Jordan Peterson - The Story of Buddha

In this video, Jordan Peterson explores the story of Buddha and the path to self-discovery and enlightenment. Buddha's journey begins with his sheltered upbringing, shielded from the harsh realities of life. However, his curiosity leads him to venture outside and confront the inevitability of aging and suffering. This realization shocks him and drives him to leave his comforts behind in search of answers.

Through learning and discipline, Buddha exhausts all known paths but continues to seek the enlightenment he desires. He faces visions and temptations, including the allure of physical pleasure, but realizes that these distractions cannot solve the problem of self-consciousness. Ultimately, Buddha attains enlightenment and decides to return to the world, understanding that redemption is only possible when all people attain it.

This story emphasizes the challenges faced when trying to transcend suffering while witnessing the suffering of others.

The Beautiful Black Tribes of Asia, Pacific, & Australia

In the video below, we will be talking about various black people from Asia, the Pacific, and Australia.

Molluccans

The Moluccan people are an indigenous black community residing in the Moluccan Islands of Indonesia. The Moluccan people's origins can be traced back to Austronesian migrations from Southeast Asia and the Pacific Islands, with influences from neighboring regions like Papua New Guinea. These migrations over centuries laid the foundation for the diverse genetic makeup and cultural fabric of the Moluccan people.

Sri Lanka kaffirs

Nestled in the heart of the Indian Ocean, the teardrop-shaped island of Sri Lanka boasts a rich tapestry of cultures, traditions, and histories. Among its diverse inhabitants, one group stands out as a fascinating testament to the island's multicultural heritage: the Sri Lankan Kaffirs. The origins of the Sri Lankan Kaffirs can be traced back to the 16th century, when Portuguese colonialists brought African slaves to the island. These slaves were primarily of Bantu and Khoisan descent, from regions now known as Mozambique, Tanzania, and South Africa.

The Maniq of Thailand

Deep within the lush rainforests of southern Thailand is a unique and fascinating indigenous group known as the Maniq people. The origins of the Maniq people are shrouded in mystery, but anthropological research suggests that they are part of a broader group of Proto-Malayic ethnic communities. The Maniq people are one of the smallest ethnic groups in Thailand. Genetic studies of the Maniq people have revealed a unique genetic heritage that reflects their isolation and distinct way of life. Their genetic markers show connections to other indigenous groups in the region and ancient populations that inhabited Southeast Asia. The Maniq people often have darker skin and hair, well-suited to their forested environment.

The Semang and Batek of Malaysia

Malaysia, a country renowned for its cultural diversity, is home to the Semang and Batek people, who stand as distinct groups, embodying the ancestral heritage of the region. The origins of the Semang and Batek people trace back to the ancient inhabitants of the Malay Peninsula, contributing to the complex mosaic of Malaysia's indigenous population. These communities are believed to have inhabited the region for thousands of years, preserving their distinct way of life amidst the tides of history. The Semang and Batek people are part of the larger Orang Asli community, which translates to "Original People" in Malay, highlighting their status as the earliest inhabitants of the peninsula. Research has indicated that these communities share genetic markers with other indigenous populations in Southeast Asia and Australo-Melanesian groups.

East Timor

Nestled in the maritime heart of Southeast Asia lies East Timor, a land of breathtaking landscapes and a people whose history is as rich as the diverse tapestry of their culture. The roots of the East Timorese people can be traced back to Austronesian migrations that took place thousands of years ago. This early migration brought together various ethnic groups, including the Atoni, Tetum, Mambai, and Bunak, among others. The East Timorese population is relatively small, with an estimated 1.3 million people. They inhabit the eastern part of the island of Timor, which is shared with Indonesia.

New Caledonian Kanak People

Nestled in the heart of the South Pacific, New Caledonia is an enchanting archipelago that beckons with its turquoise waters, lush landscapes, and vibrant cultures. Among the mosaic of societies that grace this idyllic haven, the Kanak people stand as a testament to the island's rich history and diverse heritage. This Austronesian group, believed to have originated in Southeast Asia, ventured across vast ocean expanses, eventually settling in the Melanesian islands.

Southern Yemeni (Hadhrami and Shabwah) and Socotra Island people

Yemen, a land of historical significance and cultural diversity, is home to a multitude of ethnic groups and communities, each with their own unique customs, traditions, and identities.

The Vedda

The Vedda are a minority indigenous group of people in Sri Lanka. The Vedda minority in Sri Lanka may become completely assimilated. Most speak Sinhala instead of their indigenous languages, which are nearing extinction. It has been hypothesized that the Vedda were probably the earliest inhabitants of Sri Lanka and have lived on the island since before the arrival of other ethnic groups in India.

The Iliad | Book Summary in English

The Iliad is an epic poem in 24 books that is traditionally attributed to the ancient Greek poet Homer. The epic is about the wrath of the Greek hero Achilles. The subject of this poem is the Trojan War. In the following video, we will provide a summary of the Iliad in English. Enjoy!
The "Iliad," attributed to the ancient Greek poet Homer, is one of the oldest and most significant works in Western literature. It is an epic poem that details a few weeks in the final year of the decade-long Trojan War, focusing on the wrath of the Greek hero Achilles. Its themes of heroism, the horrors of war, and the capriciousness of gods have resonated through the ages. The "Iliad" was originally composed in the ancient Greek dialect of Ionic and written in dactylic hexameter, a form of poetic meter. For centuries, it was transmitted orally by bards before it was finally written down in the 8th century BCE.

The translation and dissemination of the "Iliad" throughout the Western world began in antiquity and has continued into the present day, reflecting its enduring appeal. The first known translation of Homer's work was into Latin by Livius Andronicus in the 3rd century BCE, serving as a conduit through which the "Iliad" entered the Roman cultural sphere. During the Renaissance, the rediscovery of classical texts, including Homer's epics, spurred a new wave of translations into various European languages, which was accelerated by the invention of the printing press. These translations, alongside critical interpretations, helped to cement the "Iliad's" status as a foundational text of Western culture. The poem not only influenced literature but also inspired art, philosophy, and even the self-understanding of modern societies, contributing significantly to the shaping of Western narrative traditions and ideals of heroism.

Beyond Mycenae: These are 13 Almost Unknown Mycenaean Citadels You've Never Heard Of

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BY DIMOSTHENIS VASILOUDIS

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Silent Sentinels: The Unsung Citadels of the Mycenaean World

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CONTENTS

1. The Mycenaean Acropolis of Midea

2. The Fortified Acropolis of Gla

3. The Mycenaean Palace of Ayios Vasileios Hill near Sparta

4. The Maritime Settlement of Korphos-Kalamianos

5. The Mycenaean Settlement of Pellana in Laconia, The City Known to Mycenaeans as "Lakedaemon"

6. The Acropolis of Palaiokastro (Homeric Phiri) and its Enigmatic Necromancer

7. The Mycenaean Palace Complex of Thebes

8. Mycenaean Acropolis of Kanakia, Palace of Ajax of Telamon

9. The Mycenaean Complex Of Iklaina

10. The Acropolis of Aigeira, What Mycenaeans Called "Hyperisia"

11. The Mycenaean Princedom of Orne in Crete

12. Mycenaean Settlement and Palace in Iolkos, Thessaly

13. The Mycenaean Acropolis at Koukounaries, Paros

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The Mycenaean civilization, a Late Bronze Age culture that existed in Greece from around 1600 to 1100 BC, known for its golden masks, opulent palaces, and epic tales, has left an indelible mark on the history of Europe. Renowned for their architectural wonders, the Mycenaeans erected grand palaces and fortifications throughout the Greek mainland. While most people are familiar with famous sites like Mycenae, Tiryns, and Pylos, there are many lesser-known acropolis-citadels that offer a deeper insight into this fascinating civilization. Let's uncover some of these hidden gems!

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1. the mycenaean acropolis of Midea

Located in the Argolid region of the Peloponnese, Midea, though smaller than its famed neighbors Mycenae and Tiryns, stands out with its impressive Cyclopean walls. Historians believe that Midea was not just a military outpost but also an essential religious center. The site's strategic position on a hilltop provided a panoramic view of the surrounding plains, making it a vital lookout and defense point.

The Acropolis of Midea was first excavated in 1939 and later underwent a systematic excavation in 1983. Located on a strategic hill, it was a significant center during the Mycenaean period. The site, which has been inhabited since the Neolithic period, flourished, especially during the Bronze Age.

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However, a powerful earthquake in the 13th century BC caused significant damage. The site had strong fortification walls, two main gates (East and West), and the remains of various buildings, including a "megaron" and other structures. Recent excavations have unveiled pottery, clay figurines, metal vessels, tools, jewelry, and inscriptions in the Linear B script.

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2. tHE FORTIFIED ACROPOLIS OF Gla

Set apart on a plateau surrounded by the waters of Lake Kopais in Boeotia, Gla boasts the most extensive Mycenaean fortifications. Although it was considerably large, surpassing the size of contemporary Mycenae or Tiryns by over ten times, it does not feature in the Iliad.

The region was an agricultural goldmine, and Gla controlled an intricate drainage system that converted marshy grounds into fertile farmlands, underscoring its economic and strategic significance. It is located on a limestone rock island in what was once the former Lake Kopais. The lake, once the largest in southern Greece, was drained using an intricate system of dams and canals, turning the area into a fertile plain. This drainage likely coincided with Gla's construction.

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Interestingly, Gla is the largest of all Mycenaean fortifications, yet its function and significance are still debated among scholars. The walls included four gates, a notable amount for Mycenaean defenses, leading to the idea that it might have been more of a military base than a palatial complex. Some suggest that it may have been an administrative or trading center due to its strategic location.

Inside Gla, the predominant feature is an L-shaped edifice often referred to as a "palace." However, its classification as a palace is debated due to the absence of several standard palace features. Other structures in the vicinity, like the so-called "agora," remain ambiguous in purpose.

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3. The MYCENAEAN PALACE OF Ayios Vasileios hill near sparta

Ayios Vasileios, located near Sparta in the Peloponnese, was only recently recognized as a major Mycenaean center. Excavations that began in the early 21st century revealed an impressive palatial complex and numerous valuable artifacts. Some of the finds, including Linear B tablets (an early script used by the Mycenaeans), have provided new insights into the administration and socio-political dynamics of the region. These tablets provide insights into economic activities, religious practices, and even the names of deities worshipped during that era.

The most important discoveries at this site include an old Mycenaean palace covering 35 acres on the hill. This palace had big buildings around a central courtyard with paintings on the walls. These buildings were rebuilt after an earlier set was destroyed by fire around the late 15th or early 14th century BC.

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4. tHE MARITIME SETTLEMENT OF Korphos-Kalamianos

Occupying a unique position on the Saronic Gulf in the region of Corinth, Korphos-Kalamianos was a maritime town with fortifications hinting at its defensive nature. Its ruins suggest it may have been a key trade link connecting central Greece with the broader Aegean world, facilitating the exchange of goods and ideas.

Part of this settlement is now underwater. In 2009, experts did underwater research to understand the old coastline, how big the settlement was, and if there was an ancient harbor underwater. They found rows of beach rock with old pottery pieces from around 3,000 to 2,000 years ago. This shows where the coastline used to be. More studies will be done to see if their findings are right and to understand why this part of the land went underwater.

Unlike other Mycenaean citadels that are often situated on elevated terrain, Korphos-Kalamianos is relatively flat. This unique characteristic has led some archaeologists to believe that it was primarily a maritime center. The discoveries of extensive storage facilities and workshops suggest that it might have been a hub for trade and production.

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5. The mycenaean settlement of pellana ιν laconia, the city known to mycenaeans as "lakedaemon"

Photo by Real Sparta

Pellana is a village near Sparta in Laconia. It's an old place with ruins and was important for the Spartans. There's a hill called Paleokastro, which has an old wall around it from a long time ago. This hill has many old pieces of pottery and stuff, and people think there was an important Mycenaean palace there too. Set majestically on a hill, Paleokastro is a testimony to Mycenaean urban planning. Its fortifications and building foundations suggest a bustling city life. The vantage point also provided strategic advantages, keeping an eye on both the Eurotas valley and the Laconian coastline. The site has revealed traces of Mycenaean architecture, pottery, and other artifacts, suggesting its once-thriving presence in the Mycenaean network.

Some researchers found three important places with old Mycenaean things around Pellana. One of them is a cemetery with big stone tombs. Two of these tombs were checked in 1926. One tomb had only broken pottery. The other tomb had graves inside, but they were messed up and looted. There was also a special amber button found outside one of the tombs, which came from a faraway place called the Baltic.

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Another exciting thing they found is a big old road that goes up to the hill. This road is one of the best-preserved Mycenaean roads in Greece, and it might have led to a king's house or some other important building on the hill.

Some people think Pellana is the old city called Lakedaemon from Mycenaean times. They've been digging there for 15 years, trying to find a palace that belonged to some famous kings from old stories. They haven't found the palace yet, but they found other amazing things that show Pellana was a powerful place long ago.

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6. The Acropolis of Palaiokastro (homeric phiri) and its Enigmatic Necromancer

 

The Mycenaean acropolis of Palaiokastro, located in the province of Gortynia, Arcadia, stands prominently on a distinctive conical hill adjacent to the Alpheios riverbank. This ancient site has been suggested by many researchers to be synonymous with the Homeric city of Phiri. The surrounding area boasts an extensive Mycenaean cemetery, which, with 500 tombs, is the largest of its kind that has been excavated to date. The initial discoveries of tombs in 1955 by Ioannis Pisimisis paved the way for more comprehensive excavations led by Theodoros Spyropoulos in 1979, revealing around 100 intricately carved tombs of diverse designs, from vaulted to pit-shaped.

Within this expansive cemetery lies an extraordinary discovery: a construction believed to have functioned as a Necromancer during the Mycenaean era, between 1600 and 1200 BCE. This necromantic site holds the unique distinction of being the sole known Mycenaean-era necromancer and is hailed as the oldest in Greece. Its significance extends beyond mere antiquity; it's believed to have parallels with the necromancy described in the Λ' Rhapsody Nekyia of the Odyssey. Archaeological evidence indicates that this site served as a major religious epicenter for a staggering 3,000 years, underscoring its immense cultural and historical importance. Notably, the invaluable artifacts unearthed from the cemetery can now be admired at the Tripoli Museum.

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7. The Mycenaean Palace Complex of thebes

The ancient heart of modern-day Thebes reveals a tapestry of the city's glorious past, dating back to the 13th century BC. The centerpiece is the grand Mycenaean Palace, also known as Kadmeion. Decked with intricate wall paintings, the palace was an archive of history with its clay tablets written in Linear B. But the flames of 1200 BC consumed this treasure, leaving behind tales of its grandeur.

The Mycenaean legacy of Thebes is ensconced in its palace ruins and a treasure trove of Linear B tablets. These tablets highlight Thebes' role as a formidable administrative and economic center. The site's longevity is noteworthy, surviving from the Mycenaean era into the classical age, marking it as a crucial epicenter of culture and power. Diving into this vast archaeological landscape, we catch a fleeting yet vivid glimpse of Mycenaean Thebes in all its grandeur and significance.

Inside this vast palace complex:

The Academy: Once a bustling hub, it was here that master craftsmen transformed materials, some sourced from as far as Afghanistan, into exquisite pieces of art and jewelry.

Treasure Room: Living up to its name, this room was a vault, safeguarding precious items from gold jewelry to unique seals originating from different ancient cultures.

Armory: This annex, found in the acropolis' eastern part, wasn't just a storage for weapons. It was also where the palace's economic heartbeat thumped, with records meticulously kept on clay tablets.

Wool Processing Workshop: More than just a workshop, this segment was an economic hub. In its heart, wool was processed, treated, and then recorded for distribution within and beyond Thebes.

Residences at 3 Evridikis Street: These were no ordinary homes. Their luxurious nature and their position at the acropolis' peak hint at their administrative significance in the palace's hierarchy.

Goods Receiving Area: Serving as Thebes' ancient customs checkpoint, this area on the eastern side was where all incoming goods to the citadel were inspected and recorded. Artifacts unearthed here, from pottery to sealings, paint a picture of grand banquets and ceremonies.

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8. Mycenaean Acropolis of Kanakia, Palace of Ajax of Telamon

On Salamis Island, the Kanakia site tells tales of the Mycenaeans' maritime prowess. With evidence of fortifications, buildings, and a possible harbor, Kanakia seems to have been an essential naval base, ensuring control over the Saronic Gulf's waters and facilitating trade routes. The Mycenaean capital of Salamis had a palace that belonged to Ajax the Great, a famous character from the Iliad.

This palace and other buildings from that time were discovered in Kanakia, Salamis, by a university excavation led by Mr. Giannos Lolos. The Kanakia acropolis is one of the oldest sites in Salamis, with a history that goes back to the Late Neolithic period (around 4,000 years ago).

The most important discoveries at this site include big buildings that were likely controlled by powerful rulers of that time. Unique to this palace is the presence of two throne rooms; this is the only Mycenaean palace where such a feature has been found. Besides the palace, researchers found a big industrial area with workshops and storage rooms. They found pottery, tools, and an especially rare copper plate that had a seal of Pharaoh Ramses the Second, a famous Egyptian king.

This acropolis is thought to be the original capital city of Salamis, mentioned in old writings. It was likely the center of a big maritime kingdom and the birthplace of other important cities, like Salamis in Cyprus.

 

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9. the Mycenaean Complex Of Iklaina

Located a mere 10 kilometers away from Nestor's Palace in the Messenia region of the Peloponnese is the ancient city of Iklaina. Overlooking the bay where a significant naval victory occurred during the Battle of Navarino in 1827, this city, replete with a palace, administrative buildings, streets, and public squares, seems out of place among the olive trees. The city's advanced infrastructure and luxurious palace were secured behind immense cyclopean walls. Much of what we know of this once-grand city is thanks to the archaeological endeavors led by Michael Cosmopoulos of the University of Missouri-St. Louis. His excavations uncovered invaluable artifacts, providing insights into how this city might have functioned as one of the earliest federal states in the Western world.

Iklaina's significance in history is underscored by its mention in Homer's "The Iliad," a mention that occurred five centuries after the city's destruction. Flourishing concurrently with the Palace of Nestor between 1500 and 1250 BC, the excavations at Iklaina, funded by various international institutions, started in 1999. Two decades of work have unveiled that the city was divided into distinct sections: administrative, residential, and manufacturing, indicating a sophisticated socioeconomic framework. Within the administrative area, a massive platform that possibly supported multi-story structures was found, along with mural fragments, well-preserved streets, squares, and other structures. The residential area boasted small villas and an impressively advanced central sewage system.

One of the most remarkable discoveries was the Linear B tablet’s clay fragment, predating any other such tablet and confirming Iklaina's status as an independent state. By 1200 BC, however, Iklaina's prominence declined as it was occupied and reduced to a manufacturing hub by the ruler of Nestor’s Palace. For modern scholars, Iklaina serves as a lens into the genesis of states in mainland Greece and, by extension, Western civilization.

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10. the acropolis of Aigeira, what mycenaeans called "hyperisia"

Offering breathtaking views of the Corinthian Gulf, Aigeira's location on a plateau in the northern Peloponnese speaks to its strategic significance. Along with remnants of buildings and fortifications, Aigeira may have served as a watchpoint against potential invasions and a nexus for overland trade.

The Austrian Archaeological Institute has been excavating the acropolis of Aigeira in the Northern Peloponnese since 1975, revealing vital insights into its ancient history. These excavations have uncovered the Premycenaean settlement (from the 5th to 3rd millennium BC) and the postpalatial Mycenaean settlement from the 12th century BC. The archaeological findings highlight house complexes equipped for storage, production, and feasting, pointing to the high social standing of the residents. A significant discovery was a cult room, further testifying to the importance of the inhabitants. Moreover, a fortification wall built during its later phase demarcates the acropolis from the lower terraces, indicating its significance in the broader settlement area.

Aigeira, located on the north coast of the Peloponnese, underwent intensive archaeological exploration between 1975 and 1980. The site, elevated at around 414 meters above sea level, displayed evidence of human habitation dating back to the Neolithic period. The oldest identifiable layers correspond to the Early Helladic periods, stretching from 4500 to 1600 BC. The Mycenaean phase, distinguished by specific pottery styles, is dated to the 12th century BC.

The excavations revealed detailed insights into life during that period, including a half-timbered house, terracotta figurines, bronze knives, pottery kilns, and a potential bronze workshop. By the advanced phase of the Mycenaean period, significant architectural changes occurred, with a prominent multi-roomed house surrounded by a fortification wall coming into existence. This fortified settlement persisted until the end of the Mycenaean period, as suggested by the architectural remnants and pottery styles.

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11. the mycenaean princedom of orne in crete

The recent archaeological excavation in Crete has unearthed the Mycenaean citadel of Orne, positioned as the largest acropolis on the island, near the villages of Orne, Krya Vrysi, and Melampes. This significant dig, during its third phase in the Kastelos area, has revealed significant findings of immense archaeological value, spanning an expansive 55 acres, thereby establishing its stature as the most extensive Acropolis in Crete.

Situated 540 meters above sea level, the Kastelos citadel dates back to 1200 BC and boasts a stunning and well-organized residential layout in a breathtakingly beautiful locale. Apart from being naturally fortified on the west, the citadel is well protected from other sides, nestled within an untouched landscape, maintaining its natural charm.

Under the watchful eyes of the supervising archaeologist, Mr. Manos Papadakis, the site has been identified as one of the paramount archaeological landmarks of the Mycenaean era, covering an impressive 55 acres and standing as a testament to the architectural prowess of the period. The intricate urban planning showcases cobbled streets, large tiled rooms, and vast communal spaces, all revealing the sophisticated organization of the citadel. Notably, structures for storage, laboratories, and a metallurgy workshop, especially designed for producing bronze spears, have been uncovered.

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Additionally, signs of places of worship have also been indicated by various figurines found on-site. The architectural marvel of this citadel is further highlighted by the optimal utilization of the hilly terrain, suggesting a significant population residing in the area. However, traces of an unfortunate fire, likely following an earthquake, signal the citadel's eventual demise, leaving behind remnants of its rich history and artifacts. Mr. Papadakis particularly highlighted the vast rooms and substantial fortification walls, indicating a strategic shift of inhabitants from the coastlines to the elevated terrains.

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12. Mycenaean Settlement and Palace in Iolkos, THESSALY

Photo by Dimosthenis Vasiloudis

While famous for its association with the legend of Jason and the Argonauts, Iolkos, near modern Volos, was no mere myth. Recent excavations have unearthed palatial structures, suggesting it was a significant Mycenaean center, with the port possibly playing a role in wide-reaching maritime explorations and trade. While it's challenging to draw direct connections between the archaeological remains at Dimini and the Homeric or post-Homeric tales, the prominence of Iolkos in Greek myth indicates its significance in the ancient Greek consciousness.

The ancient site of Iolkos, located near the modern village of Dimini in Thessaly, is an archaeological location closely associated with the Mycenaean civilization. This settlement dates back to the Late Bronze Age, and while it may not be as famous as Mycenae or Tiryns, it has produced valuable insights into the nature of the Mycenaean presence in Thessaly.

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Excavations at Dimini have revealed a significant Mycenaean settlement that thrived between the 15th and 13th centuries BC. Among the most remarkable finds is a Mycenaean palace complex, with its characteristic Megaron—a large rectangular hall that is central to Mycenaean palatial architecture. This palace at Dimini has often been considered a counterpart to the better-known palatial structures found in southern Greece. Apart from the architectural remains, several Linear B tablets, the script used by the Mycenaeans, were found, indicating the presence of an administrative center.

The architectural structures at Dimini are quite characteristic of the Mycenaean era. The palace complex, with its Megaron, is a testament to the socio-political significance of the site. The layout shows a complex plan with rooms for storage, workshops, and ceremonial functions. Like other Mycenaean palaces, the one at Dimini would have been the residence of a local ruler, or wanax, and it would have served as the political, economic, and religious hub of the surrounding region.

Photo by Dimosthenis Vasiloudis

Geographically, Iolkos's position in Thessaly provided a critical link between the more developed Mycenaean centers of the Peloponnese to the south and the northern regions of the Greek mainland. Its proximity to the Aegean Sea made it a potential hub for trade and communication. The presence of the palace complex suggests that it was a significant administrative and possibly maritime center during the Late Bronze Age.

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13. The Mycenaean Acropolis at Koukounaries, paros

The Koukounaria acropolis can be found in Naoussa Bay, towards the northern part of Paros. Nestled amidst the unique granite structures in Paros's Koukounaries region, archaeologists unearthed a Mycenaean community and a corresponding citadel.

This Mycenaean presence aligns with Paros' myths involving Hercules. Experts believe that this settlement met its end through a devastating fire and remained uninhabited for some time.

In the early 12th century BC, the hill evolved into a fortified stronghold and became the residence of a Mycenaean leader. This transformation was led by Mycenaean refugees who migrated to Paros following the fall of the Mycenaean palaces on mainland Greece around 1200 BC. An affluent ruling complex was identified at its peak. A massive fire around 1150 BC razed the citadel, but it saw rapid habitation shortly after, as evidenced by relics from the later stages of the Mycenaean IIIG era and the early Protogeometric phase. As the Iron Age dawned, this citadel emerged as a significant living hub.

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These almost unknown Mycenaean acropolis-citadels offer a glimpse into the diverse nature of Mycenaean settlements and the extent of their influence across ancient Greece. While they may not be as renowned as Mycenae or Tiryns, their archaeological value is undeniable. Exploring these hidden sites allows us to piece together a more comprehensive picture of the Mycenaean world and its remarkable civilization.

15 New Shipwrecks Discovered in Antalya

The Mediterranean Sea, with its azure waters and rich historical tapestry, continues to be a treasure trove for underwater archaeologists. Recent developments have given enthusiasts and historians another reason to celebrate, as a team of researchers announced the discovery of 15 new shipwrecks along the coasts of Antalya and Mersin, adding to the region's already impressive tally of 350 shipwrecks. This remarkable find holds the promise of shedding light on the intricate tapestry of trade, social structure, and economic conditions of the era.

The Mediterranean region has long been a focal point for divers and archaeologists, boasting 222 diving points and a maritime history that spans thousands of years. Underwater excavations have revealed a wealth of ancient shipwrecks, each serving as a portal to the past. The newly discovered wrecks, the result of a collaborative effort involving 20 foreign researchers from 12 different countries, are expected to provide invaluable insights into the past.

"These wrecks possess the characteristic of a time capsule. If we discover a shipwreck dating back to BC, we can understand how amphorae were produced and what ship technologies existed through the artifacts found inside," explains subaquatic archaeologist Hakan Öniz, emphasizing the unique historical significance of each wreck. "Each wreck is like a book," he adds, highlighting the importance of their preservation and continued study.

Intriguingly, during the initial examinations conducted inside some of the newly discovered ships, no objects or materials were found. Öniz and his team theorize that these ships met their untimely demise during storms while returning after unloading their cargo, leaving their cargo bays empty but their historical stories intact.

The significance of the discovery goes beyond mere historical fascination. The wrecks are vital pieces of our shared human heritage, holding clues about trade networks, the maritime technologies of their respective eras, and the social and economic conditions that existed during their time. These archaeological treasures have the power to rewrite history books and deepen our understanding of ancient civilizations.

The protection and preservation of these newfound relics are of paramount importance. The precise locations of these wrecks have been identified and reported to the Culture and Tourism Ministry. This action ensures that these invaluable sites remain unharmed by potential threats from construction projects, such as harbors, that may inadvertently disturb or damage these historical remnants.

One standout discovery in this underwater wonderland is the Kumluca Middle Bronze Age Shipwreck, considered the world's oldest shipwreck. This ancient vessel sank due to a storm 3,600 years ago and recently yielded a treasure trove of 30 copper ingots, each weighing a substantial 25 kilograms. The meticulous research, assisted by robots that descended to depths of 300 meters, took two months to complete. This discovery offered a glimpse into the ship's intended voyage; it was en route to a western port, carrying copper ingots sourced from the mines of Cyprus Island when it met its tragic end.

Hakan Öniz notes, "This is the world's oldest trade shipwreck. When we examine the artifacts inside the ship, we gain insights into the trade of that era. The copper ingots were used as a form of currency in its time. The Kingdom of Cyprus or the Assyrians paid their taxes with copper ingots. The primary purpose was to melt them down again and transform them into sculptures, weapons, pottery, and other products. They have an average weight of 25 kilograms and are 45 centimeters long." This discovery helps us understand not only the trade routes and economic systems of the time but also the importance of copper as a valuable resource.

Amid the copper ingots, the excavation team unearthed pieces of amphorae and personal belongings of the ship's crew, adding layers to the narrative of this ancient maritime tragedy.

The Mediterranean Sea continues to yield its secrets, providing a living connection to our distant past. These newly discovered shipwrecks in Antalya and Mersin remind us of the intricate and vibrant history that lies beneath the waves, awaiting the patient and diligent work of underwater archaeologists to bring it to the surface. Each shipwreck is a time capsule, a book, and a testament to the human spirit of exploration and trade, preserving stories that continue to captivate our imagination. The legacy of these shipwrecks will live on, providing valuable insights for generations to come.

Resurrecting Ramesses: The Digital Reconstruction of an Iconic Pharaoh

One of the most legendary and iconic Pharaohs in the annals of ancient Egypt, Ramesses II, has been resurrected in digital form, allowing us to glimpse his youthful vitality and aging grace. Thanks to the advanced technology of computed tomography (CT) scans and the meticulous work of dedicated researchers, the face of Ramesses II has been reconstructed at both the zenith of his power, at the age of 45, and at the time of his passing, at the venerable age of 90. This remarkable feat offers us a unique perspective into the life and times of the ruler, often referred to as Ramesses the Great.

Ramesses II, or Ramesses the Great, ruled the New Kingdom of Egypt from 1279 to 1213 BCE, leaving an indelible mark on the history of Egypt and the world. His legendary 66-year reign saw him ascend to the pinnacle of his power and influence. During this time, he faced numerous regional foes and expanded the Egyptian empire, firmly cementing his status as one of the most powerful and influential Pharaohs in Egypt's history.

Youthful Vitality and Aging Grace

Ramesses II was known for his military prowess and charismatic rule, with his prime years being around the age of 45. At the time of his death, he had reached the remarkable age of 90. Using modern CT scanning technology and specialized techniques suitable for ancient mummies, researchers were able to explore the preserved features of his mummy. These well-preserved remains served as a time capsule, enabling us to study his fine facial characteristics in depth.

A side-profile view of Ramesses II at age 90 (left) and 45 (right).

Image credit: Face Lab @ Liverpool John Moores University

The 3D facial depictions of Ramesses II offer us a glimpse into his unique physical traits. In his later years, the Pharaoh displayed clear signs of aging, with a bald head and hair remaining only on the back and sides, dyed orange with henna, a practice that remained visible on the mummified body after over 3,200 years. Ramesses II also had pierced ears, although historical evidence suggests that adult males in Ancient Egypt generally wore earrings only during their youth, which is why the researchers chose to depict the adult Ramesses without any jewelry.

The facial features of Ramesses II, as revealed through these remarkable reconstructions, include a "honey-brown skin tone" and a "very prominent nose." Interestingly, the embalmers had made efforts to preserve his distinctive nose by stuffing it with items such as seeds, resin, and an animal bone.

Reconstructing Youthful Ramesses

To recreate the youthful visage of Ramesses II, the researchers employed advanced computer modeling tools. By removing the signs of old age, such as a droopy nose, thin lips, and hollow cheeks due to the loss of teeth, they were able to unveil a younger and more vigorous representation. The younger Ramesses II face model boasts a stronger, firmer jawline, a shorter nose, fuller cheeks and lips, fewer wrinkles, mild facial folds and creases, and darker, fuller hair, reflecting the Pharaoh's glory days as a middle-aged powerhouse.

The digital resurrection of Ramesses II, one of the most renowned Pharaohs in ancient Egyptian history, through CT scans and 3D reconstructions offers us a unique opportunity to connect with the past. These detailed and lifelike depictions provide a captivating insight into the life and physical attributes of the Pharaoh during his prime and later years, bridging a 3,200-year gap to bring history to life. This remarkable endeavor not only enriches our understanding of Egypt's legendary ruler but also showcases the incredible advancements in technology and historical research that continue to unlock the mysteries of the past. Ramesses the Great lives on in digital form, reminding us of his enduring legacy and the power of human ingenuity to connect with history.

Uncovering the Mysteries of Orkney's Monumental Neolithic Tomb

In the remote and windswept Orkney Islands, nestled 15 kilometers off the coast of Scotland, a team of archaeologists has recently made a remarkable discovery that has rekindled our fascination with the ancient past. The Guardian has revealed the uncovering of a 5,000-year-old tomb, an archaeological treasure trove hailed as the pinnacle of Neolithic engineering. This extraordinary find, which dates back to around 3000 BC, promises to unlock the secrets of a bygone era.

Leading the excavation were Dr. Hugo Anderson-Whymark, senior curator of prehistory (Neolithic) at the National Museums Scotland, and Professor Vicki Cummings, an expert in Neolithic archaeology from Cardiff University. Their work has brought to light a monument of immense historical significance that had long eluded recognition. It was concealed under the footprint of a now-demolished building that had stood for over a century, and its true value was only revealed when a farmer's son delved deeper into the ruins in 1896. This intrepid explorer unearthed traces of walling, a stone macehead, a stone ball, and even eight skeletons, which were documented by James Walls Cursiter, a local antiquary. At that time, it was described as a "chambered cairn" and received only a couple of paragraphs of attention.

The pivotal moment came when Dr. Anderson-Whymark stumbled upon this historical account during his research. Inspired by this discovery, he embarked on a mission to trace the site, leading to the revelation of a monumental Neolithic tomb.

The newly discovered tomb is more than 15 meters in diameter and features a stone structure accessible through a seven-meter-long passage. Inside, the archaeologists made a series of astonishing findings, including fourteen articulated skeletons of men, women, and children. Most strikingly, two of these skeletons were positioned as if they were embracing, hinting at a touching and enigmatic aspect of the tomb's history.

Dr. Anderson-Whymark, in discussing the tomb's construction, pointed out the corbelled technique used to create the cell chambers within the structure. This engineering feat involved stones being systematically stacked to form gradually narrowing chambers as they ascended. "The tomb would have been an immense feature in the landscape when it was originally constructed, and the stonework inside would have been very impressive," he emphasized.

Professor Vicki Cummings added to the significance of the find, noting that the discovery of tomb deposits like these is incredibly rare, even in well-preserved chambered tombs. She believes that these remains will provide invaluable insights into various aspects of the lives of the people who lived during that time.

The burial practices observed in this tomb have raised intriguing questions about the rituals and customs of these ancient people. Dr. Anderson-Whymark explained, "They were certainly putting bodies on top of bodies, but they appear to have gone in over a period of time." This suggests that the entrance to the tomb could have been periodically blocked with a stone slab, allowing for activities and ceremonies within the main chamber.

A small but significant discovery was also made on one of the tomb's stones: a motif comprising three lines and other scratch marks. This carving provides a unique glimpse into the artistic and symbolic expressions of the Neolithic inhabitants of Orkney.

The next step in unraveling the mysteries of this ancient tomb will involve DNA analysis and other research to determine the relationships between the individuals buried here. This could shed light on whether they were all related and their connections to other Orkney tombs. Some of these neighboring tombs might have been used over generations or even centuries, revealing an intricate tapestry of Neolithic society and culture.

The discovery of this Neolithic tomb in Orkney has rekindled our curiosity about the lives and customs of our ancient ancestors. The site serves as a tangible link to a distant past and provides a fascinating window into the sophisticated engineering and social complexities of Neolithic communities. As further research and analysis unfold, we can expect to unearth even more captivating stories from the heart of prehistoric Orkney.

Drought in Brazil's Amazon Reveals Ancient Engravings: A Glimpse into the Past Amidst Environmental Concerns

The Amazon rainforest, often referred to as the "lungs of the Earth," has long been a source of fascination and mystery. In recent weeks, an extreme drought in parts of Brazil's Amazon has unveiled an extraordinary secret hidden beneath the waters. The receding river levels have exposed dozens of rock formations adorned with ancient carvings, potentially dating back some 2,000 years. This unexpected revelation has captivated scientists, locals, and visitors, offering a unique opportunity to explore the region's rich history. However, it also raises disquieting questions about the future of the Amazon in the face of climate change and environmental challenges.

Livia Ribeiro, a resident of Manaus, the Amazon's largest city, recently embarked on a journey to witness the astonishing rock engravings, spurred by rumors from friends. After viewing the dazzling relics, she expressed her astonishment, saying, "I thought it was a lie... I had never seen this. I've lived in Manaus for 27 years." These rock carvings are ordinarily concealed beneath the waters of the Negro River, making them invisible to the naked eye. However, an unprecedented drop in the river's water levels, the lowest in 121 years, has brought these ancient engravings to the surface.

Environmental Concerns

While the surfacing of these engravings is a source of wonder and fascination, it simultaneously stirs concerns about the environmental challenges faced by the Amazon. Ribeiro's sentiments echo the sentiments of many in the region: "We come, we look at (the engravings) and we think they are beautiful. But at the same time, it is worrying... I also think about whether this river will exist in 50 or 100 years." The drought has severely impacted transportation and supplies in a region heavily reliant on its intricate network of waterways.

The drought, which has exposed these ancient carvings, is exacerbated by this year's El Nino event. El Nino is an irregular climate pattern over the Pacific Ocean, known to disrupt weather patterns worldwide. Its contribution to the dry season's severity underscores the larger issue of climate change, affecting regions far beyond the Amazon. As the world grapples with climate change, the Amazon, as a vital component of the Earth's ecosystem, faces considerable challenges.

Archaeological Significance

The rock engravings, located at Praia das Lajes, have been deemed an archaeological site of "great relevance" by experts, including Jaime Oliveira from the Brazilian Institute of Historical Heritage (Iphan). These engravings first came to light in 2010 during a previous, though less severe, drought. The backdrop of dense jungle and the low brownish waters of the Negro River only add to the mystique of the site. Most of the engravings depict human faces, with some of them having rectangular or oval shapes, adorned with expressions ranging from smiles to grimaces. According to Oliveira, this site captures human emotions and feelings, akin to contemporary works of art.

Historical Insights

Beatriz Carneiro, a historian and an Iphan member, underscores the invaluable historical insights that Praia das Lajes offers. This site sheds light on the early inhabitants of the region, a topic that remains relatively unexplored. She laments the site's reappearance during the drought but acknowledges that having the rivers flooded and keeping the engravings submerged can help preserve them more effectively than human efforts.

The unveiling of these ancient rock engravings in Brazil's Amazon is a poignant reminder of the intricate relationship between human history and the environment. While the carvings offer a fascinating glimpse into the past, they are also a stark illustration of the environmental challenges faced by the region. Climate change, exemplified by the drought and El Nino, poses a looming threat to the Amazon and its delicate ecosystem. The rediscovery of Praia das Lajes invites us to reflect on the urgent need for environmental stewardship and climate action to safeguard the Amazon and its invaluable treasures for generations to come.

2,300 Years Old First Complete Ancient Celtic Village and Roman Settlement Discovered in Munich

Munich, Germany, is well known for its rich history, stunning architecture, and vibrant culture. But the city's history just got a whole lot older and more intriguing with the recent discovery of an ancient Celtic village and a smaller Roman settlement, dating back an astonishing 2,300 years. Archaeologists have unearthed these fascinating sites in the northern suburbs of Munich, shedding light on the region's remarkable past.

The star of this archaeological endeavor is the 2,300-year-old Celtic village. This discovery marks a significant milestone, as it's the first entirely coherent Celtic village ever found in Bavaria, Germany's southernmost state. The village dates back to the late Iron Age, around 450 BC, when the Celts of the La Tène civilization thrived. The La Tène Celts lived in this settlement for a whopping millennium, with their presence stretching into 1000 AD. However, their era eventually gave way to the Romans, who integrated the region into their empire.

Late antique buckle, Lerchenauer Feld excavation area

This exciting find emerged during an archaeological investigation linked to the development of a new residential area. Researchers uncovered an unusually high number of house plans from past settlements, now visible as circular post holes in the gravel. These remnants offer a fascinating glimpse into the ancient past and provide compelling evidence that roughly 500 people inhabited Munich's Feldmoching district during the Iron Age. This was a sizable population for the time, emphasizing the historical significance of the area.

Carl Göderz, an archaeologist and the excavation manager, expressed how rarely they have the opportunity to examine such a vast construction site in one go. "Munich is and was big. People flocked here 2,000 years ago to settle in what was then the metropolitan region. So far, we have only been able to assume that there were large settlements everywhere in today's Munich urban area. The thorough investigation on the Lerchenauer Feld was able to confirm this and thus close a research gap," added General Conservator Professor Mathias Pfeil from the Bavarian State Office for Monument Preservation (BLfD).

Late antique Lavez vessel, Lerchenauer Feld excavation area

At the heart of this ancient Celtic village, a massive structure measuring 65 by 65 feet was discovered. It was surrounded by wooden arcades reminiscent of columns, possibly used for communal gatherings or even prayers. This central structure appears to have been a town hall for the Celtic people, where community matters and religious ceremonies might have taken place.

The houses in this settlement displayed diverse sizes and floor plans. Evidence of historical clay, still used as filling material in building houses, suggested that the residents dwelled in half-timbered wooden houses. This enduring settlement left behind two groups of graves, representing both the late Iron Age (450–15 BC) and the Roman Empire (3rd–4th century AD). These graves attest to the area's fertility and the long-standing practice of agriculture by its inhabitants.

Notable artifacts discovered in the graves include tableware, a plate, an almost intact handle jug, a drinking cup made of soapstone, and even a sickle blade, a rarity among grave finds. These burials belong to a scattered Roman settlement from the 3rd and 4th centuries, adding to the historical tapestry of Munich.

Late antique jug and plate, Lerchenauer Feld excavation area

Further discoveries at the excavation site revealed an enamel brooch, ceramics, and a beautifully wrought bronze buckle in one of the wells. These artifacts offer valuable insights into the daily lives and culture of the ancient inhabitants.

One intriguing mystery remains: why, at the end of the Roman Empire, did everyone suddenly depart the field, and why has no significant settlement existed in the area to this day? Researchers speculate that climate changes in the region may hold the answer, and the Feldmoching excavation provides vital data for various research disciplines seeking to unravel this enigma.

In summary, the discovery of the 2,300-year-old Celtic village and the Roman settlement in Munich is a significant archaeological breakthrough. It enriches our understanding of the city's historical roots and the coexistence of two remarkable civilizations. As researchers delve deeper into these findings, we can anticipate more revelations about the lives, customs, and eventual disappearance of these ancient communities. Munich's history is indeed a tale of many layers, and with each new discovery, its story becomes more captivating and complex.

Late period ceramic addition, Lerchenauer Feld excavation area

A Rare Medieval Tattoo from Africa's Forgotten Past

In the heart of the Bayuda desert, where the scorching sun and endless sands conceal a trove of historical treasures, a remarkable discovery has emerged from the depths of time. A Polish-Sudanese team of researchers, delving into the secrets of a medieval African monastery, has unearthed a relic that transcends the boundaries of history – a religious tattoo on an individual who lived 1,300 years ago. The revelation is nothing short of extraordinary, shedding light on the intricate tapestry of faith and culture in a region often overlooked by mainstream historical narratives.

The backdrop for this discovery is the medieval monastic site of Ghazali, situated in what is now Sudan but was known as Nubia during the Middle Ages. Located in the Wadi Abu Dom region, about 20 kilometers from the modern town of Karima, Ghazali is an archaeological jewel, preserving the rich heritage of Nubian Christianity that thrived from the 7th to the 13th century. Between 2012 and 2018, a dedicated team from the Polish Centre of Mediterranean Archaeology, University of Warsaw (PCMA UW), led by Professor Artur Obłuski, embarked on an ambitious mission to uncover the mysteries of this unique site.

Their work involved the excavation and examination of a medieval Christian monastery at Ghazali, as well as four cemeteries scattered throughout the area, each containing hundreds of graves. These human remains, meticulously studied by bioarchaeologist Dr. Robert J. Stark and his colleagues from the PCMA UW, have offered insights into the origins of the local population and the daily lives of those who rest in the sandy embrace of Ghazali.

In a twist of fate, the discovery of the rare tattoo emerged almost serendipitously during the photographic documentation related to doctoral research in the PCMA UW bioarchaeology lab. Kari A. Guilbault, hailing from Purdue University, was poring over the Ghazali collection when she stumbled upon a fascinating anomaly. The right foot of an individual interred in Cemetery 1 at Ghazali bore a tattoo, a symbol of profound spiritual significance. The tattoo displayed a Christogram and the Greek letters "alpha" and "omega."

The Christogram is a religious emblem, a visual synthesis of the Greek letters "chi" and "rho," forming a monogram that abbreviates the name of Christ. It stands as an enduring symbol of Christian faith, encapsulating the core belief in the divinity of Jesus. Accompanying the Christogram are the Greek letters "alpha" and "omega," the first and last letters of the Greek alphabet, symbolizing the Christian conviction that God is the Alpha and Omega, the beginning and the end of all things.

Kari A. Guilbault's initial encounter with this extraordinary find was nothing short of a revelation. "It was quite a surprise to all of a sudden see what appeared to be a tattoo when I was working with the Ghazali collection," she explains. "At first, I was not certain, but when the images were processed and the tattoo was clearly visible, any initial uncertainties were removed."

This remarkable find marks only the second instance where the practice of tattooing has been confirmed in medieval Nubia, offering a fascinating glimpse into the ancient tradition of adorning one's body with symbols of faith. The revelation raises an array of intriguing questions about the practice of tattooing in the region and its significance in the context of religious beliefs.

The Ghazali tattoo is not merely a mark on the skin; it is a portal to a bygone era, a testament to the enduring power of faith, and a testament to the intricate cultural tapestry of Nubia in the Middle Ages. As scholars and researchers continue to delve into the mysteries of this remarkable site, the tattoo serves as a reminder that history is far from being a static collection of facts; it is a vibrant, evolving narrative that continually surprises and enlightens us.

Discovering Knaresborough's Ancient Past: The 4,000-Year-Old Tribal Chief's Hand Axe

In a thrilling discovery that has ignited excitement among historians, archaeologists, and the local community, a 4,000-year-old ceremonial hand axe has emerged as the star attraction of Knaresborough's most extensive archaeology event to date. This ancient relic is set to take pride of place in an event that promises to narrate the town's history, spanning from prehistoric times to the modern era.

Months of dedication and effort by the Knaresborough Museum Association have culminated in the Community Archaeology Festival, an event that opens its doors to the public over the two half-term weekends. The festival, which will be hosted at the COGS Centre on Gracious Street in Knaresborough, promises to showcase a plethora of rare and unique artifacts.

Kathy Allday, Chair of Knaresborough Museum Association, expresses her excitement, saying, "It's a really exciting opportunity for visitors to look at a wide range of archaeological finds from the local area and find out what these tell us about the people who have lived in this area for generations."

The event will feature hundreds of artifacts, ranging from prehistoric times to the modern era, all found in Knaresborough and its surrounding villages. Visitors will have the opportunity to delve into the lives of the first inhabitants who came to hunt, live, and farm in Knaresborough. Moreover, the displays will illuminate the activities of the Romans, Vikings, and Saxons in Knaresborough while shedding light on the town's remarkable medieval history.

Another exciting discovery for Knaresborough Museum Association's forthcoming Community. Archaeology Festival. (Picture contributed)

However, perhaps the most significant exhibit within this archaeological treasure trove is a Neolithic hand axe found just outside the town. This hand axe is believed to have belonged to a tribal chief from ancient times and is an exceptional discovery in its own right. What makes it even more remarkable is that it is thought to be the only one of its kind ever discovered in Yorkshire.

According to Kathy Allday, "The hand axe was found in Hopperton, three miles from Knaresborough, and is between 4,000 and 5,000 years old. It's so exciting when you come across such a rare artifact." This polished hand axe, crafted from honey-colored stone, was a highly valuable commodity, distributed throughout the country. More intriguingly, it provides the earliest evidence of trade during prehistoric times.

What sets this particular hand axe apart is its unlikely purpose. Unlike typical hand axes that were used for practical tasks like cutting down trees and clearing land for agriculture, this one is made from relatively soft stone and was never intended for such laborious work. After extensive consultations with the Yorkshire Archaeological Society and the British Museum, the Knaresborough Museum Association is confident that this unique hand axe was primarily used for ceremonial purposes, likely by a tribal chief.

The KMA's Archaeology Festival is the result of months of research and the hard work of a dedicated team of volunteers in the town. It became possible thanks to a £10,000 grant from the Lottery Heritage Fund awarded to KMA earlier in the year. Kathy Allday emphasized the significance of this grant, stating, "Getting the lottery grant was wonderful news and a real boost for KMA. It allowed us to fund a training dig where our volunteers could learn about archaeological survey and recording skills."

Kathy Allday, Chair of Knaresborough Museum Association, said: “The festival is a really exciting opportunity for visitors to look at a wide range of archeological finds from the local area." (Picture Gerard Binks)

In addition to the archaeological dig, the Lottery grant also funded a geophysical survey of Priory Cottage Orchards on Abbey Road, where the Trinitarian Priory precinct once stood. Furthermore, it supports the Archaeology Festival itself.

The Knaresborough Community Archaeology Festival, held on October 28-29 and November 4-5 from 10 a.m. to 4:30 p.m., features interactive activities designed to engage local families and young enthusiasts. KMA encourages people to bring in any artifacts they have discovered in the local area, where a team of experts will be on hand to answer questions and provide insights into these items.

As the 4,000-year-old ceremonial hand axe takes center stage at Knaresborough's biggest-ever archaeology event, it offers a unique glimpse into the ancient history of the region and the remarkable people who once called it home. This archaeological extravaganza promises to connect the past with the present, bridging the gap between modern Knaresborough and its ancient ancestors, making history come alive for all who visit.

Ancient Passage Tomb in Sligo Vandalized: A Disturbing Act of Desecration

An unsettling incident of vandalism has recently shaken the archaeological and historical community in County Sligo, Ireland. A millennia-old Neolithic passage tomb in Carrowkeel, estimated to be around 5,300 years old, has been defaced by vandals who etched words and symbols into the ancient stones. The sacred and historically significant site was desecrated with the names of Norse and Greek gods, spirals, and other mysterious symbols. This act of destruction not only raises concerns about the preservation of Ireland's rich historical heritage but also prompts questions about the motivations behind such actions.

The discovery of this disturbing act of vandalism was made by Ken Williams, a photographer and prehistoric archaeology researcher, who had just attended a conference of the Sligo Neolithic Group. The gathering aimed to discuss the nomination of the Carrowkeel site as a potential World Heritage Site, underscoring its cultural and historical significance. During his visit to the site, Williams stumbled upon the scratchings on the interior walls of the farthest tomb from the entrance.

Spirals scratched into the stone at the passage tomb

The Deliberate Nature of the Vandalism

Ken Williams expressed his belief that the vandalism was not a random act but rather a deliberate one. He highlighted the inaccessibility of the tomb, which requires crawling on hands and knees through a wet and dirty passageway. This level of difficulty suggests that the vandals would have been aware of the tomb's significance and purposefully targeted it.

In addition to the scratched words and symbols, Williams noted that a stone, which formed the entrance to a cairn, had also been knocked over, further indicating that the vandals had a clear intent to deface the site. The etchings included names of Norse and Greek gods, along with spirals and other enigmatic symbols.

Some of the damage to the tomb

Possible Motivations

Williams pondered the motivations behind this vandalism, speculating that it might be linked to some form of occult practice or paganism. The etchings of Latin phrases and references to gods like Odin and Zeus indicate a potential connection to ancient belief systems. However, the exact nature of the motives remains unclear.

The vandalism appears to have been carried out recently, as Ken Williams noted the presence of dust particles that were disturbed during the etching process. This suggests that the act occurred within the last few weeks or possibly even on the day of his visit.

Ken Williams has reported the damage to both the Gardaí and the National Monuments Service, taking a proactive stance in seeking justice and restoration. He has also urged the public to come forward with any information that may assist the investigation.

Spirals scratched into the stone at the passage tomb

Trend of Vandalism

This incident of deliberate damage to a historic site is not an isolated one in Ireland. Such acts of vandalism have become a concerning trend, with an increase during the COVID-19 lockdowns, when individuals were restricted to a 5km radius around their homes. In August, the Deer Stone in Glendalough was also found damaged by fire, further highlighting the need for increased vigilance and protective measures to safeguard Ireland's invaluable historical heritage.

The recent vandalism of the ancient Neolithic passage tomb in Carrowkeel serves as a poignant reminder of the importance of preserving and protecting Ireland's rich archaeological and historical legacy. The deliberate nature of this act and the mysterious symbols etched into the stones raise questions about the motivations behind such actions. In a time when heritage sites are more vital than ever for connecting with our past and understanding our collective history, it is essential that we remain vigilant against acts of destruction and work collectively to ensure their protection and preservation for future generations.

Ancient Stone Bombs Found at Badaling Great Wall Shed New Light on Ming Dynasty Defenses

The Badaling Great Wall, located in Beijing's Yanqing District, has long been a symbol of China's rich history and remarkable architectural achievements. However, recent archaeological discoveries have provided new insights into the military history of this iconic structure. In a surprising find, over 50 ancient explosive weapons were unearthed at the Badaling Great Wall, giving us a glimpse into the military tactics employed during the Ming Dynasty (1368-1644).

Archaeologists were astonished when they discovered a cache of 59 stone bombs, neatly arranged along the western section of the Badaling Great Wall. Ma Lüwei, an archaeologist specializing in ancient Chinese military history, explained that these stone bombs were critical weapons used to defend the Great Wall against enemy invasions during the Ming Dynasty. "The bomb was often installed in medium-sized hollow bits of stone. These weapons were easy to make and convenient for soldiers to throw at invaders while standing on the Great Wall," Ma revealed.

Shang Heng, an associate research fellow at the Beijing Institute of Archaeology, pointed out that these stone bombs possessed significant explosive power and were favored by Qi Jiguang, a prominent Ming Dynasty military general known for his contributions to China's military strategies and innovations in weaponry.

What adds historical significance to this discovery is the fact that these 59 stone bombs were found inscribed with orders at one of the Great Wall's station houses, which were originally used for guarding against enemy incursions. This space was later identified as a weapons storage facility. Prior to this discovery, no similar "warehouses" had been found along the Beijing sections of the Great Wall.

In addition to the weapon storage, the archaeological project uncovered several other ancient structures along the Great Wall, including a "horse face" wall—a unique design used for soldiers to climb and shoot arrows. Notably, a stone fort that once supported cannons was discovered along the Beijing Great Wall for the first time. Archaeologist Wang Meng emphasized that these findings shed light on the functions and design planning of the Great Wall, providing a more comprehensive understanding of its historical significance.

These remarkable discoveries reflect China's ongoing research and conservation efforts regarding the Great Wall. Beijing, in particular, has seen over 110 preservation projects carried out between 2000 and 2022, aiming to protect this iconic structure. The Beijing section of the Great Wall is known for its complex buildings and geological conditions, making these preservation efforts particularly challenging.

Over the past 22 years, these preservation initiatives have yielded significant results. In 2021, a project aimed at rescuing the Liugou section of the Great Wall in Yanqing district provided valuable insights into how the Ming Dynasty Great Wall was constructed. A year later, everyday objects like plates, scissors, and bowls were discovered along the Jiankou section of the Great Wall, shedding light on the daily lives of the soldiers stationed along the wall.

"The Great Wall holds value not only for its remarkable architecture but also for its cultural and historical connections to ancient Chinese people's lives, their unity, and their spirit," historian Fang Gang emphasized.

Among these preservation efforts, the Great Wall National Cultural Park, set to be completed in 2035, is a key part of China's strategy to integrate Great Wall resources into a unified landscape. This endeavor aims to preserve the legacy of the Great Wall while extending its reach into fields such as cultural tourism. In 2023, 37 provincial-level planning projects have been carried out, with 16 already completed, including the establishment of Great Wall museums in Qinhuangdao, Hebei Province.

The recent discovery of stone bombs at the Badaling Great Wall not only adds to our understanding of the Ming Dynasty's defensive strategies but also underscores the importance of ongoing efforts to preserve and study this iconic piece of history. These archaeological findings remind us of the enduring cultural and historical significance of the Great Wall of China, a testament to the resilience and ingenuity of the ancient Chinese people.

A 3,000-Year-Old Necropolis Unearthed in Southeastern Türkiye

In a remarkable twist of fate, archaeologists from the Hasankeyf Museum Directorate stumbled upon a hidden treasure trove of history in the rugged cliffs overlooking the Tigris River in the Bağözü village of Batman's Gercüş district in the Southeastern region of Türkiye. The unsuspecting find turned out to be a 3,000-year-old necropolis, shedding new light on the ancient Assyrian civilization and the rich heritage of this region.

The journey to this astonishing discovery began when officials from the Hasankeyf Museum Directorate embarked on a mission to register some caves adorned with ancient paintings in the region. Little did they know that they were about to unearth a wealth of archaeological treasures. To reach the necropolis, they had to trek approximately five kilometers with security guards in tow, adding an air of adventure to their archaeological expedition.

150 Urn Graves, Rock Tombs, and Earthen Graves

In the initial stages of their exploration, archaeologists opened eight trenches, uncovering a necropolis sprawling across an area of about 100 square meters. Within this necropolis, they encountered close to 150 urn graves, rock tombs, and earthen graves, all of which are believed to have belonged to the Iron Age Assyrian civilization, dating back to the first millennium B.C.

What makes this discovery particularly captivating is the diverse range of artifacts that emerged from the urn graves. These items included spears, arrowheads, daggers, knives, swords, and various other tools related to combat and warfare. These remarkable findings provide a glimpse into the culture and practices of the people who lived during the Iron Age in this region.

The Assyrian Cylinder Seal

One of the most significant finds during the excavations was an Assyrian cylinder seal. This seal is expected to offer valuable insights into the history of the region. Notably, there has been a scarcity of historical information about whether the Assyrians ever resided in this part of Türkiye. The discovery of the cylinder seal is a crucial piece of evidence that may help researchers determine the extent of Assyrian presence in the area.

Sehmus Genc, the director of the Hasankeyf Museum and leader of the excavation team, emphasized the importance of the cylinder seal in shedding light on the Assyrians' presence. He remarked, "Among these gifts, we found spears, arrowheads, daggers, knives, swords, and many war tools."

Ongoing Excavations and Preservation

The excavation team, comprising dedicated archaeologists like Metin Ağrak, has been working tirelessly to uncover the secrets buried within the necropolis. Their daily work, beginning at sunrise and concluding in the afternoon, is a testament to their commitment to preserving and sharing this historical treasure. As Ağrak explained, the artifacts unearthed during the excavations are carefully transported to the Hasankeyf Museum Directorate, where they are meticulously cleaned and documented. After this painstaking process is completed, these valuable relics will be exhibited for the public to appreciate.

The unexpected discovery of the 3,000-year-old necropolis in the Cehennem Deresi region is not only a testament to Türkiye's rich historical heritage but also a testament to the dedication and perseverance of the archaeologists who brought this ancient site to light. As the restoration work continues and further analysis takes place in laboratories, we can expect to learn more about the Assyrian presence in this region and gain a deeper understanding of the cultural, social, and historical significance of this extraordinary find.

In the heart of Southeastern Türkiye, the past is being unveiled, piece by piece, revealing the stories of the Assyrian civilization and the intricate tapestry of history woven into the cliffs overlooking the Tigris River.

A virtual recreation shows the fangs of a 12-million-year-old primate skull

The findings suggest that Pierolapithecus shares similarities in face shape and size with both fossilized and living great apes, but it also possesses unique facial features not observed in other apes from the Middle Miocene. This distinct combination of characteristics indicates that Pierolapithecus could represent one of the earliest members of the great ape and human family.

The study's evolutionary modeling revealed that Pierolapithecus' cranium is closer in shape and size to the ancestor from which living great apes and humans evolved. In contrast, gibbons and siamangs, the "lesser apes," appear to be secondarily derived in relation to size reduction.

This research is crucial for understanding the evolutionary relationships between different primate species. Additionally, the study benefits from the rarity of having a cranium and partial skeleton belonging to the same individual ape, allowing scientists to more accurately place the species on the hominid family tree and gain insights into its biology, including its movement patterns in its environment.

However, challenges persist in the study of ape and human evolution due to the fragmentary and distorted nature of the fossil record. Many specimens are incomplete or damaged, making it difficult to reach a consensus on the evolutionary relationships of key fossil apes. Despite these challenges, continued research and innovative techniques enable scientists to unravel the mysteries of our evolutionary past.

Archaeologists searched the English Channel and discovered a "lost 8,000-year-old city"

The discovery of an 8,000-year-old submerged city in the English Channel is indeed a remarkable find. The city remains found at the bottom of the English Channel date back 8,000 years. This means that it existed during a time when the sea levels were lower, and the region was connected to continental Europe.

A National Geographic team, led by scientist Albert Lin and maritime archaeologist Garry Momber, embarked on this underwater expedition as part of the Lost Cities series in 2019. Diving in the English Channel can be challenging due to freezing temperatures and powerful tides. Despite these difficulties, the team ventured into the waters in search of the ancient city.

Albert Lin braved the baltic temperatures to visit the 'lost city'. Credit: National Geographic

During their dive, the team made fascinating discoveries. They found well-preserved wood, suggesting structures that might have been part of an ancient dock or platform. The wood had survived underwater for millennia due to the lack of oxygen and sediment covering it.

Garry Momber emphasized the international significance of such a find, highlighting that it's a rare discovery with structures that are 8,000 years old. He suggests that the site may have been used for boat building, fishing, hunting, and collecting reeds. Garry also speculates that this submerged area might have been the world's oldest boat-building site, where canoes and long boats were constructed for sailing.

He stumbled across a wooden structure on the English Channel's seabed. Credit: National Geographic

The presence of such structures at the bottom of the English Channel is unique and unprecedented in the country. It offers valuable insights into the activities and technology of an ancient civilization from a time when the sea levels were different.

This discovery sheds light on the history of human habitation in the region and the development of maritime activities. It is a testament to the ongoing efforts of scientists and archaeologists to uncover the hidden history beneath our oceans.

They took the 8,000-year-old wood back to the surface to analyse. Credit: National Geographic

7 Things You Should Do Every Morning (Stoic Routine)

Unlock the ancient secrets of Stoicism to supercharge your mornings and set a powerful tone for the day! Dive into a transformative 17-minute journey that unveils 7 Stoic practices to cultivate inner peace, resilience, and purposeful living. From the wise words of Marcus Aurelius to the empowering embrace of Amor Fati, this guide is your key to living in harmony with both triumphs and trials. Enjoy!

The 5 Most Incredible Archaeological Discoveries of Recent Times

There is no hard and fast guide to what a major archaeological discovery should look like, or how old it needs to be to be considered significant.

Predicting the future is difficult, but based on our research we have done some research on the archaeological discoveries and stories we might see in 2023. Here we have compiled the latest archaeological discoveries of 2023 for you. In this video we will explore archaeological wonders big and small, and we start now. Enjoy!

(300) The Real Xerxes & his Assassination | The God King of Persia

In this video, we'll explore the fascinating history of Xerxes the Great, the fourth king of the Achaemenid Empire and one of the most powerful rulers in ancient Persia. Known as the "God King," Xerxes was a complex figure who oversaw some of the most significant events in Persian history, including the construction of the famous Persepolis palace and the invasion of Greece.

But who was Xerxes really, and what motivated him to become such a powerful and influential leader? We'll delve into the historical records to uncover the truth about Xerxes' life, his reign, and his legacy. Along the way, we'll examine the cultural and political context of ancient Persia, and explore the fascinating stories and legends that have grown up around this enigmatic figure. So join us as we journey back in time to discover the real history of Xerxes the Great, the God King of Persia.

The Real Thor Is Not Who You Think He Is

The real Thor from Norse Mythology was not blonde. The real Thor was not rocking abs, nor would he win any beauty contest. The real Thor was quick to anger, and just as quick to smash everything to pieces with his hammer. In fact... the real Thor was more like Marvel’s Hulk than Marvel’s Thor in many ways: An angry, massive man that just wanted to fight and drink, and preferred not to think. Actually, God of War Ragnarok had a fairly accurate depiction of Thor, particularly in his appearance.

Mythology Thor being so different from the MCU Thor does not make Norse Mythology's God of Thunder any less interesting... if anything, it makes for more exciting stories. Watch the video to find out more!