The Shigir Idol: The World's Oldest Wooden Sculpture

Dating back to the end of the last Ice Age, the Shigir Idol stands as a testament to human artistry and ingenuity. The wooden sculpture, possibly once towering above 5 meters, is heralded as the world's oldest known wooden statue, predating the Egyptian pyramids by thousands of years. Housed in the Sverdlovsk Regional Museum of Local Lore in Yekaterinburg, Russia, the Shigir Idol's wood has been carbon-dated to be around 12,000 years old.

Unearthed in 1890 in the Shigir peat bog on the eastern slopes of the Middle Urals, the discovery of the Idol was a historic moment. Initially found in fragments, the sculpture was reassembled to stand at 2.8 meters by Professor D. I. Lobanov. Later reconstructions, based on drawings by archaeologist Vladimir Tolmachev, suggested it may have originally reached over 5 meters in height.

Initial dating methods estimated the idol to be 9,500 years old, a figure met with skepticism as it challenged the established understanding of the era's hunter-gatherers. Subsequent German analyses corrected this age to 11,500 years, with recent AMS dating methods confirming the timeline, marking the beginning of the Holocene epoch.

The sculpture, carved from larch wood using stone tools, displays geometric patterns, including zigzags and human faces, consistent with art from the Late Paleolithic to Early Mesolithic periods. These decorations could signify a variety of meanings—from creation myths to territorial markers, as suggested by researchers and archaeologists.

Source: The Siberian Times

Remarkably, the Shigir Idol's preservation is owed to both the phytoncidic nature of larch and the peat bog’s acidic, anaerobic conditions which deter microorganisms and have a tanning effect. The statue's discovery has significantly altered the timeline of ritualistic art history, pushing back the emergence of complex art by several millennia.

This sculpture provides invaluable insights into prehistoric life, art, and spirituality. Its survival is a rare occurrence, hinting at the possibility of more such artifacts that time has reclaimed. The Shigir Idol not only predates but also parallels monumental stone ruins like those at Göbekli Tepe, suggesting a widespread human expression of the sacred through art in the prehistoric world.

These Were the Hidden Greek Warriors of the Trojan Horse

---

By The Archaeologist editor group

---

The story of the Achaean Greek fighters inside the Trojan Horse comes to us from ancient Greek mythology, particularly through epic poems like Homer's "Iliad" and "Odyssey," as well as other literary and historical sources such as Virgil's "Aeneid" and writings by Dictys Cretensis and Dares Phrygius. These sources, although steeped in myth, are the primary literary accounts that give us insight into the events of the Trojan War and the subterfuge involving the Trojan Horse.

According to the myth, after a 10-year siege, the Greeks constructed a large wooden horse to gain entrance into Troy. The horse was offered as a gift to the Trojans, who were unaware that it was filled with some of the best Achaean warriors. The Trojans brought the horse into the city as a trophy, thinking the Greeks had given up and returned home. Under the cover of night, the warriors emerged from the horse and opened the city gates for the rest of the Greek army, leading to the fall of Troy.

The list of Greeks who were said to be inside the Trojan Horse includes some of the most prominent heroes of Greek mythology. Each had his own backstory and feats, and many were mentioned or given roles in the epic poems:

Odysseus: Often credited with the idea of the Trojan Horse, he is a central figure in both the "Iliad" and the "Odyssey."

Diomedes: A king of Argos, one of the most respected warriors, who played a significant role in the "Iliad."

Neoptolemus, also known as Pyrrhus, was the son of Achilles and was known for his fierce fighting during the fall of Troy.

Menelaus: The king of Sparta, whose wife Helen's abduction by Paris triggered the Trojan War.

Ajax the Lesser: A leader of the Locrian contingent, not to be confused with Ajax the Great.

Machaon and Podalirius, sons of Asclepius, were renowned healers as well as warriors.

Epeius: The builder of the Trojan Horse

Philoctetes: He possessed the bow and arrows of Heracles, which were said to be crucial to the Greek victory.

This is the whole list of the Achaean warriors:

Acamas, Idomenus, Iphidamas, Agapenor, Ajax the Lesser, Leonteus, Amphidamas, Machaon, Amphimachus, Meges, Anticlus, Menelaus, Antimachus, Menetheus, Antiphates, Meriones, Calchas, Neoptlemus, Cyanippus, Odysseus, Demophon, Peneleus, Diomedes, Philoctetes, Echion, Podalirius, Epeius, Polypoetes, Eumelus, Sthenelus, Euryalus, Teucer, Eurydamas, Thalpius, Eurymachus, Thersander, Euryplyus, Thaos, lalmenus, Thrasymedes

These characters have been immortalized through various forms of art, literature, and later interpretations, including plays, sculptures, and movies. Their stories are a blend of historical conjecture and mythological embellishments, making it difficult to discern historical facts from literary fiction. However, the legacy of these characters and their supposed stratagem in the Trojan Horse has had a lasting impact on Western literature and remains a popular subject of study in classical mythology.

The babyface reconstruction of Tutankhamun as a modern man "moves viewers to tears"

The reconstruction of Tutankhamun's face as a modern man using facial re-imagining technology is indeed a fascinating and emotional development. This reconstruction aimed to provide a more accurate portrayal of what the ancient Egyptian pharaoh might have looked like in the present day.

The reimagining took into account various historical factors, including the knowledge that Tutankhamun was approximately 5'6" tall, rather thin, and had an overbite. Additionally, historical records indicate that he suffered from malaria and had a leg injury shortly before his untimely death in 1323 BC. This information was used to create a more detailed and realistic representation of the young pharaoh.

Archaeologists are still hunting down details on Tutankhamun, who was dug up 100 years ago (Image: Youtube/@Royalty Now Studios)

The effort to reconstruct Tutankhamun's appearance is part of ongoing research and exploration into the life and history of this iconic figure in ancient Egypt. The discovery of Tutankhamun's tomb in 1922 by an archaeological team has led to a wealth of knowledge about his reign and the artifacts buried with him.

The modern interpretation of Tutankhamun's face has moved viewers to tears, with many expressing their emotional reactions in comments. Some viewers were particularly touched by the fact that Tutankhamun was just a teenager when he ruled, and this reconstruction presents a more child-like and realistic view of the boy-king.

The third-from-last Egyptian emperor died young, but left an impact (Image: Youtube/@Royalty Now Studios)

It's important to note that while various virtual reconstructions of Tutankhamun's appearance have been created over the years, there are inherent limitations due to the state of the mummy's preserved tissues. CT studies can provide insights into the skeletal structure, but they cannot reveal the exact details of soft tissues in life. Nevertheless, this modern interpretation has made a significant impact and touched the hearts of many who appreciate the effort to bring this ancient pharaoh to life in a new way.

Gansu's Majiayuan site excavation is in underway

The excavation of the Majiayuan site in Gansu Province is of significant archaeological importance due to its association with the Warring States Period, which lasted from 475 to 221 B.C. This period in ancient Chinese history was marked by intense warfare and political competition among various states, eventually leading to the unification of China under the Qin Dynasty.

An ornament is discovered at the Majiayuan site in Lanzhou, northwest China's Gansu Province, Oct. 24, 2023. (Photo: China News Service/Li Yalong)

The discovery of 78 tombs, 69 chariots, and 3,600 sets of cultural relics at the Majiayuan site is a remarkable find. Such artifacts and tombs can provide valuable insights into the material culture, burial practices, and social structure of the people who lived during that historical period. Chariots, for example, were essential military and ceremonial vehicles during the Warring States Period, and the presence of so many of them at the site suggests a high degree of social complexity and possibly a strong military presence in the region during that time.

An archeologist carries out excavation on a coffin discovered at the Majiayuan site in Lanzhou, northwest China's Gansu Province, Oct. 24, 2023. (Photo: China News Service/Li Yalong)

Archaeological excavations like this one contribute to our understanding of ancient history and help piece together the puzzle of how societies and civilizations developed in the past. Researchers and archaeologists will likely study the artifacts and remains from the Majiayuan site to gain a deeper understanding of the people who lived there and the historical context in which they existed.

Archeologists carry out excavation on a coffin discovered at the Majiayuan site in Lanzhou, northwest China's Gansu Province, Oct. 24, 2023. (Photo: China News Service/Li Yalong)

An archeologist introduces cultural relics discovered at the Majiayuan site in Lanzhou, northwest China's Gansu Province, Oct. 24, 2023. (Photo: China News Service/Li Yalong)

Filthy Kinky Sex Lives Of Women In An Ottoman Sultan's Harem

Rarely have women in history played a more deliciously mysterious role than that of the 600 years of the Ottoman Empire, when what is modern-day Turkey and lands from the Balkans to Syria sat at the center of a great Empire. These were the days of the harem, when women and girls as young as seven years old were held in a secret world where they could be governed, educated, and primarily enjoyed by the Sultan and his court.

The Ottoman Imperial Harem was an integral part of the Sultan's court from 1299 to 1920 AD, consisting of wives, servants, female relatives, and concubines. Far from just being a place for the Sultan's entertainment, the women of the harem played significant roles within the empire, with some even participating in governance. The harem served as the women's quarter in a Muslim household, where most of the women were educated before serving the Sultan or his family. A small number were consorts, but many entered the harem as gifts from their families or were captured. These women, often of notable beauty from regions such as Circassia, Georgia, and Abkhazia, could be freed with a pension or an arranged marriage after completing their service.

The harem was characterized by seclusion, with women having limited contact with outsiders, giving rise to numerous tales and myths that have been woven into historical tradition (source 17). Many of the concubines and odalisques were reputed to be among the most beautiful women in the empire, with their main function being to entertain the Sultan in the bedchamber. The harem also included the households of the Valide Sultan (Queen Mother) and the Sultan's favorites (hasekis).

The image of the Ottoman harem has often been sensationalized in popular culture, possibly leading to exaggerated perceptions of the sexual lives of harem women. However, the historical reality was complex, with women's roles extending beyond mere entertainment to include education, administration, and court politics.

History Summarized: The Fall of Babylon

The Fall of Babylon is a significant historical event that marks the end of the Neo-Babylonian Empire, taking place in 539 BCE when it was conquered by the Achaemenid Empire led by Cyrus the Great. Nabonidus, who was the king of Babylon at the time and had ascended to the throne in 556 BCE, saw his capital fall almost without resistance to the Persians. The historical narrative of Babylon's fall has been recounted through the ages, significantly impacting the course of civilization due to Babylon's status as one of the most influential cities of its time, known for its architectural marvels like the Hanging Gardens and the Ishtar Gate.

The historical account by Herodotus relates the fall of Babylon to the biblical prophecies in Jeremiah 50–51 and mentions that the city fell overnight during a festival, as indicated in the Book of Daniel (Daniel 5:30–31). This suggests that the event was not only pivotal militarily but also held religious and cultural significance, embedded in the historical and prophetic literature of the time.

In the following video, we will summarize the history of the fall of Babylon. Watch the video to find out more!

Where Are The 10 Lost Tribes Of Israel Disappeared (Biblical Stories Explained)

The ten lost tribes of Israel, constituting the Kingdom of Israel, have disappeared from historical records, creating a mystery that captivates the Jewish community.

The 12 tribes of Israel, descended from Abraham, journeyed to Egypt and later dispersed across the land, with two tribes settling in Jerusalem and the rest dividing after the rule of King Solomon. God tears the kingdom away from Solomon and gives 10 tribes to Jeroboam.

The ten tribes of Israel rebelled against King Solomon's son, leading to the splitting of the kingdom into the Kingdom of Israel and the kingdom of Judah, with nine tribes in the Kingdom of Israel and three tribes in the kingdom of Judah, eventually resulting in their exile. Watch the video to find out more!

An Exciting New Discovery in Mesopotamia: The Resurrection of the Winged Bull Lamassu

A recent discovery in Mesopotamia has set the archaeological world abuzz. The spotlight is now firmly fixed on the formidable body of the Winged Bull Lamassu, which has been unearthed at the Khorsibad archaeological site in Nineveh, the historic capital of the Assyrian ruler Sargon II.

A French archaeological team, working tirelessly to uncover the secrets of this ancient civilization, achieved a significant breakthrough when they unveiled the complete body of the Winged Bull Lamassu. This remarkable sculpture stands three meters tall, weighs a staggering 10 tons, and is crafted from white limestone. What truly astonishes experts and enthusiasts alike is that the statue's entire wings are intact, providing a breathtaking glimpse into the grandeur of Assyrian art.

The statue's significance goes beyond its mere physical attributes. It was discovered near the primary entrance to the Khorsibad royal palace, which served as the nerve center of Assyrian rule during the seventh century BC. This positioning highlights the importance of the Lamassu in the cultural and historical tapestry of this era. What is particularly astonishing is that the statue is well-preserved, with its original colors still vividly on display, as if time itself had stood still for millennia.

The journey of the Winged Bull Lamassu has been nothing short of an epic saga. In the 1990s, the statue faced a harrowing incident when thieves attempted to smuggle it out of Iraq. This perilous adventure ended with the severance of its head. Fortunately, the severed head found its way to the Iraqi Museum, where it underwent a meticulous and skilled restoration process. Today, it proudly graces the Assyrian Hall of the museum, a testament to human resilience and dedication to preserving our shared heritage. The body of the statue, however, remained shrouded in mystery until now, when the French mission made their remarkable discovery.

Mesopotamia, often referred to as the "cradle of civilization," boasts a rich history that spans millennia. This region gave rise to some of the world's most ancient cities and earliest civilizations, including the Babylonians, Sumerians, and Assyrians. Among the treasures of this historical tapestry, the Lamassu statue emerges as a prominent figure within Mesopotamian and Assyrian art and mythology. Its unique appearance, with the body of a bull or lion, wings of an eagle, and the head of a human, has captured the imagination of generations.

The Lamassu played a multifaceted role in Assyrian culture. It was not just a remarkable piece of art but also a powerful symbol of protection. These colossal sculptures were typically placed at the entrances to palaces and important buildings, serving as guardian figures. Their imposing presence was believed to ward off evil spirits and protect the inhabitants within. This dual significance of artistic and spiritual importance makes the discovery of the complete Winged Bull Lamassu an event of profound historical, cultural, and artistic significance.

The discoveries unveiled today have reignited the fervor of archaeologists, inspiring them to embark on fresh journeys of exploration and study into the rich and captivating history of the Assyrian Empire. With the complete Winged Bull Lamassu now standing tall, a silent sentinel to a glorious past, we are reminded of the enduring importance of preserving our cultural heritage. This discovery has not only breathed new life into an ancient masterpiece but has also rekindled the flame of curiosity, encouraging us to delve deeper into the mysteries of our shared human history. Mesopotamia's Winged Bull Lamassu once again takes its place on the global stage, reminding us of the eternal allure of the past and the wonders that await those who dare to uncover them.

Discover the Mysteries of Doggerland: The 8,000-Year-Old City Beneath the English Channel

The deep and enigmatic waters of the English Channel have long been a subject of fascination for explorers and archaeologists. The cold, treacherous tides have made it a challenging realm to investigate. Under the waves lies a relic that few have laid eyes upon—the remnants of an 8,000-year-old civilization known as Doggerland, a landmass that once connected the British Isles to mainland Europe.

In 2019, a team led by scientist Albert Lin embarked on a daring expedition to uncover the so-called "lost city" submerged in the depths of the English Channel. Their journey would take them to a world hidden beneath the surface, a place where time had stood still for millennia.

An Astonishing Discovery

Their exploration began with a remarkable find: the remnants of a tree that had endured underwater for over 8,000 years. As the divers ventured deeper into the abyss, they encountered something that would leave them in awe: a wooden structure that Albert Lin believed to be a dock.

“It feels like we are sitting in an ancient ghost town, but underwater,” Lin remarked as he witnessed the submerged structures. The sensation of descending into the ocean's depths, surrounded by an ancient past, left a profound impact on the team.

The Rediscovery of Doggerland

The existence of Doggerland was initially confirmed in the late 19th century, but it wasn't until around a century ago that ships began accidentally unearthing items of archaeological significance. One such discovery occurred in 1931, when a trawler hauled up a chunk of peat while fishing approximately 25 miles east of Norfolk. Inside this lump of peat was an antler point, possibly used as a spear, dating back to a time spanning between 10,000 BC and 4,000 BC.

The Preservation of Wooden Structures

Back on the surface, Albert Lin described the wooden structure they found as “a whole platform down there. It's layered, one piece on top of the other, almost like a dock.” This remarkable preservation was attributed to the lack of oxygen in the underwater environment. As maritime archaeologist Garry Momber explained, "It's just preserved in a sort of anaerobic, oxygen-free environment. It would have stayed there for many more thousands of years. But recently, the old landscape's been eroding away, which is how we found this."

International Significance

Garry Momber, the maritime archaeologist leading the project, emphasized the international significance of finding composite structures like the one they uncovered. He expressed, "It's 8,000 years old. You don't just get these every day." Indeed, this astonishing discovery provides a unique window into a prehistoric world that has been lost to time and the changing climate.

The discovery of an 8,000-year-old city submerged beneath the English Channel is a testament to the enduring allure of uncharted territories and the wonders hidden beneath the depths of the Earth's oceans. The revelations made by the National Geographic team and their collaboration with maritime archaeologists serve as a reminder of the ancient past that lies beneath the waves, waiting to be uncovered and understood. As we continue to explore and delve deeper into the mysteries of our world, it is discoveries like these that remind us of the rich history that has shaped our planet.

Found in Lagos Are 300-Year-Old Underwater Treasures

In a recent archaeological campaign conducted in the bay of Lagos, Portugal, a team of divers from the National Centre for Nautical and Underwater Archaeology (CNANS), in collaboration with the Norwegian Maritime Museum, made a remarkable discovery. Between October 9 and 20, they managed to retrieve two bronze pulleys believed to be approximately 300 years old, shedding light on an intriguing piece of maritime history.

The recovery of these bronze pulleys is a testament to the dedication and skill of the divers, who faced challenging weather conditions during the operation. The pulleys, which are thought to have belonged to an 18th-century vessel, were used for transporting goods using cables. These remarkable artifacts offer a glimpse into the maritime practices and technology of the past, reflecting the rich history of seafaring in the region.

Gonçalo Lopes, the archaeologist coordinating the project under the "Water World" initiative, shared insights into the historical significance of the find. These pulleys provide valuable information about the vessels and cargo handling methods of the 18th century, offering a window into a bygone era of maritime trade and exploration.

In addition to the bronze pulleys, the divers also came across a lead stump that belonged to a Roman anchor, dating back to a period spanning from the 4th century BC to the 2nd century AD. Unfortunately, this artifact could not be recovered due to adverse weather conditions at the time of the expedition. Stumps of this kind are relatively common in sheltered areas along the Portuguese coast, often associated with anchors that might have been "sacrificed" for navigation or maneuvering purposes.

The significance of the lead stump, which is particularly vulnerable to theft, has prompted efforts to recover it promptly, especially given its location in a recreational diving area. This serves as a reminder of the challenges in preserving and protecting underwater archaeological treasures.

The discovery of three other stumps from the same era in the vicinity suggests that this area was a significant anchorage location during ancient times, offering a tantalizing glimpse into the region's historical maritime activity.

To ensure the preservation and eventual display of these invaluable artifacts, the bronze pulleys will be taken to the CNANS laboratory for conservation and restoration work, with the aim of incorporating them into the exhibition circuit of the Lagos Museum. This will allow the public to connect with their maritime heritage and appreciate the historical significance of these finds.

The contribution of Christiane Kelkel, a German diving instructor who has made an impressive 3,500 dives in the waters off Lagos, cannot be overstated. Over the years, she has meticulously identified underwater artifacts and reported their locations to the authorities, helping to uncover and document numerous historical treasures beneath the waves.

The recent campaign also involved mapping previously inventoried shipwreck sites using sonar technology provided by the Norwegian Maritime Museum. The images produced by the sonar scanning revealed the underwater wrecks in extraordinary detail, including a shipwreck with a Norwegian flag. This particular ship had a captivating history, as it had been torpedoed by a German submarine during the First World War. Remarkably, the crew survived the sinking, leading to a heartening outcome amidst the turmoil of war.

Morten Reitan, an archaeologist from the Norwegian Maritime Museum, expressed his fascination with using sonar technology to visualize these submerged wrecks. He highlighted how the experience of seeing these traces on a screen, knowing they have more than a century of history, can be truly moving, providing a profound connection to the past.

The archaeological campaign was a collaborative effort, involving eight members, including archaeologists and conservator-restorers from CNANS and the Norwegian Maritime Museum, as well as participants from the Institute of Archaeology and Palaeosciences of the New University of Lisbon. Their collective expertise and dedication made these discoveries possible.

The CNANS, part of the Directorate-General for Cultural Heritage in Portugal, plays a crucial role in determining the scientific and heritage value of archaeological assets located in aquatic environments, ensuring their protection and conservation.

This archaeological work in the Bay of Lagos is a part of the fourth and final campaign under the "Water World" project, which is set to conclude in March 2024. As more secrets of the deep continue to surface, these underwater treasures contribute significantly to our understanding of maritime history and the cultural heritage of the region.

As the level of the Amazon falls to historic lows, ancient face carvings are revealed

In a startling discovery, ancient human faces sculpted into stone, believed to be up to 2,000 years old, have emerged on a rocky outcropping along the Amazon River. This remarkable find has been made possible due to the region's worst drought in over a century, leading to record-low water levels. While some rock carvings had been previously sighted, the current drop in water levels has revealed a greater variety of these enigmatic carvings, shedding new light on their origins and purpose. Archaeologists are now racing to uncover the mysteries hidden within these ancient stone sculptures.

Archaeologist Jaime de Santana Oliveira, who is leading the exploration of this significant discovery, expressed his excitement at the newfound diversity in the carvings. "The engravings are prehistoric, or precolonial. We cannot date them exactly, but based on evidence of human occupation of the area, we believe they are about 1,000 to 2,000 years old," Oliveira explained. This revelation offers a unique glimpse into the prehistory of the Amazon and the lives of its ancient inhabitants, long before European colonization.

The ancient stone carvings were exposed when the Amazon's water level dropped during a drought in Manaus, Amazonas state.

Ponto das Lajes: A Rich Archaeological Site

The rock carvings are located at Ponto das Lajes, a rocky point on the north shore of the Amazon, near the confluence of the Rio Negro and Solimões rivers. While these carvings were first documented in 2010, this year's drought has exposed a far more extensive collection of these remarkable relics. The Rio Negro, one of the Amazon's major tributaries, has dropped a staggering 15 meters (49.2 feet) since July, laying bare vast expanses of rocks and sand that were once submerged beneath the river's waters.

Archaeological Significance

The carvings themselves offer a fascinating insight into the lives and culture of the ancient Amazonian people. One section of the site displays smooth grooves etched into the rock, believed to be where Indigenous inhabitants once sharpened their arrows and spears. This suggests that the area held great importance as a hub for tool-making and resource gathering. The emergence of a human face sculpture carved into the rock is particularly intriguing, raising questions about its significance and whether it represents a deity, ancestor, or some other culturally significant figure.

Institute for Public Health and Medicine (IPHAM) archaeologist Jaime de Santana Oliveira points to one ancient stone carving.

Preservation and Research Efforts

The preservation and study of these newfound carvings are of paramount importance. The National Historic and Artistic Heritage Institute (IPHAN), responsible for safeguarding Brazil's cultural heritage, is actively involved in overseeing the protection and study of these historic sites. Archaeologists and researchers are now collaborating to document, analyze, and interpret these ancient engravings, seeking to unravel their meaning and significance.

The rocky point is where two rivers - the Rio Negro and Solimões - meet.

Challenges in the Face of Drought

While the emergence of these ancient carvings is a momentous event for archaeology and understanding Amazonian prehistory, it is also a stark reminder of the environmental challenges the region faces. The severe drought, exacerbated by climate change, has impacted not only the uncovering of these historical treasures but also the livelihoods of communities and ecosystems that rely on the Amazon's waters. Efforts to address these challenges are crucial to ensuring the long-term preservation of both the Amazon's cultural heritage and its rich natural environment.

As the water levels in the Amazon River reach unprecedented lows, the past is resurfacing in the form of ancient stone carvings. These prehistoric engravings provide a unique window into the lives of the Amazon's ancient inhabitants, their culture, and their connection to the vast and mystical Amazon rainforest. With archaeologists working diligently to document and interpret these carvings, the mysteries of the Amazon's prehistory are slowly being unveiled, promising to enrich our understanding of this remarkable region and its people. However, these discoveries also serve as a sobering reminder of the environmental challenges facing the Amazon, highlighting the urgent need for sustainable conservation efforts to safeguard its cultural and natural heritage.

A Brief History of Swords

A sword is a long-bladed weapon intended for slashing or thrusting. The precise definition of the term varies with the historical epoch or the geographical region under consideration. A sword consists of a long blade attached to a hilt. The blade can be straight or curved. Thrusting swords have a pointed tip on the blade and tend to be straighter; slashing swords have a sharpened cutting edge on one or both sides of the blade and are more likely to be curved. Many swords are designed for both thrusting and slashing.

Historically, the sword developed in the Bronze Age, evolving from the dagger; the earliest specimens date to about 1600 BC. The later Iron Age sword remained fairly short and without a crossguard. The spatha, as it developed in the Late Roman army, became the predecessor of the European sword of the Middle Ages; it was at first adopted as the Migration period sword, and only in the High Middle Ages did it develop into the classical arming sword with crossguard. The word sword continues the Old English word sweord.

During the Middle Ages, sword technology improved, and the sword became a very advanced weapon. It was frequently used by men in battle, particularly during an attack. The spatha type remained popular throughout the migration period and well into the Middle Ages. Vendel Age spathas were decorated with Germanic artwork (not unlike the Germanic bracteates fashioned after Roman coins). The Viking Age saw again a more standardized production, but the basic design remained indebted to the spatha.

Around the 10th century, the use of properly quenched, hardened, and tempered steel started to become much more common than in previous periods. The Frankish 'Ulfberht' blades (the name of the maker inlaid in the blade) were of particularly high quality. Charles the Bald tried to prohibit the export of these swords, as they were used by Vikings in raids against the Franks.

Wootz steel, also known as Damascus steel, was a unique and highly prized steel developed on the Indian subcontinent as early as the 5th century BC. Its properties were unique due to the special smelting and reworking of the steel, which created networks of iron carbides described as globular cementite in a matrix of pearlite. The use of Damascus steel in swords became extremely popular in the 16th and 17th centuries.

It was only in the 11th century that Norman swords began to develop the crossguard (quillons). During the Crusades of the 12th to 13th centuries, this cruciform type of arming sword remained essentially stable, with variations mainly concerning the shape of the pommel. These swords were designed as cutting weapons, although effective points were becoming common to counter improvements in armor, especially the 14th-century change from mail to plate armor.

It was during the 14th century, with the growing use of more advanced armor, that the hand and a half sword, also known as a "bastard sword", came into being. It had an extended grip that meant it could be used with either one or two hands. Though these swords did not provide a full two-hand grip, they allowed their wielders to hold a shield or parrying dagger in their off hand or to use them as a two-handed sword for a more powerful blow. The names given to many swords in mythology, literature, and history reflected the high prestige of the weapon and the wealth of the owner.

The Mysterious Sword Of Goujian - Ancient China

The Sword of Goujian was discovered in 1965 in Hebei Province and is estimated to be around 2,500 years old. It is known for its unusual sharpness and incredible resistance to tarnish. The sword was found in a tomb along with a human skeleton and was sheathed in a wooden scabbard finished with black lacquer, which helped to preserve it.

The sword's chemical composition, mainly made of copper and with a high sulfur content, made it more pliant and less likely to shatter, as well as harder and capable of keeping a sharper edge. The video also provides a brief overview of the Spring and Autumn periods in Chinese history, during which the sword was likely made.

What did the Romans think of the Jews?

Let’s discuss the Roman Empire's perception of the Jewish people and how they were treated as conquered people. The Jews were exceptional in that being a part of the Roman Empire was against their religion. The Romans allowed for religious freedom provided that the conquered people did not mind adding another god to their Pantheon.

However, the Jewish people believed in only one god and refused to worship pagan idols, which led to conflicts with the Romans. This created a problem as the Jewish people believed in a theocratic system of government, which placed all sovereignty and authority in the hands of God.

The Roman Empire's perception of the Jewish people was that they belonged to a dark and repulsive force. Cicero, a Roman senator and orator, said that the Jews were a nation of rascals and deceivers. The speaker also discusses how his previous videos on Celtic and Germanic peoples were perceived as racist and how he aims to be tough but fair in this series.

In this video, we’ll delve further into the history of ancient Rome and some little' troublemakers. There were three wars waged between the Jewish people and Rome, and in this video, DJ Peach focuses on the first one, the creatively named "First Jewish War". A war that altered the very nature of Jewish worship to this day with the destruction of the second Jewish temple Enjoy!

World's Most Ancient Wooden Structure Discovered in Africa - 476,000 Years Old!

In the heart of Africa, Archaeologists have discovered the oldest evidence yet of a wooden structure crafted by the hands of a human ancestor. Two tree trunks, notched like Lincoln Logs, were discovered at the bottom of Zambia's Kalambo River. If the logs' estimated age of 476,000 years is correct, it means that woodworking predates the emergence of our own species, Homo sapiens, and demonstrates the intelligence of our hominin ancestors.

Archaeologists discovered the logs at Kalambo Falls, on Lake Tanganyika in northern Zambia near the Tanzanian border, a site that has been studied by scientists since the 1950s. Previous excavations near the falls yielded stone tools, preserved pollen, and wooden artifacts that have helped researchers learn more about human evolution and culture over hundreds of thousands of years.

A new analysis of five modified pieces of wood from Kalambo, however, is pushing back the site's earliest occupation and providing researchers with new insight into the minds of our Middle Pleistocene ancestors.

Researchers describe the wooden objects they discovered in a recently published new study. Two were discovered with stone tools below the river and three were discovered covered in clay deposits above the river level. Because of the permanently elevated water table, these wooden artifacts have survived for hundreds of thousands of years.

The Strangest Scenes on Trajan's Column

The National Museum of Romanian History in Bucharest has a full-scale cast of the Column of Trajan, which depicts Trajan's victory over the Dacians in the 2nd century. The column features scenes of battle as well as more mundane activities such as the building of camps and roads.

The construction scenes are particularly interesting, as they provide details not seen elsewhere. For example, the leather tents used by Roman soldiers, which were supported by ropes and sized for eight men, The column is not shy about depicting the horrors of war, including scenes of torture and decapitation.

It also shows the infrastructure needed to support a military campaign, such as pontoon bridges and lumber yards. The column also includes scenes of Roman cavalry pursuit and Roman auxiliaries from different regions, including Germans and Syrian archers.

The most famous scene on the column is the dedication of the great bridge over the Danube by Apollodorus of Damascus, which was carried on 20 masonry piers and was about 2/3 of a mile long. Overall, the column provides a fascinating insight into the military and civilian aspects of Roman life.

Mysterious machines, dragons, skulls on spikes—there's a lot going on in the details of Trajan's Column in Rome. Watch the video below to find out more!

5 Most Mysterious Ancient Groups with Strange Rituals

Deriving their name from the Sanskrit word for 'deception' or 'concealment,' the Thuggees were a notorious network of criminals and assassins that plagued parts of India from the 13th to the 19th centuries.

Often roaming the vast expanse of the Indian subcontinent, they are notorious for their brutal methods, especially in murdering and robbing unsuspecting travelers. Due to their structured operations and intricate internal codes, some historians have likened the Thuggees to early organized crime syndicates, even referring to them as a precursor to modern Mafias.

While they were a loose collection of various bands, the Thuggees had shared superstitions, rituals, and beliefs, characteristics often associated with religious cults.

Operating with cunning and deceit, Thuggees would typically befriend travelers, instilling trust before betraying them when least expected...

Face of Peru's "Ice Maiden" mummy revealed by archaeologists

Peru's most famous mummy, known as "Juanita" or the "Inca Ice Maiden," has finally been brought back to life, thanks to a remarkable effort by archaeologists and a specialist in facial reconstruction. This Inca girl, believed to have been sacrificed in a ritual over 500 years ago, has long captured the world's fascination, and now, we can catch a glimpse of what she may have looked like during her brief time on Earth.

The mummy of Juanita was discovered in 1995 by US archaeologist Johan Reinhard and Peruvian mountaineer Miguel Zárate during an expedition to the Ampato volcano. She was found at an astonishing altitude of 6,400 meters (21,000 feet), frozen in time, wearing a ceremonial tunic and a headpiece, surrounded by ceramic objects, including bowls and figurines. This discovery was not just a window into the past; it was a captivating mystery that begged for further exploration.

Over two decades later, a team of Peruvian and Polish scientists joined forces with Oscar Nilsson, a facial reconstruction specialist from Sweden, to create a silicon bust of the Inca Ice Maiden. Their process was meticulous, combining body scans, skull measurements, DNA studies, and ethnological characteristics to guide the reconstruction. The result of their hard work is a lifelike representation of a teenage girl with pronounced cheekbones, dark eyes, and brown skin.

Oscar Nilsson, who dedicated approximately 400 hours to the project, succeeded in bringing Juanita to life once more. The silicon bust now gives a face to the enigmatic mummy, a face that reveals a glimpse of the past, bridging the gap between the ancient Inca civilization and the modern world. Dr. Reinhard, who discovered Juanita, expressed his astonishment, saying, "I thought I'd never know what her face looked like when she was alive. Now, 28 years later, this has become a reality thanks to Oscar Nilsson's reconstruction."

The story of Juanita's life and her ultimate sacrifice is both captivating and heartbreaking. Studies conducted on her well-preserved body suggest that she was between 14 and 15 years old at the time of her sacrifice. A CT scan carried out by researchers at Johns Hopkins University indicated that her cause of death was a severe blow to the back of her head. Experts speculate that she may have been drugged and made to kneel before being struck, possibly with an object resembling a truncheon, as part of a human sacrifice ritual to honor the gods of the Inca civilization.

In an article published in the Penn Museum's Expedition Magazine, Dr. Reinhard provided insight into the Inca belief system surrounding such sacrifices. According to their beliefs, the act of sacrificing a child like Juanita brought honor to the parents and promised an afterlife of bliss for the young victims. The child would become deified and worshipped by the villagers for generations as an intermediary between the people and the gods, cementing their place in the spiritual realm.

The discovery and subsequent reconstruction of Juanita's face breathe life into an ancient practice that once seemed unimaginable to modern sensibilities. It allows us to understand the depth of the Inca civilization's beliefs, their connection to the divine, and the sacrifices they were willing to make in the name of their faith. As we gaze upon the visage of the Inca Ice Maiden, we are reminded of the rich tapestry of history that continues to unravel, shedding light on the mysteries of the past and connecting us to the people who walked this Earth centuries ago. Juanita's face is a testament to the resilience of the human spirit, the enduring power of faith, and the unwavering curiosity of those who seek to uncover the secrets of our ancestors.

12 Most Incredible Recent Archaeological Finds That Actually Exist

It feels like we’re making more archaeological discoveries at the moment than at any other point in human history. Breakthroughs in technology have allowed us to see things that can’t be seen by the naked eye, giving archaeologists new places to dig and new discoveries to make. Some of those discoveries are so incredible that it’s hard to believe they’re real - and yet they are! Let’s check some of them out together.

Did Archaeologists Discover Alien Life in Antiquity?

In recent years, the study of ancient artifacts has yielded many fascinating discoveries. One of the most intriguing and controversial findings is the suggestion that extraterrestrial life may have existed on Earth in ancient times. Archaeologists have unearthed evidence that suggests that early humans may have had contact with beings from other planets, and that these interactions may have influenced human development and culture.

This video explores some of the latest archaeological findings and theories about the possible existence of alien life in antiquity. From ancient cave paintings and carvings to mysterious artifacts and legends, there is a growing body of evidence that suggests that we may not be alone in the universe.

The video features interviews with leading archaeologists and experts in the field of ancient studies who discuss their latest discoveries and interpretations of ancient artifacts. It also includes stunning footage and images of ancient sites and objects that will transport viewers back in time to witness the fascinating and sometimes eerie remnants of ancient cultures.