Introduction to Harappan Agriculture
The Indus Valley Civilization (c. 3300–1300 BCE) thrived along the fertile plains of the Indus River. Agriculture formed the backbone of this early civilization, supporting dense urban populations in cities like Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro.
Farming Techniques
Harappans cultivated wheat, barley, peas, sesame, and cotton. They developed sophisticated irrigation systems, including canals and reservoirs, to manage seasonal monsoon floods. Farmers used plows and tools made from stone and copper, improving efficiency and crop yields.
Animal Husbandry
Domesticated animals, such as cattle, water buffalo, goats, and sheep, played an essential role. Livestock provided meat, milk, hides, and labor, supporting both subsistence farming and trade.
Economic and Social Impact
Agricultural surplus enabled urban growth, trade specialization, and social stratification. Granaries stored excess grain to stabilize food supply, demonstrating a highly organized administrative system.
Environmental Adaptation
The Indus farmers adapted to fluctuating river patterns and arid zones, showing an advanced understanding of hydrology and soil management. Agriculture not only sustained life but also enabled the civilization to flourish culturally and economically.
