and Africa, just like North and South America are frequently regarded as one continent because they are separated by a narrow man-made canal. Therefore, what has been recently referred to as "African multi-regionalism" is actually "Afro-Eurasian multi-regionalism."

The Oldest Sphinx Statuette Discovered at Giza: But How Old Is It?

Experts agree the dump was created in the 4th dynasty of the Old Kingdom – that certainly seems to be the case – and whilst it does contain a variety of finds from the reigns of Khufu and Khafre, the 1970s lead archaeologist Karl Kromer believed the dump also contained earlier finds from dynasties 1 to 3. Clay sealing expert Maira Torcia Rigillo would go on to analyse some of the finds and also agreed. There was also evidence for possible pre-dynastic activity, as seen in the decoration on some of the pot sherds.

Kromer’s 1978 excavation report is often quoted and last week I finally found a copy, a fantastic, detailed and well-illustrated 170-page publication on the Kromer Dump, packed with details, photographs, drawings, cross sections and interpretations.

Inside the dump, in Trench F, Kromer discovered what he called the oldest Sphinx statuette ever discovered in Egypt, and by Sphinx we mean with the body of a lion and head of a human. But why does it have no pharaonic headdress? Why does it have no beard? Why doesn't it look like any pharaoh we know of? In this video we investigate!

The Unique History and relatioship between Turks and Koreans

Many Countries have Bilateral relations, but two countries with a particual relation would be Turkey and South Korea, despite their geography these two nations or rather People have been in contact for more than decades. Watch the video to find out more!

The Weirdest Prehistoric Creatures That Ever Lived

In the following video we will analyze the weirdest prehistoric creatures. Watch the video to find out more!

What are the newest discoveries at Pompeii?

In the following video we will be explaining what are the newest discoveries at Pompeii. Watch the video to find out more!

Elephant burial about 6 million years old discovered in Florida

Paleontologists have discovered an ancient elephant ancestor cemetery.

Archaeologists and volunteers excavate the gomphothere graveyard in northern Florida, covering the fossils in plaster casts to protect them. (Image credit: Florida Museum photo by Kristen Grace, CC BY)

In northern Florida, huge bones from an old "elephant graveyard" that was once a river have been discovered.

These long-extinct creatures were related to modern elephants by the genus gomphotheres, and their fossils date to the Miocene epoch, some 5.5 million years ago.

"It was very exciting because this gave us the opportunity to not only see what an adult [gomphothere] would have looked like, but also to very carefully document each and every bone in its skeleton," said Jonathan Bloch, a vertebrate paleontology curator at the Florida Museum of Natural History who co-led the excavation. "That's exciting from a scientific perspective if you're trying to understand the anatomy of these animals and something about their biology and evolution," Bloch said to Live Science.

The collection of gomphothere bones was found by researchers in 2022 at the Montbrook Site, a large-scale excavation site close to Gainesville. Although there had previously been some gomphothere bones discovered, the team was taken aback when a volunteer discovered the remains of an extremely huge person.

Illustrations of three extinct species within the Gomphotherium genus: G. simplicidens, top left; G. productum, top right; and G. calvertense, bottom. (Image credit: Florida Museum image by Merald Clark, CC BY)

"I started coming upon one after another of toe and ankle bones," recalled Dean Warner, a retired chemistry teacher and volunteer at Montbrook. What turned out to be the ulna and radius (long arm bones) began to be exposed as I dug more.

A total of one adult and at least seven young gomphotheres' complete skeletons were ultimately discovered by the team. According to the experts, the adult is about the same size as a current African elephant (Loxodonta africana) and stands 8 feet (2.4 meters) tall to the shoulders. This astounding size establishes a local record for the largest gomphothere.

“In addition to being significantly larger than any of the other people that we have seen, the bones were also in the exact same position as if the animal had just laid down and passed away”, according to Bloch.

Illustrations of the different gomphothere genera, including Rhynchotherium (bottom left), whose remains were found in Florida. (Image credit: Pedro Toledo, CC BY)

The animals probably didn't pass away all at once, but rather hundreds of years apart. The adult, according to the researchers, drowned here, while the other animals were probably washed away by the water after they perished and gathered in a river bend. Bloch described the accumulation as a "bonejam," a logjam being the result of too many loose logs blocking a river.

The shape of their tusks and body size serve as characteristic identifiers of species in the gomphotheres' family. According to the researchers, the tusks of the extinct Montbrook animals exhibit a distinctive enamel banding that indicates these species belong to the genus Rhynchotherium. These elephant ancestors previously flourished in broad savannas throughout Africa, Eurasia, and the Americas millions of years ago. A 2020 study published in the journal Paleobiology found that as temperatures began to cool in these regions around 14 million years ago, grasslands gradually began to replace savannas. Competition for scarce resources after the arrival of mammoths and elephants eventually drove gomphotheres to extinction about 1.6 million years ago.

Archaeologists and volunteers excavate the gomphothere graveyard in northern Florida, covering the fossils in plaster casts to protect them. (Image credit: Florida Museum photo by Kristen Grace, CC BY)

According to the researchers, the new finding will aid in the better understanding of the surroundings and lives of these ancient proboscideans. The greatest specimen will eventually be on display; Bloch and his team intend to put the fossils from the adult gomphothere together and position it next to the enormous mammoth and mastodon skeletons now on show at the Florida Museum of Natural History.

We have a lot to gain from these experiences, and Bloch expressed excitement about carrying them out in the future.

Fossils of "fish lizards" from some of the largest animals known to have existed were discovered in the Swiss Alps

Giant, ancient sea reptiles' fossils have been discovered in the high Swiss Alps, an unexpected location.

According to a recent study, the fossils belonged to three ichthyosaurs, which may have been among the biggest creatures to have ever lived on Earth. The extinct animals were comparable in size and weight to modern sperm whales, reaching 80 tons and 65 feet (20 meters) in length.

This is the thickest ichthyosaur tooth found so far.

About 250 million years ago, these "fish lizards" initially formed in the ocean. They had small heads and elongated bodies, somewhat resembling dolphins. They appeared after more than 95% of marine animals were wiped off during the Permian mass extinction. However, the enormous ichthyosaurs went extinct 200 million years ago, and only the smaller, more dolphin-like species persisted until 90 million years ago.

The discovery was described in a research that was published in the Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology in April 2022.

So how did the skeletal remains of enormous marine animals, including one longer than a bowling alley, end up at a height of 9,186 feet (2,800 meters)?

Those rock formations were the lagoon floor some 200 million years ago.

We believe that the large ichthyosaurs entered the lagoon after following schools of fish. The fossils may also have come from stray animals who perished there, according to research co-author Heinz Furrer, a former curator at the Paleontological Institute and Museum of the University of Zurich.

Study coauthor Heinz Furrer is pictured holding the largest ichthyosaur vertebrae.

However, heaps of rock layers first appeared around 30 to 40 million years ago as a result of the folding of the Alps, which started 95 million years ago when the African tectonic plate started to push on the European tectonic plate. The fossils were "tectonically deformed," or driven to a rock formation at the summit of a mountain, by the tectonic plate movements.

According to lead study author P. Martin Sander, professor of vertebrate paleontology at the University of Bonn in Germany, "you kind of have to be a mountain goat to access the relevant beds." Inconveniently, they don't appear below 8,000 feet (2,438.4 meters), much above the treeline.

The lack of fossil evidence for these animals, despite the fact that they previously dominated the seas, has left paleontologists puzzled. However, the ichthyosaur fossils have revealed new details about these mysterious, extinct creatures.

One massive tooth

Three distinct ichthyosaurs left behind fossils. The difference between the two was roughly 65 feet (20 meters), while the other was 49 feet (15 meters). The largest ichthyosaur tooth ever discovered, however, is the most intriguing discovery connected to these fossils.

The largest specimen from an ichthyosaur with a full skull to date was 20 millimeters and came from a creature that was over 18 meters (59 feet) long, according to Sander. "This is huge by ichthyosaur standards: Its root was 60 millimeters in diameter," he said.

Although most of the larger ichthyosaurs were toothless, scientists believe they fed on cephalopods like squid by suction. Scientists are aware that smaller ichthyosaurs had teeth.

Using their teeth to ensnare prey like gigantic squid, huge ichthyosaurs with teeth were probably similar to sperm whales and killer whales of the present.

The tooth, however, poses a problem because the crown was broken off. Because of distinctive characteristics, such as the infolding of dentin in the tooth root, experts are certain that the tooth belongs to an ichthyosaur, although they cannot be certain that the tooth's size corresponds to the animal's size.

The blue whale, which weighs 150 tons and may grow to 98 feet (30 meters) in length, doesn't have any teeth since, in their opinion, being large and being a predator (with teeth) don't align. Instead, it removes microscopic aquatic organisms through filtration.

Sperm whales, which can grow to be 65 feet (20 meters) long and weigh 50 tons, hunt.

Therefore, Sander concluded, "marine predators probably can't get much bigger than a sperm whale."

Giants in the mountains

The fossils were initially found during the 1976–1990 geological mapping of the Alps. Furrer recalls holding the fossils in his hand as a doctorate student at the University of Zurich. Furrer was a member of the original team that extracted the fossils from the rocks known as the Kössen Formation.

The fossils were virtually forgotten throughout time.

But recently, more ichthyosaur fossils been surfaced, according to Furrer. Therefore, it appeared worthwhile to us to also conduct a more thorough analysis of the Swiss discoveries.

Although ichthyosaur fossils have been discovered all over the world, North America has produced the majority of the large species' remains. The range of these specimens is widened by their discovery in contemporary Switzerland.

Some of them may grow to be as big as blue whales, the biggest animals on earth, according to earlier evidence.

"In Nevada, we see the beginnings of true giants, and in the Alps, the end," Sander added. "Only the medium-to-large-sized dolphin - and orca-like forms survived into the Jurassic (Period)," which lasted from 145 to 201 million years ago.

Sander ponders whether there are still "giant sea creatures hidden beneath the glaciers." But these remains close an information gap about these enormous marine lizards.

The fact that we know so little about these enormous ichthyosaurs despite the exceptional size of their bones amounts to a tremendous embarrassment for paleontology, according to Sander. "We anticipate meeting this challenge and locating new, superior fossils soon."

The Idalion Tablet: One of the Earliest Known Written Contracts in Europe

BY DIMOSTHENIS VASILOUDIS

The fascinating field of archeology continually offers glimpses into our shared past. These windows into bygone eras can take many forms, ranging from monumental structures, intricate artifacts, to small but significant objects. One such object is the Idalion Tablet, an artifact of great importance that has significantly contributed to our understanding of the ancient world.

The Idalion Tablet, found in modern-day Cyprus, is a bronze tablet inscribed with a long and complex legal agreement from the 5th century BC. The intricacy of the text and its condition have positioned it as a critical resource for the study of ancient Cypriot society and language, and it provides valuable information about the political, legal, and social practices of its time.

A peasant from the Cyprus village of Dali first came across the tablet in 1850. It was preserved in the old official treasury of the temple of Athena on the western acropolis of Idalion. Honoré Théodoric d'Albert de Luynes bought it, and in 1862 he gave it to the Bibliothèque Nationale de France. It is currently held in Paris' Cabinet des médailles. The Idalion bilingual was discovered in 1870, but the script was not decoded until later.

 

It has a particularly significant role to play in the history of the Cypriot kingdoms. A reward is given to a family of doctors who provided free medical care for the casualties when the city was besieged by the Persians and the Kitians in 478–470 BC. It is engraved on both sides with a lengthy inscription that records a contract entered into by "the king and the city" and records the contract. It provides information about the socioeconomic and political climate at the time of the war. The combined decision made by the monarch and the populace demonstrates the city's democratic nature, which is based on Greek ideals. It also describes the first known social assistance system.

The Historical Context of Idalion Tablet

The Idalion Tablet was found in the ancient city of Idalion, one of the ten city-kingdoms of Cyprus, during the 1st millennium BC. Idalion flourished thanks to its advantageous geographical location and the rich copper deposits in its vicinity. It was here that the tablet was discovered in the 19th century, revealing a wealth of information about the complex societies that inhabited the area in ancient times.

Author Poulpy

The Content of the Idalion Tablet

The Idalion Tablet is written in the Arcadocypriot dialect, a form of the ancient Greek language, providing an invaluable reference for linguistic studies. The script used is the Cypriot syllabary.

The text inscribed on the tablet is a legal contract that outlines the agreement between the city's government and a group of doctors. According to the contract, the city commissioned these physicians to provide medical services to injured workers in the city's copper mines. The agreement specifies the compensation for the doctors and stipulates that they should bear the cost of unsuccessful treatments.

The fact that this agreement was inscribed in bronze, a costly material, underscores its importance. It also indicates the high value ancient Cypriots placed on both legal contracts and medical services, revealing much about their society and civilization.

the Mysterious Cypriot Syllabary

The Cypriot syllabary is a deciphered syllabic script used in Iron Age Cyprus from around the 11th to the 4th centuries BC, with the earliest known example found on a clay tablet dating back to the 11th century BC. The script was deciphered in the 19th century by George Smith due to the Idalion bilingual. The script is descended from the Cypro-Minoan syllabary, which was used on the island during the Late Bronze Age; the latter is thought to have descended from Linear A and unquestionably is a member of the group of Aegean scripts.. Unlike its predecessor, the Cypriot syllabary was deciphered in the 19th century, primarily through its usage in writing the known ancient Greek language in its Arcadocypriot dialect, which was spoken in Cyprus at the time.

Read here

The Cypriot syllabary consists of 56 signs. Each sign generally stands for a syllable in the form of "(consonant) + (vowel)" or "(vowel)", but there are some exceptions to this rule. While the language written in this script was primarily Greek, there were also inscriptions made in the native Cypriot languages, Eteocypriot and Eteo-Cretan. Moreover, a Greek and Eteocypriot bilingual inscription was discovered in Amathus. The Cypriot syllabary was eventually replaced by the Greek alphabet, which was introduced to Cyprus after its annexation by the kingdom of Macedonia in the 4th century BC.

The Significance of the Idalion Tablet

Several factors contribute to the Idalion Tablet's significance in archaeological and historical research.

First, it serves as an important linguistic resource. The tablet is one of the few surviving documents written in the Arcadocypriot dialect, which allows researchers to study the nuances of this ancient form of Greek and its evolution. From its discovery until today, a series of scholars published and commented extensively on its text, thus contributing substantially not only to its interpretation, but also to the development of research on the Cypriot syllabary and the history of ancient Cyprus

Secondly, it offers a unique insight into the legal and social practices of ancient Cypriot society. The content of the contract highlights the organization and structure of their society, shedding light on their legal systems, occupational structure, and social values.

Thirdly, the tablet provides valuable evidence of early medical practice and the role of physicians in ancient societies. The fact that the doctors were held accountable for the effectiveness of their treatments speaks volumes about the sophistication of ancient medical ethics and their progressive approach to patient care.

In conclusion, the Idalion Tablet is not just an artifact; it is a testament to a civilization and its practices, capturing a fragment of the rich tapestry of human history in its inscriptions. This ancient piece of bronze continues to be a crucial link between the present and the past, enlightening scholars and enthusiasts alike with its tale of a bygone era. It stands as a powerful reminder of the complexity of ancient societies, inviting us to delve deeper into our shared past, understand our roots, and comprehend the journey of human civilization.

The Origin of the Asian, Japanese, Korean People According to the Bible

Have you ever wondered about the origin of Asians, people with slanted eyes? Did you know that the Bible mentions who is the ancestor of the Asians? Watch and discover the origins of Asians. By delving into the genealogy of Noah's sons and grandsons, we'll discover how ancient history unfolds and connects diverse Asian civilizations. The Bible offers us a unique perspective on the origin and diversity of peoples, and our aim is to bring a detailed look to this part of the world.

From Shem, Ham, and Japheth, Noah's three sons, to the descendants mentioned in Genesis 10, we'll explore the historical and geographic contexts that shaped the Asian nations. Follow us as we delve into topics such as migrations, languages, cultures and the impact of these factors on the formation of Asian peoples.

Our approach will be based on historical research, taking into account different interpretations and academic points of view. We invite you to join us on this journey of discovery, where we will unite the richness of the biblical narrative with the available historical evidence.

The Origin of Africans According to the Bible

In this video, we will delve into the fascinating history of the origins of black peoples, how the first black people and the first Africans emerged, exploring the figures of Cush, Misraim and Put. We will discover how these African ancestors played a key role in shaping African civilizations and cultures, as well as spreading the black diaspora around the world.

Through a concise and informative analysis, we will address the importance of cam son of noah and progenitor of the Hamites peoples, and how his lineage relates to black communities today. We will explore the rich cultural and historical diversity of these peoples. Throughout the video, we will examine the roots of these ancient African civilizations, tracing connections between their achievements and the historical developments that influenced the formation of black communities in different regions of the world.

Join us on this journey of discovery as we unravel the origins of black people and celebrate the rich heritage and significant contribution they have made throughout history. This video is an opportunity to deepen knowledge about the roots of African peoples and promote a more comprehensive and respectful understanding of black cultures.

What Happened Immediately After the Dinosaurs Went Extinct?

In the following video we will be explaining what happened immediately after the dinosaurs went extinct. Enjoy!

What They Just Recovered From The Titanic Terrifies The Whole World

In the video below we will be discussing about a new terrifying discovery recovered from the Titanic. Enjoy!

The Origin of Adam & Eve Will Blow Your Mind

The tale of Adam and Eve is a story deeply ingrained in religious traditions and beliefs. However, beneath the layers of faith and devotion lies an intriguing connection to earlier mythologies of Mesopotamia, the cradle of civilization. It appears that the biblical account of Adam and Eve draws heavily from these ancient tales, suggesting that it is a reimagining rather than a historical reality.

In Mesopotamian mythology, we encounter the epic of Gilgamesh, a legendary hero whose adventures parallel those of Adam and Eve in surprising ways. The story of Gilgamesh includes a tale of a sacred plant that grants eternal youth, guarded by a serpent. Sound familiar? It's no coincidence that this motif reappears in the Garden of Eden, where a cunning serpent tempts Eve with the forbidden fruit of knowledge.

Furthermore, the Mesopotamian myth of Enki and Ninhursag presents another intriguing parallel. In this tale, Enki, a god of wisdom, creates a garden and a human-like creature called "Adamu" from the dust of the earth. The similarities to the biblical story of Adam's creation from the dust are striking. It seems that the Hebrew authors borrowed elements from these older narratives to construct their own theological framework.

Considering these connections, it becomes increasingly apparent that the Adam and Eve story is not a historical account but a symbolic and cultural creation. It serves as a mythological explanation for the origins of humanity and the presence of sin and suffering in the world. While the historicity of Adam and Eve remains questionable, the story's enduring power lies in its capacity to explore complex philosophical and existential questions in an engaging and relatable manner.

So, let us appreciate the Adam and Eve tale for what it is—a brilliant fusion of ancient mythologies, conveying profound insights into the human condition. Whether we take it as literal truth or poetic metaphor, the story invites us to ponder the timeless themes of temptation, fallibility, and the quest for knowledge. After all, it is in questioning and seeking understanding that we truly embark on the journey of enlightenment, much like the mythical figures of Adam and Eve themselves.

How This Desert City Stays Cool With An Ancient Air Conditioning System

This is a Bâdgir an ancient air conditioner invented around the eighth century AD.

Despite using no electricity, it has a cooling system that kept houses at a pleasant temperature during the hot summer months. However in the winter the buildings still remained warm and comfortable. These buildings are found across Iran but they are most prevalent in the ancient city of Yazd.

As you can see this city is surrounded by extremely dry arid desert conditions, the climate is pretty extreme with the hottest month being July which has an average temperature of around 38c or 102°F and the highest recorded temperature in the city was a whopping 46°C that's 115°F, There is also little to no rainfall throughout the year, with the average annual rainfall being somewhere between 0.4 – 0.7 mm.

Its crazy to think even today most building do not have modern air-conditioning but instead they still rely on the ancient air-conditioning systems this is because unlike powered air-conditioning and fans, Badgirs are silent and continue to function when the electrical grid power fails.

Previously Unknown Complex Lifeforms Dominated Earth 1.6 Billion Years Ago

In this video, we will talk about a discovery that suggests the existence of an unusual biota 1.6 billion years ago that may have dominated planet Earth. Watch the video to find out more!

Untold Story Of King Leopold Who Killed Over 10 Million Africans

Today, we're going to delve into one of the darkest chapters of European colonialism, a story of exploitation, greed, and inhumanity that is still haunting us today. Today, we're going to talk about the notorious King Leopold the Second of Belgium and his brutal rule over the Congo Free State.

Now, some of you may think that history can be dry and boring, but the story we're about to unfold is anything but that. This is a story of a king who was driven by his insatiable lust for power and wealth, and who saw an entire nation as nothing more than a resource to be exploited.

Under Leopold's rule, the Congo Free State became a hell on earth for the local population. Millions of Congolese people were forced into labor camps and subjected to brutal working conditions, while others were killed or maimed for resisting or failing to meet the king's quotas. The exploitation was so severe that the population of the Congo fell from 20 million to 10 million during Leopold's reign.

And yet, this dark chapter in history is still not widely known. Many people have never even heard of King Leopold the Second, let alone the atrocities he committed in the Congo. But as we'll see today, the legacy of his reign is still felt in the Congo and throughout the world. It is a story that deserves to be told. So, without further ado, let's dive into the horrors of King Leopold's rule over the Congo Free State. Before that, do not forget to like and hit the subscribe button to catch more content like this.

To understand the horrors that took place in Congo under King Leopold the Second, we need to start at the beginning of his reign.

In the late 19th century, European powers were on a scramble to colonize Africa, exploiting its resources and people for their own economic gain. King Leopold the Second of Belgium, a cunning and ambitious ruler, saw this as an opportunity to build his own personal wealth and power

Being a shrewd monarch, he saw the need for Belgium to have a colony like other European powers. He was also a ruthless businessman who saw the potential for enormous wealth to be gained from the exploitation of Africa's natural resources.

The Nasty Hygiene Practices Of Ancient Egypt Women Will Leave You Shocked!

In this video we're going to take a look at some of the disgusting and weird hygiene habits of ancient Egyptian women. It's unbelievable just how different ancient methods were from what you're used to here in modern times. Stay tuned as we roll through unearthing the facts about what ancient Egyptians used to do to keep clean and germ free! Stay tuned!

In ancient Egypt, beauty and hygiene were highly valued and represented more than just a person's physical appearance. People showed their social standing through the amount of makeup they wore, while statues of Egyptian gods were adorned in the same cosmetics to emphasize how closely associated beauty could be with holiness. Above all else though was cleanliness. It wasn't simply for good health or warding off evil spirits; hygiene also served as an indication of humility that needed to be respected.

Volcanic eruptions in Iceland lead scientists to startling discoveries

Bill Whitaker was there as lava flowed from a volcano in Iceland in 2021, covering the landscape in molten rock. He returned to see what scientists have learned from the eruption. Watch the video to find out more!

The Most Nasty Hygiene Practices In Colonial America

While the colonial era certainly played a significant role in shaping the course of American history, it definitely did not have the best odor. Colonial-age American hygiene habits were an odd brew of pragmatics, religion, and social standing. The answer is dependent on how clean is defined. Bathing on a daily or even weekly basis is rare for colonists. Some argued that depriving the skin of its natural oils left a person exposed to disease and that filling a washtub without indoor plumbing was likely a hard operation.

So What Was Hygiene Like In Colonial America? Poor personal hygiene was seen as a sign of rudeness, and some religious individuals even saw it as a manifestation of the sin of laziness.Today, we're going to take a look at what The Nastiest hygiene practices during the time of Colonial Period were!

The First Photographs Ever Taken of Iran [1848-1858] by Colonel Luigi Pesce

We’ve found an astounding collection of the very first photographs of Iran, all taken by Colonel Luigi Pesce of Naples, who was deployed to Iran in 1848, in charge of training Iran’s new infantry troops up to the Italian Standard. While stationed in Iran, Luigi Pesce gained an appreciation, some would say a love, for the ancient structures and artifacts he would come in contact with on a daily basis.

He decided to combine his new appreciation for Ancient Iran with his favorite hobby, which was the up-and-coming technology of photography. From 1848 through 1858, Luigi photographed the cities, monuments, and people of Iran. The photographs are very clear and detailed for the time. Today we will view his seldom seen, yet historically important collection in complete detail.

To look at the Old World through the lens of the Middle East, with a focus on Iran, we find numerous structures in this collection; ancient sites of biblical importance, photographed for the very first time in history.