Why Did all Civilizations build Pyramid-shaped Buildings?: The Anthropological Perspective

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BY DIMOSTHENIS VASILOUDIS

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Contents:

• Introduction

• Egypt: The Classic Pyramids

• Mesopotamia: Ziggurats as Temples

• Mesoamerica: Ceremonial and Astronomical Purposes

• North America: Mound Builders' Monuments

• Southeast Asia: Cambodian and Indonesian Pyramids

• Africa: Nubian and Nigerian Pyramids

• Chinese Pyramids: Enigmatic Tombs and Burial Mounds

• Common Anthropological Explanations

• Debunking the Antediluvian Myth: Unraveling the Truth Behind Pyramid Construction in Early Civilizations

• Conclusion

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Pyramid-shaped structures have been a fascinating and mysterious subject of study for researchers across the world. Found in various prehistoric civilizations, these remarkable architectural achievements have led some to believe in conspiracy theories about a lost antediluvian civilization. However, anthropological evidence and cultural analysis have provided more grounded explanations for the construction of these structures. This article will explore the different purposes of pyramid-shaped buildings in various cultures, emphasizing that their prevalence in early civilizations is a result of natural human development and not the remnants of a lost civilization.

Egypt: The Classic Pyramids

Arguably the most famous pyramids, the Egyptian pyramids served as tombs for pharaohs and their queens. These monumental structures were an essential part of the ancient Egyptians' belief in the afterlife. They believed that the pharaohs' souls would journey to the sky, where they would join the gods. Pyramids were designed to ensure the eternal existence of the pharaohs and provide them with everything needed for their journey, including food, clothing, and treasures.

The techniques employed to build Egyptian pyramids evolved over time. Early pyramids, such as the Step Pyramid of Djoser, utilized a step-like structure built from layers of stone called mastabas. Later pyramids, like the Great Pyramid of Giza, featured a true pyramid shape with smooth, angled sides. The construction process involved quarrying large limestone blocks, which were then transported and assembled on site using ramps, levers, and rollers.

“Some Egyptian pyramids contain inscriptions known as the “Pyramid Texts,” which are among the oldest religious texts in the world. These texts consist of spells, prayers, and rituals that were intended to aid the deceased pharaohs in their journey to the afterlife.

Mesopotamia: Ziggurats as Temples

Ziggurats, the pyramid-like structures found in ancient Mesopotamia, were primarily religious in nature. These impressive stepped platforms were built to support temples dedicated to various gods and goddesses. Ziggurats were seen as the physical representation of the connection between the heavens and earth, with their high terraces providing a space for priests to communicate with the gods.

Ziggurats were constructed using mud bricks, which were often faced with more durable fired bricks. These structures were characterized by a series of stepped platforms or terraces, with each level becoming progressively smaller as they ascended. The top platform typically had a temple or shrine dedicated to a specific deity.

Ziggurats were considered to be the dwelling places of the gods, and they served as a bridge between the earthly realm and the divine. Priests and priestesses performed religious rituals, ceremonies, and offerings on the top platform, which was believed to be the abode of the patron deity of the city. The ziggurat was often the center of a larger temple complex, with additional temples, courtyards, and administrative buildings surrounding the structure.

Ziggurats were often situated at the heart of Mesopotamian cities, serving as the focal point of the urban landscape. They were a symbol of the city's power and prosperity, as well as its connection to the divine. The construction of a ziggurat was a major undertaking that required significant resources and labor, which further demonstrated the city's wealth and influence.

Mesoamerica: Ceremonial and Astronomical Purposes

The ancient Maya, Aztec, and other Mesoamerican cultures built pyramid-shaped structures with varying functions. Some pyramids were used for religious ceremonies and sacrificial rituals, while others had astronomical purposes. Many Mesoamerican pyramids were precisely aligned with celestial events, such as solstices and equinoxes, allowing the people to track time and agricultural cycles.

Mesoamerican pyramids were generally built with stepped sides and a flat platform on top, where temples or other structures were often located. These pyramids were typically constructed using a combination of stone, mortar, and stucco, with intricate carvings and sculptures adorning the exteriors. The architectural styles varied across different cultures and time periods, resulting in a diverse range of pyramid structures throughout the region.

They served as the central axis of sacred precincts and were the focus of religious activities, such as rituals, dances, and sacrifices. The pyramids were dedicated to various gods and goddesses, with the temples on top of the pyramids functioning as places for worship and offerings.

Many Mesoamerican pyramids were built with precise alignments to celestial events. This astronomical knowledge was crucial for these civilizations, as it allowed them to track time, create accurate calendars, and plan agricultural cycles. Notable examples of astronomically aligned pyramids include the Pyramid of Kukulcan at Chichen Itza, which is aligned to the spring and autumn equinoxes, and the Pyramid of the Sun at Teotihuacan, which is aligned with the Pleiades star cluster.

North America: Mound Builders' Monuments

In North America, indigenous cultures such as the ancient Hopewell and Mississippian peoples constructed pyramid-like earthen mounds. These mounds were built between roughly 3400 BCE and 1500 CE, and they served a range of functions, including religious, ceremonial, and burial purposes. The construction of these mounds reflects the complex social organization and religious practices of these cultures.

The Mound Builders constructed various types of mounds, including conical mounds, which were usually used as burial sites; platform mounds, which supported temples or other structures; effigy mounds, which were shaped like animals or other symbols; and geometric mounds, which were constructed in regular shapes like circles, squares, and octagons.

The mounds were made from layers of earth, clay, and sometimes stone, and they were typically built over a period of years or even centuries. The Mound Builders used simple tools, such as digging sticks and baskets, to gather and transport the materials needed for mound construction.

The mounds held significant cultural and religious importance for the Mound Builders. They served as the centers of spiritual life and were often the sites of ceremonies and rituals. Some mounds contained burials, with the deceased interred alongside valuable artifacts, indicating a belief in an afterlife.

Southeast Asia: Cambodian and Indonesian Pyramids

The pyramids and pyramid-like structures in Cambodia and Indonesia are remarkable examples of ancient architecture in Southeast Asia. While these structures are not pyramids in the strictest sense, they share some similarities with pyramids found in other parts of the world.

The ancient Khmer Empire built temple pyramids as part of their religious architecture. The most famous example is Angkor Wat in Cambodia, a colossal temple complex built in the 12th century. These structures served as temples dedicated to Hindu gods and later became Buddhist religious sites. Similarly, in Indonesia, the Borobudur temple, built during the 8th and 9th centuries, is a step pyramid that served as a massive Buddhist monument.

Angkor Wat is an architectural marvel with a unique combination of temple-mountain and galleried temple styles. It is surrounded by a moat and an outer wall, enclosing a vast space filled with galleries, towers, and courtyards. The central sanctuary, which resembles a stepped pyramid, is adorned with intricate carvings and bas-reliefs depicting Hindu mythology, as well as scenes from daily life during the Khmer Empire.

Borobudur is a unique architectural creation with a combination of a stepped pyramid and a mandala, symbolizing Buddhist cosmology. The monument consists of nine stacked platforms, with the lower six being square and the upper three being circular. The entire structure is adorned with intricate stone carvings and over 500 Buddha statues. The monument is also known for its 2,672 relief panels that depict the life of the Buddha, the teachings of Buddhism, and the journey to enlightenment.

Another significant pyramid-shaped structure is found in Koh Ker, an ancient temple complex situated in the Preah Vihear province of modern-day Cambodia, approximately 120 kilometers (75 miles) northeast of Angkor. The site served as the capital of the Khmer Empire from 928 to 944 CE under the reign of King Jayavarman IV and his successor, Harshavarman II. While the Koh Ker complex features over 180 monuments and sanctuaries, the most notable structure is Prasat Thom, a unique pyramid-like temple.

Prasat Thom is a 36-meter (118-feet) high, seven-tiered pyramid-shaped temple-mountain that stands at the heart of the Koh Ker complex. The temple is built of sandstone and laterite and has a striking resemblance to the pyramidal structures found in Mesoamerica. The stepped pyramid of Prasat Thom consists of a series of platforms leading to a central sanctuary at the summit. The lower terraces are supported by laterite walls, and the sanctuary on top was constructed using sandstone.

Prasat Thom was dedicated to the Hindu god Shiva, and it served as a royal temple during the reign of King Jayavarman IV. The temple's design reflects the concept of the temple-mountain, symbolizing Mount Meru, the sacred mountain in Hindu cosmology that represents the center of the universe.

Africa: Nubian and Nigerian Pyramids

In Africa, the Nubian pyramids of Sudan were constructed as tombs for the kings and queens of the ancient Kushite kingdoms. These pyramids, although smaller and steeper than their Egyptian counterparts, served a similar purpose, reflecting the Nubians' belief in the afterlife. In Nigeria, the ancient Yoruba people built earthwork pyramids known as Ile-Ife. These structures were most likely used for religious ceremonies and royal burials, highlighting the cultural and spiritual significance of pyramids in this region.

Nubian pyramids are generally smaller than the Egyptian pyramids, with the largest Nubian pyramids standing at around 30 meters (98 feet) in height, compared to the Great Pyramid of Giza, which stands at 146 meters (480 feet). Nubian pyramids are characterized by their steep slopes, with angles ranging between 60 to 70 degrees, which give them a more pointed appearance than the Egyptian pyramids.

Like the Egyptian pyramids, the Nubian pyramids were constructed using large sandstone or granite blocks. The stones were generally left unpolished, and the gaps between the blocks were filled with loose rubble or sand. The pyramids were often built on top of a burial chamber, which was cut directly into the bedrock or built above ground.

Nubian pyramids primarily served as tombs for the royalty and elite members of the Nubian Kingdoms. Unlike the Egyptian pyramids, which were built as standalone monuments, the Nubian pyramids were typically surrounded by a funerary complex that included a chapel, a courtyard, and other structures for conducting burial rituals and ceremonies.

There are over 200 known Nubian pyramids, which is more than the number of pyramids in Egypt. The majority of these pyramids are located in the Meroë region, which served as the capital of the Kingdom of Kush during its later stages.

Chinese Pyramids: Enigmatic Tombs and Burial Mounds

In China, pyramid-like structures have also been discovered, further adding to the global prevalence of this architectural form. Known as the "Chinese pyramids," these structures are primarily found in the central plains region, particularly in Shaanxi and Henan provinces. Although they bear similarities to the earthen mounds found in North America, these Chinese pyramids are generally larger and more complex in design.

Most of the Chinese pyramids are believed to be royal tombs from the Han Dynasty (206 BC–220 AD) and later dynasties. The most famous example is the tomb of Emperor Qin Shi Huang, the first emperor of unified China. His mausoleum, known as the Qin Mausoleum, is a vast underground complex with a pyramid-shaped mound above it. The site is also famous for the Terracotta Army, a collection of thousands of life-sized terracotta soldiers, horses, and chariots, that were buried with the emperor to protect him in the afterlife.

Another notable Chinese pyramid is the tomb of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, located at the Maoling Mausoleum. This large earthen mound, which once had a stepped design similar to Mesoamerican pyramids, served as a symbol of the emperor's power and authority. The construction of these tombs showcases the technological and artistic achievements of ancient Chinese civilization, as well as their beliefs in the afterlife.

Common Anthropological Explanations

The widespread construction of pyramid-shaped structures in early civilizations can be explained by several anthropological factors. First, the shape of a pyramid provides structural stability, making it an ideal design for large-scale buildings. Additionally, the construction of monumental structures was a way for ancient societies to demonstrate their power, wealth, and technological prowess.

Moreover, the human fascination with the heavens and the afterlife is a universal theme across cultures. Pyramids, with their imposing height and connection to the divine, became symbolic representations of this fascination. It is essential to recognize that these shared themes are a result of parallel human development rather than evidence of a single, ancient civilization's influence.

Pyramid-shaped structures symbolize a range of meanings across different cultures. In many cases, they represent the connection between the earthly realm and the divine or celestial spheres. The shape of a pyramid, which narrows as it rises towards the sky, could be seen as a metaphor for the ascent of the soul or the bridging of the gap between the human and the divine. This symbolism is reflected in the various functions of pyramids, from tombs to temples, and demonstrates the importance of spiritual beliefs in early civilizations.

While it is true that some early civilizations had contact with one another, the architectural similarities between their pyramid-shaped structures can be attributed to the cultural exchange that occurred through trade, migration, and the spread of ideas. This process of cultural diffusion allowed various civilizations to adopt and adapt the concept of pyramid-building to fit their specific needs and beliefs.

For instance, the Nubian pyramids were influenced by their close proximity to Egypt, while the Mesoamerican pyramids show some similarities with the ziggurats of Mesopotamia. However, these connections are not indicative of a single, global antediluvian civilization but rather reflect the natural exchange of ideas and technology among distinct cultures.

Debunking the Antediluvian Myth: Unraveling the Truth Behind Pyramid Construction in Early Civilizations

Theories about a lost antediluvian civilization providing specific architecture and technology to early known civilizations are flawed for several reasons. While these theories may appear intriguing and mysterious, they lack scientific and historical evidence. Here are some reasons why such theories are incorrect:

• Independent Development: Numerous civilizations around the world developed pyramid-like structures independently, as a natural outcome of human ingenuity and cultural evolution. These structures often served different purposes, reflecting the unique beliefs and customs of each civilization. The similarities in architectural forms can be attributed to the human fascination with the heavens and the afterlife, as well as the structural stability that the pyramid shape provides.

• Cultural Diffusion: Cultural exchange through trade, migration, and the spread of ideas allowed various civilizations to adopt and adapt the concept of pyramid-building to fit their specific needs and beliefs. This process of cultural diffusion is a normal part of human history and does not require the existence of a lost antediluvian civilization to explain the similarities between pyramid structures.

• Lack of Concrete Evidence: There is no concrete archaeological or historical evidence to support the existence of a single, global antediluvian civilization that influenced the construction of pyramids worldwide. The artifacts, writings, and architectural remains discovered by archaeologists can be clearly linked to the known civilizations, and there is no compelling evidence that suggests the involvement of an unknown, advanced civilization.

• Advances in Archaeological and Anthropological Research: Modern archaeological and anthropological research has provided a wealth of information about the societies that built these pyramid structures. This research has helped us understand the complex social, economic, and political systems that drove the construction of these monumental buildings. As our understanding of these ancient civilizations improves, the need for a lost antediluvian civilization to explain the similarities between their architectural forms diminishes.

• Pseudoscience and Sensationalism: Theories about a lost antediluvian civilization often rely on pseudoscience and sensationalism rather than rigorous, evidence-based research. They tend to cherry-pick data, ignore contradictory evidence, and promote unfounded claims to support their narrative. Such theories are appealing because they offer a sense of mystery and wonder, but they lack the robust, empirical foundation required for serious academic consideration.

Conclusion

The construction of pyramid-shaped structures in prehistoric civilizations can be attributed to cultural and anthropological factors rather than conspiracy theories about a lost antediluvian civilization. Each culture built these structures for different purposes, reflecting their unique beliefs, customs, and technological advancements. By appreciating the diverse functions and significance of these ancient pyramids, we can better understand the complex societies that created them and resist the allure of unfounded conspiracy theories.

The construction of pyramid-shaped structures in various prehistoric civilizations is a fascinating subject that highlights the shared human experience. Despite different cultural contexts, these ancient societies independently developed similar architectural forms to express their spiritual beliefs, demonstrate their power, and create a lasting legacy. By examining these structures through an anthropological lens, we can appreciate their cultural significance and debunk conspiracy theories about a lost antediluvian civilization. Instead, we gain a deeper understanding of the diverse and remarkable achievements of our human ancestors.

Unearthing the Legends: Do Roman Emperor Statues Reveal "Hisarlik Hill" as the Fabled City of Troy?

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By Dimosthenis Vasiloudis

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The ancient city of Troy has captivated the world's imagination for millennia. Ever since the epic tales of the Trojan War described by Homer in the Iliad and the Odyssey, scholars and enthusiasts alike have been searching for the historical truth behind the myth. The recent discovery of statues of Roman emperors at Hissarlik Hill has stirred renewed interest and debate regarding the site's connection to the legendary city of Troy. This article examines the evidence and arguments, considering whether these findings truly prove that Hissarlik Hill is the lost city of Troy.

The Discovery

Aerial view of Hisarlik hill.

Archaeologists working at Hissarlik Hill, located in modern-day Turkey, have uncovered a series of statues depicting various Roman emperors. These statues, believed to be offerings to the city, provide a new perspective on the site's potential as the location of the fabled city of Troy. The statues, which date back to the Roman era, showcase a close connection between the inhabitants of Hissarlik Hill and the Roman Empire.

The Connection

The Roman Empire had a strong interest in the legends surrounding the city of Troy. The Romans believed themselves to be descendants of the Trojan hero Aeneas, as chronicled in Virgil's epic poem, the Aeneid. This connection to the Trojans provided the Romans with a sense of historical legitimacy and a basis for their imperial ambitions. Thus, the presence of statues honoring Roman emperors at Hissarlik Hill could be seen as evidence of the site's importance in the eyes of the Romans.

Proponents of the Hissarlik-Troy Connection

Advocates for Hissarlik Hill as the location of the ancient city of Troy argue that the statues represent a symbolic connection between the Roman Empire and the legendary city. They suggest that the Romans made these offerings to honor their Trojan ancestors, paying homage to the site they believed to be the true location of Troy. Additionally, they highlight the extensive archaeological work that has taken place at Hissarlik Hill, which has revealed a complex history of settlements, destruction, and rebuilding that appears to align with the timeline of the Trojan War.

Emperors and Ilium: The Roman Dedication to the Ancient City of Troy

Inscriptions and other written records from the Roman period provide evidence of dedications made by Roman emperors to the city of Ilium, which is another name for ancient Troy. One such example is an inscription found in the Temple of Augustus, located in the city of Ancyra (modern-day Ankara, Turkey). This inscription, known as the Res Gestae Divi Augusti (The Deeds of the Divine Augustus), is a record of the accomplishments and acts of Augustus Caesar, the first Roman Emperor, who ruled from 27 BC to 14 AD.

A large replica of a monumental Roman inscription is located on the side of the Museum of the Ara Pacis, Rome, Italy, photo by G.dallorto.

In the Res Gestae, Augustus mentions his restoration and rebuilding efforts in various cities across the Roman Empire, including Ilium (Wilusa>Ilion>Troy). He claims to have restored the city due to its historical significance and the legendary connection with Rome's founder, Aeneas, who was believed to be a Trojan prince. The dedication and restoration efforts of Augustus towards Ilium demonstrate the importance of the city to the Romans, who considered themselves descendants of the Trojans through Aeneas.

By r/ancientrome

Roman Emperor Augustus (63 BC - 14 AD), born Gaius Octavius, was the founder of the Roman Empire and its first Emperor. One of the key strategies he used to secure his position and gain public support was by propagating his ancestry and connection to the prestigious and legendary Julii family, as well as his divine lineage to Aeneas, the mythological hero who was the son of the goddess Venus, and Ascanius (also known as Iulus), the son of Aeneas.

Augustus was the grand-nephew and adopted son of Julius Caesar. The Julii family claimed descent from Iulus, who was said to be the son of Aeneas, a Trojan hero and the legendary founder of the Roman people. Aeneas was believed to have escaped from the burning city of Troy and embarked on a long journey to Italy, where his descendants would eventually found Rome. By emphasizing his link to the Julii family and thus to Aeneas, Augustus aimed to portray himself as the rightful heir to the Roman Republic and the one chosen by the gods to restore peace and prosperity.

To spread this message and legitimize his rule, Augustus commissioned numerous works of art, literature, and monuments that celebrated his ancestry and divine connections. He employed various forms of propaganda, such as coins, statues, and public buildings, which depicted his association with the gods and his legendary ancestors. These artistic representations often portrayed Augustus alongside Julius Caesar, Aeneas, or Venus, creating a direct link between him and the illustrious past.

The statue of Roman Emperor Hadrian found in the Odeon of Troy (Now in the Troy Museum) is a significant archaeological discovery that also highlights the connection between the ancient city of Troy and the Roman Empire. The statue, believed to be made from marble, was discovered in the remains of the Odeon, a small theater-like structure used for musical performances and poetry recitations, located in the ancient city of Troy, in modern-day Turkey.

Hadrian was a Roman Emperor who ruled from 117 to 138 AD, and he was known for his extensive travels throughout the Roman Empire, as well as his patronage of the arts and architecture. The discovery of his statue in Troy suggests that he visited the city or had a particular interest in it. Furthermore, it emphasizes the importance of Troy as a cultural and historical site during the Roman period.

The statue, which is likely a bust or a full-body sculpture, would have been an important symbol of Roman authority and presence in the region. It would have served to remind the local population of the power and reach of the Roman Empire, as well as the patronage of the Emperor. The discovery of the statue also sheds light on the artistic styles and techniques employed by sculptors during the Roman period, providing valuable insight into the cultural and historical context of the time.

Museum of Troy, © Emre Dörter

Skeptics and Alternative Interpretations

However, skeptics of the Hissarlik-Troy connection argue that the presence of the Roman statues does not definitively prove that the site is the ancient city of Troy. They contend that the Roman Empire was known for its widespread influence and penchant for adopting local cultures and histories. As a result, it is plausible that the Romans could have simply integrated the local legends and history of Hissarlik Hill into their own narrative, without the site actually being the historical city of Troy.

Furthermore, other potential sites have been proposed as the true location of Troy, with no consensus reached among scholars. Hissarlik Hill is just one of several contenders, and the discovery of the Roman statues does not definitively settle the debate.

While the discovery of statues of Roman emperors at Hissarlik Hill provides a fascinating new piece of evidence in the ongoing search for the historical city of Troy, it is not enough to definitively prove the site's identity. The connection between the Roman Empire and the legends of Troy complicates the interpretation of these findings, leaving room for alternative explanations. As a result, the debate over the true location of the ancient city of Troy will likely continue, with Hissarlik Hill remaining a significant contender in this captivating historical mystery.

One of the oldest Neolithic settlement in Europe is located... in Greece! (Photo Gallery)

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BY THE ARCHAEOLOGIST EDITOR GROUP

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One of the most important archaeological discoveries that astonished the whole of Europe and are the oldest Neolithic settlements still discovered in ancient continent are located just a breath away from the center of Volos, waiting to be more highlighted, evaluated and promoted.

These are the settlements of Dimini and Sesklos, which are not unknown but perhaps have not received the attention they deserve.

The more important of the two settlements is the Neolithic settlement of Dimini, located on a low hill and which archaeologists believe was first excavated at the beginning of the 5th century.

Photo: The Archaeologist

The architectural remains stretch across the hill and give the image of an organized Neolithic settlement with a unique architectural element: the six stone enclosures built in pairs around the settlement. The houses were located around the central courtyard or in the space created between the pairs. They are large and have outbuildings that leave a space between them for a communal courtyard.

During the decades of excavations, stone and bone tools, figurines and jewelry were found, as well as an abundance of pottery with inscriptions that represent the peak of Neolithic ceramic art.

The archaeologist Vasiliki Adrymi - Sismanis showed with her findings that Dimini was not abandoned at the end of the Late Neolithic period, but was continuously inhabited for a long period of time until the end of the Bronze Age, while in the middle of the 15th century it was abandoned.

Houses were built to the right and left of a wide road, and the entire settlement covers an area of more than 100 hectares.

The greatest discovery in Dimini were and are the two imposing Mycenaean vaulted tombs "Lamiospito" and "Toumba", undoubtedly attributed to the kings of the settlement and considered by archaeologists to be similar to those of Mycenae.

The two Mycenaean vaulted tombs are reference points for the Neolithic settlement of Dimini, and according to the reports of the Ministry of Culture, the smallest, but also the oldest, is the so-called "Lamiospito".

The access to the dome of the "Lamiospito" was through the entrance (height 3 m, length 2.20 m and width 1.90 m), covered with four large slabs that form the lintel above which was the relief triangle. The dome, with a diameter of 8.20 m and a height of 8.10 m, was built probably using wooden molds, of which no traces can be seen. It is built of small irregular limestones without binder, reinforced especially at the base. The floor was formed by leveling the limestone rock.

The upper part of the dome covered a large round slab, "the key". The tomb yielded few but important finds, mainly glass jewelry, ivory objects and bronze weapons, which were transferred and are now exhibited in the National Archaeological Museum.

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Photo: The Archaeologist

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The possible relation to Jason

In many cases it was also mentioned that the archaeological site of Dimini was identified with that of Iolkos and that the discovered palaces may belong to Jason and the undiscovered people from that period.

Today, under the direction of the Director of the Department of Antiquities of Magnesia, Athina Batsiou and her deputy, Elisavet Nikolaou, "the excavations continue and are constantly expanding".

Photo: The Archaeologist

As Ms. Nikolaou explained: "in particular, in the center of the settlement, a large complex was investigated, consisting of two large Mansions flanked by other smaller buildings and connected by a courtyard. Mansion A, as we call it, consists of two wings with rooms connected by a corridor. The north wing houses the main accommodation rooms, while the south wing houses the auxiliary and laboratory rooms. In one of the rooms a stone balance with three Linear B symbols engraved on it was discovered, while in the corridor stone dies and other tools for metallurgy were found. The walls of Mansion A are quite well preserved, have a sufficient height and are plastered with white plaster, as are the floors. To the north and south of the building there are two independent storage wings. Mansion A was destroyed and abandoned by its inhabitants at the end of the 13th century - at the beginning of the 12th century".

The archaeologist Elisavet Nikolaou, who spoke about the other findings of the excavations, emphasized that: "Building B also includes two wings with rooms separated by a corridor. Its walls were covered with a clay plaster, excellently preserved by the fire in some places, while the floor consisted of a thick layer of clay reinforced with lime and gravel. A large amount of pottery and charred botanical remains were found in the warehouses of the ancient complex, while a raised clay altar was discovered in the vestibule.".

The vaulted tomb "Toumba" excavated by V. Stais in 1892, was found buried and is not in good condition, its dome having collapsed to the level of the lintel. It is better built than the vaulted tomb "Lamiospito" and dates - according to its architectural form - a little later than the latter. From the few fragments of vessels found during the excavation of the path leading to the dome, the last use of the tomb can be dated to the late Bronze Age, i.e. the 13th century.

The tomb consists of the dome and a long road, the sides of which are supported by stone retaining walls, 4.00 m high at the intersection with the dome and preserved in excellent condition. At the western end of the road, the wall of the last barrier of the tomb is preserved. Access to the tomb vault was through an opening covered by three large carved portal stones, 0.45 m thick. The inner slab of the transept is carved to follow the shape of the dome.

The dome is made of small limestones without binders. The stones at the base of the vault are large hewn cobblestones and rest on the limestone rock that was leveled to form the floor of the vaulted tomb, where a built urn was discovered that housed the burial bed.

Although the tomb was looted, some finds, especially small gold and glass jewelry, escaped the attention of the raiders, and these gifts are on display in the National Archaeological Museum in Athens.

Today, a bold financial support from the State is needed to continue the excavations in the Neolithic settlement of Dimini and, above all, to systematically highlight, promote and publicize the extremely important archaeological site, as requested by the Municipality of Volos, since, among other things, it is a point of reference and of great interest for thousands of tourists arriving from the cruise ships in the port of Volos.

Sesklo is a significant Neolithic settlement located in the region of Thessaly, central Greece. It dates back to around 7000 BCE and is considered one of the earliest and most important prehistoric settlements in Europe. The site provides essential information about the Neolithic period in Greece, and it played a crucial role in the development of the Neolithic culture in southeastern Europe.

The Sesklo culture developed in different phases during the Neolithic period, from the Early Neolithic (7000-6500 BCE) to the Final Neolithic (4500-3300 BCE).

The settlement at Sesklo was characterized by its organized layout, which featured rectangular houses built with wood and mud-bricks. The walls were often coated with a mixture of clay and straw to improve insulation. Roofs were typically made of thatch or wood.

The people of Sesklo were primarily engaged in agriculture and animal husbandry. They cultivated cereals like wheat and barley, legumes, and flax for linen. They also raised animals, such as goats, sheep, pigs, and cattle, for meat, milk, and wool.

Sesklo is well-known for its distinctive pottery style, characterized by monochrome painted decorations in red or dark brown on a light background. The pottery featured geometric patterns, including zigzags, spirals, and meanders. This style was widely distributed across the region and influenced pottery production in other Neolithic settlements.

Sesklo is also known for its anthropomorphic clay figurines, which were primarily female and possibly represented fertility goddesses. These figurines were either hand-modeled or made using simple molds, and their features were typically emphasized, such as breasts, hips, and buttocks.

Sesklo was part of a network of Neolithic settlements that traded and interacted with each other, exchanging raw materials, goods, and ideas. This interaction is evidenced by the presence of obsidian, a volcanic glass used for making tools, sourced from the island of Melos, which is approximately 150 km away.

The Sesklo culture came to an end around 3300 BCE, possibly due to a combination of factors, such as climatic changes, depletion of natural resources, and the invasion of new populations.

Today, Sesklo is an important archaeological site that offers valuable insights into the Neolithic way of life in Greece and Europe as a whole. Excavations have revealed a wealth of artifacts and information, helping researchers to understand the social, economic, and cultural aspects of this early human settlement.

What Is Found After The Euphrates River Dried Up Shocked Scientists

The Euphrates River, one of the world's longest rivers, has finally run dry as a result of a confluence of factors including climate change and excessive water withdrawal. This resulted in a significant disturbance to both the natural environment and the humans who lived in its immediate neighborhood. But now there is something that is even more frightening that has emerged; an ancient monster that had been hidden beneath its waters for generations is now emerging from the depths of the lake. What will take place after this? It is up to us to discover the truth!

With a total length of around 2,800 kilometers, the Euphrates River is regarded as Western Asia's longest river. The river's headwaters are located in the Armenian Mountains, which are located in the southeast corner of Turkey. It then travels through the countries of Syria and Iraq, where it eventually converges with the Tigris River before emptying into the Persian Gulf.

The Etruscan Civilization - Archaeologists Unearth Etruscan Temple at Vulci

A team of archaeologists have discovered an Etruscan tomb during excavations in Vulci, an Ancient Etruscan city in present-day Lazio, central Italy.

Vulci, named for the Vulci people, one of the twelve people of the Etruscan civilisation, was a major Etruscan city which developed from a trade in precious metals mined in the Colline Metallifere hills.

During the 6th century BC, Vulci enjoyed a prosperous period of power and affluence, dominating over cities such as Orbetello, Saturnia, Sovana, Castro, Pitigliano, and Marsiliana.

Excavations in Vulci have recently discovered an Etruscan tomb dating from the 6th century BC in the Osteria necropolis.

A previously unknown Etruscan temple has been discovered at the ancient city of Vulci, situated around 80km from Rome on the banks of the Fiora River, in the region of Lazio, central Italy.

The newly discovered temple, which measures 45m x 35m, lies just west of the Etruscan Tempio Grande – another sacred building excavated in the 1950s.

The excavations have also unearthed evidence of early Iron Age occupation that may be attributable to the earliest stages of the city’s formation..

The park is in Montalto di Castro, in the province of Viterbo in Lazio. It is home to the archaeological remains of what was one of the most important centres of Ancient Etruria in central Italy.

The Etruscan civilization was developed by a people of Etruria in ancient Italy with a common language and culture who formed a federation of city-states.

Etruscan civilization endured until it was assimilated into Roman society. Assimilation began in the late 4th century BC as a result of the Roman–Etruscan Wars.

The earliest known examples of Etruscan writing are inscriptions found in southern Etruria that date to around 700 BC.

Scariest Deep Sea Creatures That Really Exist

Earth’s oceans and seas are home to several thousand marine creatures, many small, some gigantic, and some insanely beautiful. However some are so scary and hideous, you could have nightmares just looking at them. There are creatures that evolution forgot and have been roaming our oceans since Jurassic times like the frilled shark and the chimeras that look like alien fishes from another planet. You won’t even believe how there is even a fish classified as the ugliest in the world. Check out this video of the 11 scariest deep-sea creatures that really exist although No 1 will really haunt you.

15 Mysterious Places You Won't Believe Actually Exist

Everyone has their favorite tourist destination. For many, it’s the Eiffel Tower or the Leaning Tower of Pisa. But what about those that are so elusive or mysterious that most people won’t even think they exist? From a body of water that glows blue, to a naturally-occurring rainbow mountain, here are 15 mysterious places you won’t believe actually exist!

Experts Made An Incredible Discovery In Israel That Rewrites What We Know About Civilization

On a dusty plane near the Israeli bank of the Mediterranean, a group of archeologists is taking part in a test of skill and endurance. This ancient landscape will soon be transformed by a new road, burying its secrets for future generations. But first, experts are looking for remnants of a bygone era on the ground; what they find will alter our understanding of civilization as a whole. Watch the video below to find out more!

Incredible Discovery: Zodiac Symbols in the Tomb of the Ancient Egyptians

Ancient Egypt is still one of the most mysterious civilizations in human history. And each new discovery allows us to reveal this secret in a tiny fraction. And now, recently, archaeologists have made an incredible discovery that casts doubt on our understanding of the ancient Egyptians.

Zodiac symbols were found in the tomb of the ancient Egyptians. The discovery has forced scientists to rethink how the ancient Egyptians viewed the cosmos and the seasons.

Up to this point, it was believed that the zodiac symbols were invented in Babylon and used to predict events on Earth. However, this find indicates that the ancient Egyptians also had their own system of zodiac symbols, which were used to predict fate and future.

This incredible discovery gave new impetus to the study of ancient Egypt and its culture. Scientists carefully study the found zodiac symbols and try to understand how they were used in those times.

This is one of the most important discoveries in the field of archeology in recent years. After all, if the ancient Egyptians really used the zodiac symbols, then this means that their culture was much more developed and advanced than we thought.

Finds like these help us better understand our history and origins. And each new discovery makes us wonder what else we can learn about our past. Also in this video we will show 9 more archeological finds that will allow you to plunge into the world of ancient Egypt and learn more about its culture and history.

Archaeologists Make New Discoveries on Army Formation of Terracotta Warriors

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Previous archaeological studies have shown that Pit No.1 is divided into 11 tunnels, where thousands of terracotta warriors formed a military formation. Pit No.1 contains a 38-way column with infantry and charioteers arranged in an orderly and well-organized manner.

12 Most Incredible Archaeological Finds

We're here to bring you something fresh and exciting: a roundup of some lesser-known but still amazing finds. These archaeological gems are like buried treasure just waiting to be uncovered, and we're giving you the inside scoop!

Hercules against the Giant - The Stealing of the Cattle of Geryon

In today’s video we will be talking about the tenth labour of Hercules, the stealing of the Cattle of Geryon. Watch the video below to find out more!

Amazing Ancient Ruins Around The World That You Need To See

The world is littered with ancient ruins of man-made cities and settlements dating back thousands of years. We have compiled for you the ruins that represent the extraordinary achievements of humanity in various cultures and civilizations from South America to Mesopotamia and from Africa to Asia.

Confucius Quotes about life that still ring true today! Life changing quotes

Confucius was a philosopher, poet, and statesman of the Spring and Autumn Period in China, traditionally regarded as a model of Chinese sages. In the following video we will be going through Confucius Quotes about life that still ring true today!

Is Civilization on the Brink of Collapse?

At its height, the Roman Empire was home to about 30 % of the world’s population, and in many ways the pinnacle of human advancement. Rome became the first city in history to reach one million inhabitants and was a center of technological, legal, and economic progress. An empire impossible to topple, stable and rich and powerful.

Until it wasn’t anymore. First slowly then suddenly, the most powerful civilization on earth collapsed. If this is how it has been over the ages, what about us today? Will we lose our industrial technology, and with that our greatest achievements, from one dollar pizza to smartphones or laser eye surgery? Will all this go away too?

Hermeticism: The Ancient Wisdom of Hermes Trismegistus

The legendary figure of Hermes Trismegistus (Hermes Thrice Great) is the inspiration for the spiritual teachings known as Hermeticism. He is a syncretism (joining) of the Greek deity Hermes, the winged messenger of the Gods, and his Egyptian counterpart, the Ibis-headed moon god Thoth.

The Way of Hermes involved altered states of consciousness in which practitioners went through a training regime that involved luminous visions, spiritual rebirth, cosmic consciousness, and union with the divine beauty of universal goodness and truth to attain the salvational knowledge known as gnosis.

Recent Discoveries That Changed History

From egyptian mummies to lost religious manuscripts, in the following video we will be exploring recent discoveries that changed History. Enjoy!

It's Finally Happening! Africa Is Splitting Into Two Continents

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Madonnelle Shrines of Rome: Timeless Guardians of Roman Streets and their Ancient Roots

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BY DIMOSTHENIS VASILOUDIS

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The Madonnelle shrines, a ubiquitous presence in the streets of Rome, have captivated locals and tourists alike with their charming, yet profound, symbolism. These diminutive religious icons, often placed at street corners or mounted on walls, have been part of the Eternal City's landscape since the early modern period. However, their roots can be traced back to ancient Rome, where similar shrines were found along the roadsides. In this article, we explore the history and significance of the Madonnelle shrines, as well as their connections to their ancient Roman counterparts.

The Madonnelle Shrines: A Brief History

The Madonnelle shrines are small, often colorful, devotional images of the Madonna and Child that first began appearing in the streets of Rome during the 16th century. These icons served various purposes – from protecting travelers and pedestrians to warding off evil spirits and promoting a sense of community. Historically, local residents would light candles or oil lamps before these shrines as an act of reverence and to seek divine protection.

Over time, the Madonnelle shrines multiplied throughout the city, with some estimates suggesting that at their peak, there were over 3,000 of these sacred images adorning Rome's streets. Today, many of these shrines remain lovingly maintained by local families or neighborhood associations, serving as visual reminders of Rome's rich spiritual and artistic heritage.

Connections to Ancient Roman Road Shrines

Although the Madonnelle shrines are distinctively Christian in nature, their origins can be traced back to the ancient Roman practice of placing sacred images, known as 'lares,' along the roadsides. These lares were guardian deities, often represented as small statues or altars, that protected travelers and households. The tradition of installing lares in public spaces, such as street corners or crossroads, was a means for the ancient Romans to seek divine guidance and protection during their daily journeys.

The practice of venerating lares declined with the rise of Christianity, but the tradition of placing sacred images in public spaces persisted. The Madonnelle shrines are a continuation of this ancient practice, adapted to the Christian context.

Similarities and Differences

There are notable similarities between the Madonnelle shrines and the ancient Roman road shrines. Both traditions involve placing sacred images in public spaces, often at intersections or crossroads, to provide protection and guidance to passersby. Additionally, both the Madonnelle shrines and the lares were often maintained by local residents, who took responsibility for their upkeep.

However, there are also significant differences between the two traditions. The Madonnelle shrines are specifically Christian, featuring the Virgin Mary and Jesus, whereas the ancient Roman road shrines depicted various deities. Moreover, the artistic styles of the Madonnelle shrines and ancient Roman lares differ, with the former often featuring elaborate and colorful depictions, while the latter were typically more subdued in their design.

The Madonnelle shrines of Rome are more than just beautiful works of art – they are also a testament to the city's enduring spiritual traditions, dating back to ancient Rome. By examining the similarities and differences between the Madonnelle shrines and their ancient Roman counterparts, we gain a deeper understanding of the historical, cultural, and religious significance of these sacred images. As you walk the streets of Rome, take a moment to appreciate the presence of these timeless guardians, who have served the city and its residents for centuries.

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Hellas: The Heliopolis Hegemony

The Heliopolis Hegemony, a realm where the ancient and the futuristic converge, stands as a testament to the eternal struggle between tradition and progress. As the descendants of Greece grapple with the weight of their storied past and the lure of an uncertain future, the tale of the Heliopolis Hegemony continues to unfold in the ever-expanding tapestry of the multiverse.